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Evaluation der Arbeitsmarktpolitik

Arbeitsmarktpolitik soll neben der Wirtschafts- und Strukturpolitik sowie der Arbeitszeit- und Lohnpolitik einen Beitrag zur Bewältigung der Arbeitslosigkeit leisten. Aber ist sie dabei auch erfolgreich und stehen die eingebrachten Mittel in einem angemessenen Verhältnis zu den erzielten Wirkungen? Die Evaluationsforschung geht der Frage nach den Beschäftigungseffekten und den sozialpolitischen Wirkungen auf individueller und gesamtwirtschaftlicher Ebene nach. Das Dossier bietet weiterführende Informationen zu Evaluationsmethoden und den Wirkungen von einzelnen Maßnahmen für verschiedene Zielgruppen.

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The decentralization of public employment services and local governments' responses to incentives (2023)

    Nieminen, Jeremias ; Kanninen, Ohto; Karhunen, Hannu;

    Zitatform

    Nieminen, Jeremias, Ohto Kanninen & Hannu Karhunen (2023): The decentralization of public employment services and local governments' responses to incentives. In: Journal of economic geography, Jg. 23, H. 6, S. 1371-1395. DOI:10.1093/jeg/lbad027

    Abstract

    "We examine how the decentralization of public employment services (PES) affects the behavior and service provision of PES offices and the labor market outcomes of job seekers. We use difference-in-differences, utilizing a Finnish temporary reform during which PES were decentralized for specific groups of job seekers in treated municipalities and remained centralized for others. The reform presented the treated municipalities with the possibility of shifting costs to the central government. We find no evidence of better labor market outcomes and find evidence consistent with municipalities being able to shift 10% of their unemployment benefit costs to the central government." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    A narrative database of labour market reforms in euro area economies (2022)

    Aumond, Romain; Di Tommaso, Valerio; Rünstler, Gerhard;

    Zitatform

    Aumond, Romain, Valerio Di Tommaso & Gerhard Rünstler (2022): A narrative database of labour market reforms in euro area economies. (Working paper series / European Central Bank 2657), Frankfurt am Main, 61 S.

    Abstract

    "We present a quarterly narrative database of important labour market reforms in selected euro area economies in between 1995 and 2018 covering 60 events. We provide legal adoption and implementation dates of major reforms to employment protection legislation and unemployment benefits. Estimates based on local projections find negative short-run effects of liberalising reforms on wages, while the employment effects of reforms differ markedly across age groups and partly depend on the state of the economy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Labour market protection across space and time: A revised typology and a taxonomy of countries' trajectories of change (2022)

    Ferragina, Emanuele ; Filetti, Federico Danilo;

    Zitatform

    Ferragina, Emanuele & Federico Danilo Filetti (2022): Labour market protection across space and time: A revised typology and a taxonomy of countries' trajectories of change. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 148-165. DOI:10.1177/09589287211056222

    Abstract

    "We measure and interpret the evolution of labour market protection across 21 high-income countries over three decades, employing as conceptual foundations the ‘regime varieties’ and ‘trajectories of change’ developed by Esping-Andersen, Estevez-Abe, Hall and Soskice, and Thelen. We measure labour market protection considering four institutional dimensions – employment protection, unemployment protection, income maintenance and activation – and the evolution of the workforce composition. This measurement accounts for the joint evolution of labour market institutions, their complementarities and their relation to outcomes, and mitigate the unrealistic Average Production Worker assumption. We handle the multi-dimensional nature of labour market protection with Principal Component Analysis and capture the characteristics of countries’ trajectories of change with a composite score. We contribute to the literature in three ways. (1) We portray a revised typology that accounts for processes of change between 1990 and 2015, and that clusters regime varieties on the basis of coordination and solidarity levels, that is, Central/Northern European, Southern European, liberal. (2) We illustrate that, despite a persistent gap, a large majority of Coordinated Market Economies experiencing a decline in the level of labour market protection became more similar to Liberal Market Economies. (3) We develop a fivefold taxonomy of countries’ trajectories of change (liberalization, dualization, flexibility, de-dualization and higher protection), showing that these trajectories are not always path-dependent and consistent with regime varieties previously developed in the literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Incentivizing last-resort social assistance clients: Evidence from a Finnish policy experiment (2021)

    Heikki, Palviainen;

    Zitatform

    Heikki, Palviainen (2021): Incentivizing last-resort social assistance clients. Evidence from a Finnish policy experiment. (Tampere economic working papers 2132), Tampere, 28 S.

    Abstract

    "In 2002, the Finnish government introduced an earnings disregard experiment aimed at improving the incentives of low-income individuals who receive last-resort social as- sistance. The aim of the experiment was to reduce unemployment by providing social assistance clients better incentives to receive at least temporary or part-time work. This paper evaluates the employment effects of the experiment using a quasi-experimental design. The experiment allowed for some social assistance client groups to earn a small temporary income to supplement their disposable income. There are small positive ef- fects on earnings for women and single-person households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Institutional evolution and abrupt change: Reforming the administration of social assistance in Finland (2020)

    Varjonen, Sampo ;

    Zitatform

    Varjonen, Sampo (2020): Institutional evolution and abrupt change. Reforming the administration of social assistance in Finland. In: International journal of social welfare, Jg. 29, H. 1, S. 62-70. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12373

    Abstract

    "Historical institutionalist studies have explained institutional change as resulting from critical junctures that interrupt long periods of stability or from endogenous, incremental evolution. Building on these theories, discursive institutionalists have focused on the roles of agency, ideas and discourse as explainers of change. Combining these approaches, this article analyses Finland's decision in 2014 to transfer the administration of basic social assistance from municipalities to the central government. This study demonstrates that institutional change can be both abrupt and evolutionary. Due to sudden, exceptional political circumstances, the decision in question was made quickly and under pressure, circumventing possible veto players. However, it was possible only because of the incremental, endogenous change that had occurred in the way in which social assistance was administered at the municipal level. It enabled a change in political discourse, which eroded the credibility of the ideational frames that policy actors had previously utilised to reject the centralised model." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Effects of face‑to‑face counselling on unemployment rate and duration: evidence from a Public Employment Service reform (2020)

    Vehkasalo, Ville ;

    Zitatform

    Vehkasalo, Ville (2020): Effects of face‑to‑face counselling on unemployment rate and duration: evidence from a Public Employment Service reform. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 54, H. 1, S. 1-14. DOI:10.1186/s12651-020-00276-8

    Abstract

    "In a Public Employment Service reform implemented in 2013, sixty Finnish municipalities experienced an involuntary employment office closure. The Government’s objective was to replace traditional face-to-face employment counselling with modern online counselling and simultaneously generate savings in outlays. The reform created natural experiment circumstances that allowed us to estimate the aggregate causal effects of face-to-face counselling and advice. We estimated the effects of the reform on the unemployment rate and the average unemployment duration using municipality-level panel data and various panel data estimators. We found that while the reform had a barely discernible effect on municipal unemployment rates, it increased average unemployment durations by 2–3 weeks. Hence, face-to-face counselling and online counselling are not perfect substitutes in decreasing the length of unemployment spells. Consequently, the fiscal costs of the reform outweigh the fiscal benefits by a large margin." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Levelling the playing field? Active labour market policies, educational attainment and unemployment (2019)

    Benda, Luc; Koster, Ferry; van der Veen, Romke;

    Zitatform

    Benda, Luc, Ferry Koster & Romke van der Veen (2019): Levelling the playing field? Active labour market policies, educational attainment and unemployment. In: The International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Jg. 39, H. 3/4, S. 276-295. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-08-2018-0138

    Abstract

    "The purpose of this paper is to investigate how active labour market policy (ALMP) training programmes and hiring subsidies increase or decrease differences in the unemployment risk between lesser and higher educated people during an economic downturn. A focus is put on potential job competition dynamics and cumulative (dis)advantages of the lesser and higher educated" (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Active labor market policies: Lessons from other countries for the United States (2019)

    Bown, Chad P.; Freund, Caroline;

    Zitatform

    Bown, Chad P. & Caroline Freund (2019): Active labor market policies. Lessons from other countries for the United States. (Working paper / Peterson Institute for International Economics 2019-02), Washington, DC, 12 S.

    Abstract

    "US labor force participation has been weak in recent decades, especially during the recovery of the financial crisis of 2007 - 09. This paper examines several programs that governments in other advanced industrial countries have established to help jobless workers continue to seek employment, not drop out of the labor force, and ultimately find jobs. These programs more actively support out-of-work citizens by facilitating matches between workers and firms, helping workers in their job searches, and sometimes creating jobs when none are available in the private sector. The evidence presented in this paper concludes that job placement services, training, wage subsidies, and other labor adjustment policies can be used to successfully help workers find employment and remain tied to the labor market. By contrast, direct job creation through public works projects and other government programs are less effective in helping workers over the long run." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Benefit reform for employment and equal opportunity in Finland (2018)

    Pareliussen, Jon Kristian; Hwang, Hyunjeong;

    Zitatform

    Pareliussen, Jon Kristian & Hyunjeong Hwang (2018): Benefit reform for employment and equal opportunity in Finland. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1467), Paris, 39 S. DOI:10.1787/26e12903-en

    Abstract

    "The combination of different working-age benefits, childcare costs and income taxation creates complexity, reduces work incentives and holds back employment. Major disincentives in Finland are related to tapering rules for unemployment benefits, social assistance and the housing benefit, the extended unemployment benefit for older workers, the childcare fee structure and the homecare allowance. Improved benefit design combined with efficient activation policies can reduce complexity and remove the strongest disincentives while minimising adverse fiscal and social impacts. Replacing current benefits with a basic income would improve incentives for many, but with a drastic redistribution of income and likely increasing poverty as a result. Merging working-age benefits with similar aims and coordinating their tapering against earnings would on the other hand consistently improve work incentives and transparency, while preserving social protection. Once the new income registry comes online, linking benefit payments to real-time incomes, combined with strengthened work incentives, would make for a truly efficient and inclusive benefit system, fit for the future of work. This Working Paper relates to the 2018 OECD Economic Survey of Finland" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The employment effects of low-wage subsidies (2013)

    Huttunen, Kristiina; Pirttilä, Jukka ; Uusitalo, Roope;

    Zitatform

    Huttunen, Kristiina, Jukka Pirttilä & Roope Uusitalo (2013): The employment effects of low-wage subsidies. In: Journal of Public Economics, Jg. 97, H. January, S. 49-60. DOI:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2012.09.007

    Abstract

    "Low-wage subsidies are often proposed as a solution to the unemployment problem among the low skilled but the empirical evidence on their effects is still scarce. This paper examines the employment effects of a Finnish payroll tax subsidy scheme, which is targeted at the employers of older, full-time, low-wage workers. The system's clear eligibility criteria open up an opportunity for a reliable estimation of the causal impacts of the subsidy scheme. Our results indicate that the subsidy system had no effect on the employment rate or wages of the eligible groups, but it increased slightly working hours among those already at work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The threat effect of mandatory programmes in Finland (2011)

    Tuomala, Juha;

    Zitatform

    Tuomala, Juha (2011): The threat effect of mandatory programmes in Finland. In: Labour, Jg. 25, H. 4, S. 508-527. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2011.00530.x

    Abstract

    "This study focuses on the threat effect of the activation reform of the Finnish labour market support system in 2006. Mandatory programme participation may provide the incentive for some individuals to look for work in order to avoid the training programmes. The study examines whether the reform encouraged individuals in the target group to look for employment. According to the results, mandatory programme participation has no effect on the probability of finding a job or of leaving labour market support for some other reason. Conversely, long-term recipients' participation in the labour market programmes has increased, owing to the activation reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Active labor market policy evaluations: a meta-analysis (2010)

    Card, David; Weber, Andrea; Kluve, Jochen;

    Zitatform

    Card, David, Jochen Kluve & Andrea Weber (2010): Active labor market policy evaluations. A meta-analysis. (NBER working paper 16173), Cambridge, Mass., 48 S. DOI:10.3386/w16173

    Abstract

    "This paper presents a meta-analysis of recent microeconometric evaluations of active labor market policies. Our sample contains 199 separate 'program estimates' - estimates of the impact of a particular program on a specific subgroup of participants - drawn from 97 studies conducted between 1995 and 2007. For about one-half of the sample we have both a short-term program estimate (for a one-year post-program horizon) and a medium- or long-term estimate (for 2 or 3 year horizons). We categorize the estimated post-program impacts as significantly positive, insignificant, or significantly negative. By this criterion we find that job search assistance programs are more likely to yield positive impacts, whereas public sector employment programs are less likely. Classroom and on-the-job training programs yield relatively positive impacts in the medium term, although in the short-term these programs often have insignificant or negative impacts. We also find that the outcome variable used to measure program impact matters. In particular, studies based on registered unemployment are more likely to yield positive program impacts than those based on other outcomes (like employment or earnings). On the other hand, neither the publication status of a study nor the use of a randomized design is related to the sign or significance of the corresponding program estimate. Finally, we use a subset of studies that focus on post-program employment to compare meta-analytic models for the 'effect size' of a program estimate with models for the sign and significance of the estimated program effect. We find that the two approaches lead to very similar conclusions about the determinants of program impact." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The employment effects of low-wage subsidies (2010)

    Huttunen, Kristiina; Uusitalo, Roope; Pirttilä, Jukka ;

    Zitatform

    Huttunen, Kristiina, Jukka Pirttilä & Roope Uusitalo (2010): The employment effects of low-wage subsidies. (IZA discussion paper 4931), Bonn, 34 S.

    Abstract

    "Low-wage subsidies are often proposed as a solution to the unemployment problem among the low skilled. Yet the empirical evidence on the effects of low-wage subsidies is surprisingly scarce. This paper examines the employment effects of a Finnish payroll tax subsidy scheme, which is targeted at the employers of older, full-time, low-wage workers. The system's clear eligibility criteria open up an opportunity for a reliable estimation of the causal impacts of the subsidy, using a difference-in-difference-in-differences approach. Our results indicate that the subsidy system had no effects on the employment rate. However, it appears to have increased the probability of part-time workers obtaining full-time employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The effectiveness of European active labor market programs (2010)

    Kluve, Jochen;

    Zitatform

    Kluve, Jochen (2010): The effectiveness of European active labor market programs. In: Labour economics, Jg. 17, H. 6, S. 904-918. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2010.02.004

    Abstract

    "Active Labor Market Programs are widely used in European countries, but despite many econometric evaluation studies analyzing particular programs no conclusive cross-country evidence exists regarding 'what program works for what target group under what (economic and institutional) circumstances?'. This paper aims at answering this question using a meta-analysis based on a data set that comprises 137 program evaluations from 19 countries. The empirical results of the meta-analysis are surprisingly clear-cut: Rather than contextual factors such as labor market institutions or the business cycle, it is almost exclusively the program type that seems to matter for program effectiveness. While direct employment programs in the public sector frequently appear detrimental, wage subsidies and 'Services and Sanctions' can be effective in increasing participants' employment probability. Training programs - the most commonly used type of active policy - show modestly positive effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The effect of unemployment benefits on re-employment rates: evidence from the Finnish UI-benefit reform (2010)

    Uusitalo, Roope; Verho, Jouko;

    Zitatform

    Uusitalo, Roope & Jouko Verho (2010): The effect of unemployment benefits on re-employment rates. Evidence from the Finnish UI-benefit reform. In: Labour economics, Jg. 17, H. 4, S. 643-654. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2010.02.002

    Abstract

    "In January 2003, the unemployment benefits in Finland were increased for workers with long employment histories. The average benefit increase was 15 per cent for the first 150 days of the unemployment spell. In this paper we evaluate the effect of the benefit increase on the duration of unemployment by comparing the changes in the re-employment hazard profiles among the unemployed who became eligible for the increased benefits to the changes in a comparison group whose benefit structure remained unchanged. We find that the benefit increase reduced the re-employment hazards at the beginning of the unemployment spell. The effect disappears after the eligibility period for the increased benefit expires." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Job search assistance programs in Europe: evaluation methods and recent empirical findings (2009)

    Thomsen, Stephan L. ;

    Zitatform

    Thomsen, Stephan L. (2009): Job search assistance programs in Europe. Evaluation methods and recent empirical findings. (Universität Magdeburg, Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaft. Working paper 2009/18), Magdeburg, 42 S.

    Abstract

    "Job search assistance programs are part of active labor market policy in many countries. The main characteristics of these activities are an intensified counseling and a job search monitoring; in addition, several countries integrate courses teaching further skills into the programs. Job search assistance programs should help to increase the employment chances and to reduce the unemployment duration of the job seekers. In this paper, recent empirical findings from evaluation studies for 9 European countries are reviewed and implications with regard to the effectiveness of the activities are derived. To make the findings of various studies evaluating the different programs comparable, the methodological issues of the empirical approaches applied to estimate the causal effects of the programs are discussed in detail. In addition, relevant characteristics of the unemployment insurance systems, the assignment process, and the content of programs are presented to derive meaningful implications. The comparison of the programs takes account of individual effects and, if available, cost benefit considerations. The results show that job search assistance programs tend to provide an effective means to reduce individual unemployment, particularly if provided as combinations of intensive counseling and short-term training courses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Reduction in the long-term unemployment of the elderly: a success story from Finland (2007)

    Kyyrä, Tomi; Wilke, Ralf A. ;

    Zitatform

    Kyyrä, Tomi & Ralf A. Wilke (2007): Reduction in the long-term unemployment of the elderly. A success story from Finland. In: Journal of the European Economic Association, Jg. 5, H. 1, S. 154-182. DOI:10.1162/JEEA.2007.5.1.154

    Abstract

    "In several European countries the elderly unemployed are allowed to collect unemployment benefits up to a certain age limit, after which they can retire via some early retirement scheme. In Finland the eligibility age of persons benefiting from this kind of scheme was raised from 53 to 55 in 1997. We consider layoff risks, unemployment durations, and the exit states before and after the reform. Since the reform the group aged 53-54 has had a lower risk of unemployment, shorter unemployment durations, and higher exit rates to employment, and it is almost indistinguishable from the group aged 50-52. We estimate that the amount of unemployment benefits saved due to the reform is close to EURO 100 million for each age cohort turning 53." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The effect of unemployment benefits on re-employment rates: evidence from the Finnish UI-benefit reform (2007)

    Uusitalo, Roope; Verho, Jouko;

    Zitatform

    Uusitalo, Roope & Jouko Verho (2007): The effect of unemployment benefits on re-employment rates. Evidence from the Finnish UI-benefit reform. (Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation. Working paper 2007,21), Uppsala, 41 S.

    Abstract

    "In January 2003, the unemployment benefits in Finland were increased for workers with long employment histories. The average benefit increase was 15 per cent for the first 150 days of the unemployment spell. In this paper we evaluate the effect of the benefit increase on the duration of unemployment by comparing the changes in the re-employment hazard profiles among the unemployed who became eligible for the increased benefits to the changes in a comparison group whose benefit structure remained unchanged. We find that the benefit increase reduced the re-employment hazards at the beginning of the unemployment spell. The effect disappears after the eligibility period for the increased benefit expires." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Integrative' or 'defensive' youth activation in nine European welfare states (2005)

    Harsløf, Ivan;

    Zitatform

    Harsløf, Ivan (2005): Integrative' or 'defensive' youth activation in nine European welfare states. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 8, H. 4, S. 461-481. DOI:10.1080/13676260500431792

    Abstract

    "Young unemployed persons are a prioritised group in active labour market programmes. Such programmes can be regarded as 'integrative', facilitating integration into the labour market for young people in accordance with their own preferences. However, such programmes can also be regarded as 'defensive', discouraging young unemployed persons from claiming transfer incomes and urging them to lower their sights when looking for jobs. The article examines the conceptions of the young participants themselves, analysing whether activation programmes are experienced in ways endorsing the integrative or the defensive perspective across different European welfare states. Survey data from these countries indicate that activation programmes for youth are at the integrative end of the spectrum. This is especially the case in the universal welfare regime countries, which are also the group of countries in which youth activation schemes are most widespread. Participant's scheme evaluations are least favourable in Scotland, in line with expectations of a liberal welfare regime approach. Most conservative welfare regime countries fall in between." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Lokale Beschäftigungsbündnisse: europäische Perspektiven in Forschung und Praxis (2005)

    Kodre, Petra; Scheffelt, Elke; Roggenkamp, Martin; Roth, Christian;

    Zitatform

    Kodre, Petra, Martin Roggenkamp, Christian Roth & Elke Scheffelt (Hrsg.) (2005): Lokale Beschäftigungsbündnisse. Europäische Perspektiven in Forschung und Praxis. (Forschung aus der Hans-Böckler-Stiftung 58), Berlin: Edition Sigma, 206 S.

    Abstract

    "In der Arbeitsmarkt- und Beschäftigungspolitik hat sich in den neunziger Jahren insbesondere durch die Implementation lokaler Beschäftigungsbündnisse in der Europäischen Union eine neue Handlungsebene etabliert. Aufgrund ihres dezentralen Handlungskontextes und ihres partnerschaftlichen Ansatzes erschließen diese Bündnisse neue Potenziale für mehr Beschäftigung. Das Erkenntnisinteresse dieses Bandes richtet sich auf die Handlungsbedingungen, Erfolgsfaktoren und möglichen Fehlentwicklungen dezentraler Kooperation, wobei die Funktionsweise regionaler Selbstorganisation und Fragen der Effizienz lokaler Beschäftigungsbündnisse von besonderer Bedeutung sind. Die Autor/inn/en stellen nicht nur einzelne Fallbeispiele vor und präsentieren übergreifende Synthesen aus empirischen Einzelergebnissen, sondern diskutieren auch unterschiedliche theoretische Zugänge zur Thematik insbesondere aus der Netzwerk- und Governanceforschung. Ihr Ziel ist es dabei, aus einer europäischen und regionalen sowie international vergleichenden Perspektive den Austausch zwischen Wissenschaft und Praxis voranzutreiben und den Blick für die Erfolgsbedingungen und die mögliche Übertragbarkeit derartiger Bündnisse zu schärfen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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