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Betzelt, Sigrid (2023): Teilhabe am Arbeitsmarkt stärken – inklusiv und zielgruppengerecht. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 72, H. 9–10, S. 769-773. DOI:10.3790/sfo.72.9-10.769

Abstract

"Zur Prävention der Entstehung und Verfestigung von LZA ist die angekündigte arbeitsmarktpolitische Qualifizierungsoffensive notwendig, aber nicht hinreichend. Die berufliche Aus- und Weiterbildung muss ausgebaut werden, doch auch die Steuerung des Weiterbildungssektors gehört auf den Prüfstand. (...) In Anbetracht der o. g. strukturellen Ursachen von LZA bedarf es einer klugen Infrastruktur- und Wirtschaftspolitik, gerade in strukturschwachen Regionen und angesichts aktueller Transformationsprozesse. Dabei sollten keineswegs nur neue Industrieansiedlungen angestrebt werden, sondern auch ein Ausbau öffentlicher Infrastruktur für alle essenziellen Lebensbereiche. Ein gut ausgebauter öffentlicher bzw. gemeinnütziger Sektor erhöht die Attraktivität von Regionen, bietet sozialökologisch wertvolle Beschäftigung und reduziert soziale Ungleichheiten. Eine aus ökologischen Gründen erforderliche längerfristige Umsteuerung des derzeitigen Produktions- und Konsummodells kann alternative Wege gesellschaftlicher Inklusion beinhalten. Auf absehbare Zeit kommt der Erwerbsarbeit weiterhin die zentrale Vergesellschaftungsfunktion zu. Eine lediglich monetäre Mindestsicherung würde kaum gesellschaftliche Teilhabe ermöglichen, aber soziale Ungleichheiten und Problemlagen vertiefen. Anstatt des überkommenen Aktivierungsregimes bedarf es einer emanzipatorischen, zielgruppengerechten Inklusionsstrategie." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Destefanis, Sergio, Matteo Fragetta & Nazzareno Ruggiero (2023): Active and passive labor-market policies: the outlook from the Beveridge curve. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 55, H. 55, S. 6538-6550. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2022.2159010

Abstract

"Following a panel ARDL approach, we appraise the impact of various indicators of active and passive labor-market policies within the framework of the Beveridge curve across fourteen OECD countries from 1985 to 2013, controlling for other factors, both institutional (tax wedge) and structural (technological progress, globalization). We embed the role of these variables within the specification of the Beveridge curve, finding that the generosity of unemployment benefits has a detrimental impact on labor-market matching, with the duration of benefits and the strictness of the rules pertaining to the deployment of benefits taking a key role in driving this result. Among active labor-market policies, employment incentives and especially training have a favourable effect on matching. There is evidence of a virtuous interaction between active and passive policies. A significantly detrimental role emerges for the tax wedge. These results are consistent across various specifications, and structural relationships are stable throughout the 2008–2013 period." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gathmann, Christina, Hans-Martin von Gaudecker & Regina T. Riphahn (2023): Arbeitsmarktdaten: Gesetzesänderungen gefordert. In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 103, H. 11, S. 729-732. DOI:10.2478/wd-2023-0203

Abstract

"Exzellente empirische Forschung und evidenzbasierte Politikberatung benötigen hochwertige Daten. Forschende bewerten die Verfügbarkeit und Qualität von Daten in Deutschland als unzureichend, obwohl es in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten beim Zugang zu Arbeitsmarkt- und Sozialversicherungsdaten Verbesserungen gab. Die Infrastruktur von Forschungsdatenzentren hat den Zugang zu Forschungsdaten im Rahmen enger gesetzlicher Regelungen erleichtert. Die heutigen Datenbedarfe gehen deutlich darüber hinaus: Die Gesetzeslage selbst muss angepasst werden, um leistungsstarke Forschung zu ermöglichen und Politik und Gesellschaft verlässlich auf wissenschaftlicher Basis beraten zu können." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Haug, Kristian Bloch (2023): Structuring the scattered literature on algorithmic profiling in the case of unemployment through a systematic literature review. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 43, H. 5/6, S. 454-472. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-03-2022-0085

Abstract

"Purpose: This article examines the overlooked literature on algorithmic profiling in public employment services (APPES) in the field of public administration. More specifically, it aims to provide an overview and connections to identify directions for future research. Design/methodology/approach: To understand the existing literature, this article conducts the first systematic literature review on APPES. Through inductive coding of the identified studies, the analysis identifies concepts and themes, and the relationships among them. Findings: The literature review shows that APPES constitutes an emerging field of research encompassed by four strands and associated research disciplines. Further, the data analysis identifies 23 second-order themes, five dimensions and ten interrelationships, thus suggesting that the practices and effects of algorithmic profiling are multidimensional and dynamic. Research limitations/implications: The findings demonstrate the importance of future research on APPES undertaking a holistic approach. Studying certain dimensions and interrelationships in isolation risks overlooking mutually vital aspects, resulting in findings of limited relevance. A holistic approach entails considering both the technical and social effects of APPES. Originality/value: This literature review contributes by connecting the existing literature across different research approaches and disciplines." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Sowula, Jakub, Franziska Gehrig, Lyle A. Scruggs, Martin Seeleib-Kaiser & Gabriela Ramalho Tafoya (2023): The end of welfare states as we know them? A multidimensional perspective. In: Social Policy and Administration online erschienen am 20.12.2023. DOI:10.1111/spol.12990

Abstract

"This article highlights the limitations of unidimensional analyses in the comparative welfare state literature and emphasises the need for a more holistic, multidimensional approach incorporating social spending, welfare state outputs and outcomes. To illustrate the utility of a multidimensional approach, we examine the long‐term welfare state trajectories of Sweden and Germany, prototypical social‐democratic and conservative welfare states, respectively, and compare them against the baseline of Europe's prototypical liberal welfare state, the United Kingdom. The social spending (expenditure) and output (generosity) allowed us to identify significant changes in the Swedish welfare state (i.e., retrenchment). The outcome dimension alerts us to a policy drift in the German Welfare State, as relatively stable public spending and welfare generosity until the first half of the 2000s were nonetheless associated with sharply increased inequality and poverty. Overall, our findings suggest that a holistic, multidimensional approach is necessary to fully understand the complexities of welfare state change and continuity, as focusing solely on one dimension can lead to analytical misjudgments. The sharp rise in inequality and poverty across countries raises doubts about whether policymakers and researchers rely too much on outdated assumptions of normality that fail to meet the welfare state realities of today." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Walter, Timo (2023): German labor market reform and the rise of Eastern Europe: dissecting their effects on employment. In: Empirica, Jg. 50, H. 2, S. 351-387. DOI:10.1007/s10663-023-09569-w

Abstract

"From the early 1990s until 2005 the unemployment rate rose in Germany from 7.3 to 11.7%. While the unemployment rate reached its peak in 2005, it decreased steadily in the following years. The fourth stage of the German labor market reform (Hartz IV) was implemented in 2005 with the intent to cut the unemployment rate. This paper investigates the employment and welfare effects of the Hartz IV reform. Moreover, I am interested in the employment impact of German labor market reform due the rise of the East, which is the productivity increase in Germany and Eastern Europe that has fostered joint fast-growing trade. The focus lies on the national and county level (including 402 counties). As the effects on regional labor markets differ and take time, the paper builds on the dynamic and spatial trade model of Caliendo et al. (2019). I find that the Hartz IV reform is responsible for a 25% drop in unemployment, with a particular impact on eastern German counties. The rise of the East leads to an additional positive contribution to the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Abstract

"Drawing on an extensive analysis of secondary literature, numerous country case studies, and the ILO's 2021 survey encompassing 94 public employment services worldwide, this report sheds light on significant insights. The report underscores that the integration of employment services within a comprehensive policy and legal framework, coupled with continuous capacity-building efforts, leads to enhanced effectiveness and long-term sustainability. Moreover, the report emphasizes the importance of synergies and harmonization between employment services, active labor market policies, social protection policies, and systems. It delves into the modernization of public employment services, extending beyond mere digitalization, by advocating for a holistic approach that assists clients in overcoming labor market and other obstacles. The report also advocates for partnerships with other labor market institutions, training organizations, and social protection entities to broaden their reach and impact." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Aumond, Romain, Valerio Di Tommaso & Gerhard Rünstler (2022): A narrative database of labour market reforms in euro area economies. (Working paper series / European Central Bank 2657), Frankfurt am Main, 61 S.

Abstract

"We present a quarterly narrative database of important labour market reforms in selected euro area economies in between 1995 and 2018 covering 60 events. We provide legal adoption and implementation dates of major reforms to employment protection legislation and unemployment benefits. Estimates based on local projections find negative short-run effects of liberalising reforms on wages, while the employment effects of reforms differ markedly across age groups and partly depend on the state of the economy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bakker, Vincent & Olaf van Vliet (2022): Social Investment, Employment and Policy and Institutional Complementarities: A Comparative Analysis across 26 OECD Countries. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 51, H. 4, S. 728-750. DOI:10.1017/S0047279421000386

Abstract

"Raising employment has been at the heart of EU strategies for over twenty years. Social investment, by now a widely debated topic in the comparative welfare state literature, has been suggested as a way to pursue this. However, there are only a couple of systematic comparative analyses that focus on the employment outcomes associated with social investment. Analyses of the interdependence of these policies with regard to their outcomes are even more scarce. We empirically analyse the extent to which variation in employment rates within 26 OECD countries over the period 1990-2010 can be explained by effort on five social investment policies. We additionally explore the role of policy and institutional complementarities. Using time-series cross-section analyses we find robust evidence for a positive association between effort on ALMPs and employment rates. For other policies we obtain mixed results. ALMPs are the only policies for which we observe signs of policy interdependence, which point at diminishing marginal returns. Additionally, our analysis demonstrates that the interdependence of social investment policies varies across welfare state regimes. Together, this indicates that the employment outcomes of social investment policies are also contingent on the broader framework of welfare state policies and institutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Celhay, Pablo, Bruce D. Meyer & Nikolas Mittag (2022): What Leads to Measurement Errors? Evidence from Reports of Program Participation in Three Surveys. (IZA discussion paper 14995), Bonn, 43 S.

Abstract

"Measurement errors are often a large source of bias in survey data. Lack of knowledge of the determinants of such errors makes it difficult for data producers to reduce the extent of errors and for data users to assess the validity of analyses using the data. We study the determinants of reporting error using high quality administrative data on government transfers linked to three major U.S. surveys. Our results support several theories of misreporting: Errors are related to event recall, forward and backward telescoping, salience of receipt, the stigma of reporting participation in welfare programs and respondent's degree of cooperation with the survey overall. We provide evidence on how survey design choices affect reporting errors. Our findings help survey users to gauge the reliability of their data and to devise estimation strategies that can correct for systematic errors, such as instrumental variable approaches. Understanding survey errors allows survey producers to reduce them by improving survey design. Our results indicate that survey producers should take into account that higher response rates as well as collecting more detailed information may have negative effects on survey accuracy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ferragina, Emanuele & Federico Danilo Filetti (2022): Labour market protection across space and time: A revised typology and a taxonomy of countries' trajectories of change. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 148-165. DOI:10.1177/09589287211056222

Abstract

"We measure and interpret the evolution of labour market protection across 21 high-income countries over three decades, employing as conceptual foundations the ‘regime varieties’ and ‘trajectories of change’ developed by Esping-Andersen, Estevez-Abe, Hall and Soskice, and Thelen. We measure labour market protection considering four institutional dimensions – employment protection, unemployment protection, income maintenance and activation – and the evolution of the workforce composition. This measurement accounts for the joint evolution of labour market institutions, their complementarities and their relation to outcomes, and mitigate the unrealistic Average Production Worker assumption. We handle the multi-dimensional nature of labour market protection with Principal Component Analysis and capture the characteristics of countries’ trajectories of change with a composite score. We contribute to the literature in three ways. (1) We portray a revised typology that accounts for processes of change between 1990 and 2015, and that clusters regime varieties on the basis of coordination and solidarity levels, that is, Central/Northern European, Southern European, liberal. (2) We illustrate that, despite a persistent gap, a large majority of Coordinated Market Economies experiencing a decline in the level of labour market protection became more similar to Liberal Market Economies. (3) We develop a fivefold taxonomy of countries’ trajectories of change (liberalization, dualization, flexibility, de-dualization and higher protection), showing that these trajectories are not always path-dependent and consistent with regime varieties previously developed in the literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kaps, Petra (2022): Mehr Egalität oder mehr Differenz in der Sozialpolitik? In: K. Marquardsen (Hrsg.) (2022): Armutsforschung. Handbuch für Wissenschaft und Forschung, S. 563-575.

Abstract

"Sozialpolitik dient der Verteilung bzw. Umverteilung von Ressourcen in einer Gesellschaft. Je nach normativer Orientierung kann eine Verteilung zwischen den gesellschaftlichen Gruppen in die eine oder andere Richtung stattfinden. Damit kann Sozialpolitik soziale Ungleichheit verstärken oder abschwächen. In diesem Beitrag wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwiefern Sozialpolitik zur Armutsbekämpfung bzw. Armutsvermeidung beitragen kann und ob dazu egalitäre oder differenzierende Instrumente der Sozialpolitik besser geeignet sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Nieuwenhuis, Rense (2022): No activation without reconciliation? The interplay between ALMP and ECEC in relation to women employment unemployment and inactivity in 30 OECD countries 1985-2018. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 56, H. 5, S. 808-826. DOI:10.1111/spol.12806

Abstract

"Comparative welfare state research as examined the outcomes of active labour market policies (ALMP) and work-family reconciliation policies by and large been separately. As a result, potential complementarities between these policy areas have received scant attention empirically. Using macro-level data, this study answers the question to what extent, and in which way, governments' efforts in ALMP and in early childhood education and care (ECEC) services are complementary to each other in promoting women's employment rates and reducing women's unemployment and inactivity rates in 30 OECD countries from 1985 to 2018. The article theorises about how the various policies that constitute a welfare state relate to each other, distinguishing between pluralism, complementarity and substitutability. These findings provide support for the notion of welfare pluralism, in the sense that ALMP and ECEC policies work together in improving women's employment rates in slightly different ways: ALMP achieve this through reducing women's unemployment rates, whereas ECEC also achieve lower inactivity rates for women. There was, however, more support for the notion of substitution rather than complementarity: the marginal benefits associated with an increase in either ALMP or ECEC were smaller in the context of large investments in the other policy. In other words, the highest rates of women's employment, and the lowest rates of unemployment and inactivity, are found in countries with large investments in both ALMP and ECEC, but such higher investments are associated with diminishing returns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Nieuwenhuis, Rense (2022): No activation without reconciliation? The interplay between ALMP and ECEC in relation to women employment unemployment and inactivity in 30 OECD countries 1985-2018. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2022,04), Uppsala, 36 S.

Abstract

"Comparative welfare state research has mostly examined the outcomes of active labour market policies and work-family reconciliation policies separately. As a result, potential complementarities between these policy areas have received scant attention empirically. Using macro-level data, this study answers the question to what extent, and in which way, governments' efforts in active labour market policies (ALMP) and in early childhood education and care (ECEC) services are correlated with women's employment rates, women's unemployment and inactivity rates in 30 OECD countries from 1985 to 2018. The article theorizes about how the various policies that constitute a welfare state relate to each other, distinguishing between pluralism, complementarity and substitutability. I interpret the empirical findings as being consistent with welfare pluralism, in the sense that ALMP and ECEC policies work together in improving women's employment rates in slightly different ways: ALMP is associated with low female unemployment rates, whereas ECEC also is associated with lower inactivity rates for women. There was, however, more support for the notion of substitution rather than complementarity: the marginal benefits associated with an increase in either ALMP or ECEC were smaller in the context of large investments in the other policy. In other words, the highest rates of women's employment, and the lowest rates of unemployment and inactivity, are found in countries with large investments in both ALMP and ECEC, but such higher investments are associated with diminishing returns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Scarano, Gianluca & Barry Colfer (2022): Linking active labour market policies to digitalisation–a review between remote and automated possibilities. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 42, H. 13/14, S. 98-112. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-02-2022-0050

Abstract

"Purpose: The purpose of this article is to develop a conceptual framework that sets out the linkages that exist between digitalisation and active labour market policies (ALMPs). Design/methodology/approach: Based on a narrative literature review, this article seeks to connect two research streams, namely that relating to ALMPs and that relating to digitalisation in the public sector. This exercise requires an understanding of both how the context of digitalisation in the public sector has evolved in relation to technological change and the identification of specific ALMPs that are more sensitive to digitalisation. Findings: Starting from the identification of ideal-types of ALMPs, “employment assistance” can be considered the type of policies most sensitive to digitalisation, looking at main forms of interventions as career guidance, profiling and job-matching tools. The first tool is closer to a technological domain of “remotisation”, while the second is closer to that of “automatisation”. Practical implications Achieving an understanding of the different degrees of sensitivity to digitalisation for various types of ALMPs is relevant for policy-making purposes to identify potential priority areas of strategic investment to enhance this sector. Originality/value: The authors present an understanding of the current state of the digitalisation of public employment services. The literature review itself allowed the authors to conclude that, despite the interests in the public and academic debate, the existing research relating to the digitalisation of public employment services remains scant. At the same time, the article points towards fertile areas for further analysis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Spiritus, Kevin, Etienne Lehmann, Sander Renes & Floris Zoutman (2022): Optimal Taxation with Multiple Incomes and Types. (CESifo working paper 9534), München, 53 S.

Abstract

"We analyze the optimal nonlinear income tax schedule when taxpayers earn multiple incomes and differ along many unobserved dimensions. We derive the necessary conditions for the government’s optimum using both a tax perturbation and a mechanism design approach, and show that both methods produce the same results. Our main contribution is to propose a numerical method to find the optimal tax schedule. Applied to the optimal taxation of couples, we find that optimal isotax curves are very close to linear and parallel. The slope of isotax curves is strongly affected by the relative tax-elasticity of male and female income. We make several additional contributions, including a test for Pareto efficiency and a condition on primitives that ensures the government’s necessary conditions are sufficient and the solution to the problem is unique." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fredriksson, Daniel (2021): Reducing unemployment? Examining the interplay between active labour market policies. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 55, H. 1, S. 1-17. DOI:10.1111/spol.12606

Abstract

"Active labour market policies (ALMP) are important tools that welfare states utilize to influence the labour market. This study analyses the macroeconomic effects of different types of ALMP spending on aggregate unemployment rates, and especially if there is evidence of interdependencies between policies. The types of policies scrutinized are public employment services (PES), training programs, public job creation and subsidized employment, where the PES is singled out as a crucial factor that moderates the effects of other types of labour market programs. The study examines 19 welfare states between 1985 and 2013, using error correction modelling to separate between short- and long-term effects. The results indicate that PES, training and subsidized employment reduce unemployment in the short-run, whereas PES and wage subsidies are associated with reduced unemployment when considering long-term effects. However, PES is found to have indirect effects on other policy types and increased spending on PES is shown to reinforce long-term effects of training programs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Heyes, Jason & Ludek Rychly (Hrsg.) (2021): The Governance of Labour Administration. Reforms, Innovations and Challenges. Cheltenham: Elgar, 320 S. DOI:10.4337/9781802203158

Abstract

"Focusing on public administration activities in the field of national labour policy, this timely book provides detailed analyses of labour administration reforms, innovations and challenges in different countries, including detailed case studies from Brazil, Germany, India, Japan, South Africa, Sri Lanka and the US." (Author's abstract, © Edward Elgar Publishing) ((en))

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Knuth, Matthias (2021): Transformative Arbeitsmarktpolitik. Herausforderungen der Arbeitsmarktpolitik unter den Bedingungen der "konfluenten Digitalisierung". (Hans-Böckler-Stiftung. Working paper Forschungsförderung 219), Düsseldorf, 93 S.

Abstract

"Das Zusammentreffen von Post-Corona-Krise, Digitalisierung, Energiewende, Mobilitätswende und Agrarwende erfordert eine arbeitsmarktpolitische Flankierung, die in den überkommenen Strukturen und Kategorien der Arbeitsmarktpolitik nicht darstellbar ist. Es geht weniger um neue Instrumente als vielmehr um grundlegend andere Handlungslogiken und Steuerungsformen. Da eine so weitreichende Reform der Arbeitsmarktpolitik nicht rasch genug umgesetzt werden könnte, wird für eine Übergangszeit von zehn Jahren ein Arbeitsmarktpolitisches Sonderprogramm "Transformation der Arbeitswelt" im Umfang von jährlich vier Milliarden Euro vorgeschlagen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schöb, Ronnie (2021): Labor market policies, unemployment, and identity. Policies to help the unemployed can affect feelings of identity and well-being, so measures need to be evaluated carefully. (IZA world of labor 270), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.270.v2

Abstract

"Psychologen und Ökonomen, die sich mit Lebenszufriedenheit beschäftigen, nutzen verschiedene Maße des Wohlbefindens, um die Wirkungskanäle zu identifizieren, über die Arbeitslosigkeit und Arbeitsmarktpolitik die soziale Identität und das Wohlbefinden der Betroffenen beeinflussen. Menschen wieder in Arbeit zu bringen, ist in jedem Fall vorteilhafter, als sie nur für den Einkommensverlust zu entschädigen. Eine Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse unter Berücksichtigung persönlicher Identität und subjektiven Wohlbefindens kann die Wirksamkeit von Arbeitsmarktpolitik steigern und die Balance zwischen einer aktiven (Förderung der Beschäftigungsfähigkeit z. B. durch Trainingsprogramme) und passiven Unterstützung (Versicherung gegen Einkommensverlust) von Arbeitslosen verbessern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)