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Evaluation der Arbeitsmarktpolitik

Arbeitsmarktpolitik soll neben der Wirtschafts- und Strukturpolitik sowie der Arbeitszeit- und Lohnpolitik einen Beitrag zur Bewältigung der Arbeitslosigkeit leisten. Aber ist sie dabei auch erfolgreich und stehen die eingebrachten Mittel in einem angemessenen Verhältnis zu den erzielten Wirkungen? Die Evaluationsforschung geht der Frage nach den Beschäftigungseffekten und den sozialpolitischen Wirkungen auf individueller und gesamtwirtschaftlicher Ebene nach. Das Dossier bietet weiterführende Informationen zu Evaluationsmethoden und den Wirkungen von einzelnen Maßnahmen für verschiedene Zielgruppen.

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im Aspekt "Norwegen"
  • Literaturhinweis

    Next to Nothing: The Impact of the Norwegian Introduction Programme on Female Immigrants' Labour Market Inclusion (2023)

    Ugreninov, Elisabeth ; Turner, Lena Magnusson;

    Zitatform

    Ugreninov, Elisabeth & Lena Magnusson Turner (2023): Next to Nothing: The Impact of the Norwegian Introduction Programme on Female Immigrants' Labour Market Inclusion. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 52, H. 1, S. 107-128. DOI:10.1017/S004727942100043X

    Abstract

    "In 2003, Norway implemented an ‘Introduction Programme’ that aimed to increase labour market inclusion among newly arrived immigrants. Its main objectives were to facilitate free courses in Norwegian language training and social studies, and education or on-the-job training. The participants were given an allowance to attend the programme. This paper uses administrative register data to evaluate the effect of the Norwegian introduction programme on female immigrants’ employment and earnings prospects. The sample consists of female immigrants from Asia or Africa who immigrated to Norway 18 months before or after the implementation of the introduction programme. The study measures their probability of being employed and their mean earnings 4–6 and 7–9 years after immigration. The results show that the Norwegian introduction programme had a small but significant effect on women’s employment, but not on their earnings. This article suggests that the small effect of the programme on employment and non-effect on earnings may imply a displacement effect rather than an improvement in language skills and labour market skills." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Labour market protection across space and time: A revised typology and a taxonomy of countries' trajectories of change (2022)

    Ferragina, Emanuele ; Filetti, Federico Danilo;

    Zitatform

    Ferragina, Emanuele & Federico Danilo Filetti (2022): Labour market protection across space and time: A revised typology and a taxonomy of countries' trajectories of change. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 148-165. DOI:10.1177/09589287211056222

    Abstract

    "We measure and interpret the evolution of labour market protection across 21 high-income countries over three decades, employing as conceptual foundations the ‘regime varieties’ and ‘trajectories of change’ developed by Esping-Andersen, Estevez-Abe, Hall and Soskice, and Thelen. We measure labour market protection considering four institutional dimensions – employment protection, unemployment protection, income maintenance and activation – and the evolution of the workforce composition. This measurement accounts for the joint evolution of labour market institutions, their complementarities and their relation to outcomes, and mitigate the unrealistic Average Production Worker assumption. We handle the multi-dimensional nature of labour market protection with Principal Component Analysis and capture the characteristics of countries’ trajectories of change with a composite score. We contribute to the literature in three ways. (1) We portray a revised typology that accounts for processes of change between 1990 and 2015, and that clusters regime varieties on the basis of coordination and solidarity levels, that is, Central/Northern European, Southern European, liberal. (2) We illustrate that, despite a persistent gap, a large majority of Coordinated Market Economies experiencing a decline in the level of labour market protection became more similar to Liberal Market Economies. (3) We develop a fivefold taxonomy of countries’ trajectories of change (liberalization, dualization, flexibility, de-dualization and higher protection), showing that these trajectories are not always path-dependent and consistent with regime varieties previously developed in the literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Frontline provision of integrated welfare and employment services: Organising for activation competency (2021)

    Gjersøe, Heidi Moen ;

    Zitatform

    Gjersøe, Heidi Moen (2021): Frontline provision of integrated welfare and employment services: Organising for activation competency. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 280-290. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12464

    Abstract

    "Using the Norwegian case of an integrated welfare and employment service organisation, this study examined how organisational factors of this far-reaching, street-level agency have affected frontline workers’ opportunities to provide individualised services to users with complex needs. The article reports on two different policy and organisational settings: frontline workers as ‘generalists’ in a ‘national employment policy context’, and frontline workers as ‘specialists’ in a policy context that emphasises ‘empowering the local level’. Findings suggest that the generalists in the study did not experience an opportunity to utilise the flexibility available to them in selecting suitable measures, nor did they develop user-specific knowledge. The article argues that caseworker specialisation can create more room for discretion and professional knowledge about users and which measures should be applied, thereby improving the opportunity to tailor services in a ‘one size fits all’ organisational context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Levelling the playing field? Active labour market policies, educational attainment and unemployment (2019)

    Benda, Luc; Koster, Ferry; van der Veen, Romke;

    Zitatform

    Benda, Luc, Ferry Koster & Romke van der Veen (2019): Levelling the playing field? Active labour market policies, educational attainment and unemployment. In: The International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Jg. 39, H. 3/4, S. 276-295. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-08-2018-0138

    Abstract

    "The purpose of this paper is to investigate how active labour market policy (ALMP) training programmes and hiring subsidies increase or decrease differences in the unemployment risk between lesser and higher educated people during an economic downturn. A focus is put on potential job competition dynamics and cumulative (dis)advantages of the lesser and higher educated" (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Active labor market policies: Lessons from other countries for the United States (2019)

    Bown, Chad P.; Freund, Caroline;

    Zitatform

    Bown, Chad P. & Caroline Freund (2019): Active labor market policies. Lessons from other countries for the United States. (Working paper / Peterson Institute for International Economics 2019-02), Washington, DC, 12 S.

    Abstract

    "US labor force participation has been weak in recent decades, especially during the recovery of the financial crisis of 2007 - 09. This paper examines several programs that governments in other advanced industrial countries have established to help jobless workers continue to seek employment, not drop out of the labor force, and ultimately find jobs. These programs more actively support out-of-work citizens by facilitating matches between workers and firms, helping workers in their job searches, and sometimes creating jobs when none are available in the private sector. The evidence presented in this paper concludes that job placement services, training, wage subsidies, and other labor adjustment policies can be used to successfully help workers find employment and remain tied to the labor market. By contrast, direct job creation through public works projects and other government programs are less effective in helping workers over the long run." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Discrimination against ethnic minorities in activation programme?: evidence from a vignette experiment (2018)

    Terum, Lars Inge; Øverbye, Einar; Torsvik, Gaute;

    Zitatform

    Terum, Lars Inge, Gaute Torsvik & Einar Øverbye (2018): Discrimination against ethnic minorities in activation programme? Evidence from a vignette experiment. In: Journal of social policy, Jg. 47, H. 1, S. 39-56. DOI:10.1017/S0047279417000113

    Abstract

    "We conducted a vignette experiment involving 470 Norwegian front-line workers to investigate whether their decisions to sanction non-compliance of activation requirements varied with the ethnicity of the welfare claimant. This is the first vignette experiment on ethnic discrimination in the administration of activation programmes in Europe. The study shows that front-line workers did not sanction claimants with a North African name more often than claimants with a native Norwegian name. However, among front-line workers who had experience with the relevant activation programme, a male claimant with a North African name was sanctioned less often than a male claimant with a native Norwegian name. Thus, we find some degree of reverse discrimination on the part of experienced front-line workers. This finding is contrary to a similar US vignette experiment that detected discrimination (not reverse discrimination) with regard to claimants with an ethnic minority name. The most likely explanation for the difference concerns the different institutional-cultural contexts within which Norwegian and US social policy programmes operate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Nordic reforms to improve the labour market participation of vulnerable youth: an effective new approach? (2014)

    Halvorsen, Rune; Hvinden, Bjørn ;

    Zitatform

    Halvorsen, Rune & Bjørn Hvinden (2014): Nordic reforms to improve the labour market participation of vulnerable youth. An effective new approach? In: International social security review, Jg. 67, H. 2, S. 29-47. DOI:10.1111/issr.12037

    Abstract

    "This article asks how the legitimacy (recognition or misrecognition) of 'ethnicity' and 'disability' influences public policies to promote the inclusion of young adults in the Nordic labour markets. The article assesses the case for seeing misrecognition and lack of accommodation as significant factors behind troubled transitions from school to work, and the case for regarding social regulation (or self-regulation) as important ways of preventing, counteracting and correcting exclusionary factors in the transition from school to work among the two groups. The article argues that increased attention at the implementation stage of the policy process is necessary to be able to assess whether seemingly novel or innovative regulatory policies and measures actually enhance equal opportunities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Active labor market policy evaluations: a meta-analysis (2010)

    Card, David; Weber, Andrea; Kluve, Jochen;

    Zitatform

    Card, David, Jochen Kluve & Andrea Weber (2010): Active labor market policy evaluations. A meta-analysis. (NBER working paper 16173), Cambridge, Mass., 48 S. DOI:10.3386/w16173

    Abstract

    "This paper presents a meta-analysis of recent microeconometric evaluations of active labor market policies. Our sample contains 199 separate 'program estimates' - estimates of the impact of a particular program on a specific subgroup of participants - drawn from 97 studies conducted between 1995 and 2007. For about one-half of the sample we have both a short-term program estimate (for a one-year post-program horizon) and a medium- or long-term estimate (for 2 or 3 year horizons). We categorize the estimated post-program impacts as significantly positive, insignificant, or significantly negative. By this criterion we find that job search assistance programs are more likely to yield positive impacts, whereas public sector employment programs are less likely. Classroom and on-the-job training programs yield relatively positive impacts in the medium term, although in the short-term these programs often have insignificant or negative impacts. We also find that the outcome variable used to measure program impact matters. In particular, studies based on registered unemployment are more likely to yield positive program impacts than those based on other outcomes (like employment or earnings). On the other hand, neither the publication status of a study nor the use of a randomized design is related to the sign or significance of the corresponding program estimate. Finally, we use a subset of studies that focus on post-program employment to compare meta-analytic models for the 'effect size' of a program estimate with models for the sign and significance of the estimated program effect. We find that the two approaches lead to very similar conclusions about the determinants of program impact." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The effectiveness of European active labor market programs (2010)

    Kluve, Jochen;

    Zitatform

    Kluve, Jochen (2010): The effectiveness of European active labor market programs. In: Labour economics, Jg. 17, H. 6, S. 904-918. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2010.02.004

    Abstract

    "Active Labor Market Programs are widely used in European countries, but despite many econometric evaluation studies analyzing particular programs no conclusive cross-country evidence exists regarding 'what program works for what target group under what (economic and institutional) circumstances?'. This paper aims at answering this question using a meta-analysis based on a data set that comprises 137 program evaluations from 19 countries. The empirical results of the meta-analysis are surprisingly clear-cut: Rather than contextual factors such as labor market institutions or the business cycle, it is almost exclusively the program type that seems to matter for program effectiveness. While direct employment programs in the public sector frequently appear detrimental, wage subsidies and 'Services and Sanctions' can be effective in increasing participants' employment probability. Training programs - the most commonly used type of active policy - show modestly positive effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Do welfare-to-work initiatives work?: evidence from an activation programme targeted at social assistance recipients in Norway (2009)

    Rønsen, Marit; Skardhamar, Torbjorn;

    Zitatform

    Rønsen, Marit & Torbjorn Skardhamar (2009): Do welfare-to-work initiatives work? Evidence from an activation programme targeted at social assistance recipients in Norway. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 19, H. 1, S. 61-77. DOI:10.1177/0958928708098524

    Abstract

    "The emphasis on welfare-to-work policies across Europe has led to increased interest in active labour market programmes. A recent trend in some countries is a tighter collaboration between different welfare agencies and the inclusion of very disadvantaged groups. Few studies have evaluated such broad programmes. In this article we evaluate a Norwegian initiative to combat poverty, which is mainly directed at social assistance recipients, and which involves a close cooperation between the Employment Service and the Social Welfare System. We illuminate short-term effects, taking a dual approach: First, we analyse transitions to work among programme participants and study the determinants of this process by means of survival analysis. Second, we address the question of programme effects using propensity score matching. We find that the mean programme effect is positive, but varying across target groups. For immigrants and single mothers there is no impact. For youth the effect may even be negative. The only significant effect in the desired direction is found among long-term social assistance recipients, and this effect is fairly large." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    What works for whom?: an analysis of active labour market programmes in Norway (2005)

    Dahl, Espen ; Lorentzen, Thomas ;

    Zitatform

    Dahl, Espen & Thomas Lorentzen (2005): What works for whom? An analysis of active labour market programmes in Norway. In: International journal of social welfare, Jg. 14, H. 2, S. 86-98.

    Abstract

    "This article examines whether some active labour market programmes (ALMP) targeted at social assistance recipients are more effective for some groups than for others in increasing self-sufficiency, i.e. gross earnings. The study focuses on the interaction between two types of programmes - employment programmes and training programmes - and the social characteristics of the participants. The data are derived from the pool of the entire population of social assistance recipients registered in Norway in 1995. The study adopts a quasi-experimental design. To handle selection bias, a matching procedure based on a propensity score approach is applied. Training programmes yield positive outcomes overall and for subgroups, whereas employment programmes produce no significant effects overall. However, for employment programmes there is an interaction effect between the likelihood of participation and outcome: beneficiaries with social characteristics (e.g. age, education, work experience) that are associated with a medium chance of participating experience a positive and significant increase in earnings. For those with lower and higher chances, the effect is negative. This points to the importance of conducting stratified analyses in effect evaluations. Thus, the results are also likely to be more relevant to policy makers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Integrative' or 'defensive' youth activation in nine European welfare states (2005)

    Harsløf, Ivan;

    Zitatform

    Harsløf, Ivan (2005): Integrative' or 'defensive' youth activation in nine European welfare states. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 8, H. 4, S. 461-481. DOI:10.1080/13676260500431792

    Abstract

    "Young unemployed persons are a prioritised group in active labour market programmes. Such programmes can be regarded as 'integrative', facilitating integration into the labour market for young people in accordance with their own preferences. However, such programmes can also be regarded as 'defensive', discouraging young unemployed persons from claiming transfer incomes and urging them to lower their sights when looking for jobs. The article examines the conceptions of the young participants themselves, analysing whether activation programmes are experienced in ways endorsing the integrative or the defensive perspective across different European welfare states. Survey data from these countries indicate that activation programmes for youth are at the integrative end of the spectrum. This is especially the case in the universal welfare regime countries, which are also the group of countries in which youth activation schemes are most widespread. Participant's scheme evaluations are least favourable in Scotland, in line with expectations of a liberal welfare regime approach. Most conservative welfare regime countries fall in between." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Youth unemployment and social exclusion: a comparative study (2003)

    Hammer, Torild;

    Zitatform

    Hammer, Torild (Hrsg.) (2003): Youth unemployment and social exclusion. A comparative study. Bristol: The Policy Press, 233 S.

    Abstract

    "Throughout the European Union rates of unemployment among young people tend to be higher than among the general population and there is a serious risk of marginalisation and exclusion. This book presents the findings of the first comparative study of unemployed youth in Europe using a large and original data set. It addresses some of the key questions around the issue including: -How do young people cope with unemployment? -Does unemployment lead to social exclusion of young people, implying a withdrawal from society, financial deprivation and social isolation? Drawing on a research sample of over 17.000 young unemployed people in 10 European countries, the book examines how different welfare strategies and labour market policies in different countries influence the risk of social exclusion among unemployed youth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Labour market training in Norway: effect on earnings (2002)

    Raaum, Oddbjørn; Torp, Hege;

    Zitatform

    Raaum, Oddbjørn & Hege Torp (2002): Labour market training in Norway. Effect on earnings. In: Labour economics, Jg. 9, H. 2, S. 207-247. DOI:10.1016/S0927-5371(02)00041-6

    Abstract

    "By means of a 6-year panel of annual earnings data, we estimate the impact of a labour market training programme (LMT) targeted at unemployed adults. Unlike most nonexperimental studies, we use an internal comparison group of rejected applicants to measure the counterfactual outcome of trainees. For a subsample of applicants, rejections were randomised on a course-by-course basis. Following Heckman and Hotz we test alternative estimators. All models report positive effects of being offered training, though the effects are not always significantly different from zero. The linear control estimator reports significantly positive effects of training. Analysing courses with ordinary assignment, the pre-training test indicates a positive selection bias. Turning to applicants for courses with random assignment, the linear control model is not rejected by the pre-training test. The fixed effect, random growth models are rejected by the model restriction test; this is the case for courses with ordinary assignment as well as random assignment. We illustrate the value of an internal comparison group in estimating the counterfactual outcome of participants, by comparing the post-training outcomes of rejected applicants and unemployed nonapplicants. Rejected applicants have significantly higher posttraining earnings than eligible nonapplicants, which indicates that sell selection into the programme is influenced by unobservables. In general, the results clearly support the view that reliable studies of training effects should be based on internal comparison groups. Moreover the assumptions motivating nonexperimental estimators should be explicitly tested." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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