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Evaluation der Arbeitsmarktpolitik

Arbeitsmarktpolitik soll neben der Wirtschafts- und Strukturpolitik sowie der Arbeitszeit- und Lohnpolitik einen Beitrag zur Bewältigung der Arbeitslosigkeit leisten. Aber ist sie dabei auch erfolgreich und stehen die eingebrachten Mittel in einem angemessenen Verhältnis zu den erzielten Wirkungen? Die Evaluationsforschung geht der Frage nach den Beschäftigungseffekten und den sozialpolitischen Wirkungen auf individueller und gesamtwirtschaftlicher Ebene nach. Das Dossier bietet weiterführende Informationen zu Evaluationsmethoden und den Wirkungen von einzelnen Maßnahmen für verschiedene Zielgruppen.

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im Aspekt "Kanada"
  • Literaturhinweis

    Disability and Employment Policy in Canada: National Policy Variation for Working Age Individuals (2023)

    Dinan, Shannon ; Boucher, Normand;

    Zitatform

    Dinan, Shannon & Normand Boucher (2023): Disability and Employment Policy in Canada: National Policy Variation for Working Age Individuals. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 52, S. 719-739. DOI:10.1017/S0047279421000878

    Abstract

    "This article analyses and compares disability policies for working-age individuals in Canada with a focus on the mode of policy provision and type of measure to determine the degree to which direct funding is used in this country. To consider policy diversity in this federal system, policies are compared using a mixed-methods approach. Using quantitative methods, federal, provincial and territorial policies are first compared using hierarchical cluster analysis. This provides evidence of three distinct clusters in Canada according to policy provision and measure type. In a second, qualitative analysis, the disability strategies of four provinces’ (British Columbia, Ontario, Newfoundland and Labrador and Quebec) are compared, to determine over arching policy orientations. Findings indicate that policy provision in Canada largely favours money over services. Furthermore, most provinces emphasize either health or integration measures over substantive measures. Despite these commonalities, significant variation persists across Canada. This extends to poverty and disability reduction strategies with two of the four provinces having a broader orientation while the other two provinces focus specifically on employment as a means of social inclusion. The article concludes with a discussion on the state of employment policies for individuals with a disability in Canada." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Labour market protection across space and time: A revised typology and a taxonomy of countries' trajectories of change (2022)

    Ferragina, Emanuele ; Filetti, Federico Danilo;

    Zitatform

    Ferragina, Emanuele & Federico Danilo Filetti (2022): Labour market protection across space and time: A revised typology and a taxonomy of countries' trajectories of change. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 148-165. DOI:10.1177/09589287211056222

    Abstract

    "We measure and interpret the evolution of labour market protection across 21 high-income countries over three decades, employing as conceptual foundations the ‘regime varieties’ and ‘trajectories of change’ developed by Esping-Andersen, Estevez-Abe, Hall and Soskice, and Thelen. We measure labour market protection considering four institutional dimensions – employment protection, unemployment protection, income maintenance and activation – and the evolution of the workforce composition. This measurement accounts for the joint evolution of labour market institutions, their complementarities and their relation to outcomes, and mitigate the unrealistic Average Production Worker assumption. We handle the multi-dimensional nature of labour market protection with Principal Component Analysis and capture the characteristics of countries’ trajectories of change with a composite score. We contribute to the literature in three ways. (1) We portray a revised typology that accounts for processes of change between 1990 and 2015, and that clusters regime varieties on the basis of coordination and solidarity levels, that is, Central/Northern European, Southern European, liberal. (2) We illustrate that, despite a persistent gap, a large majority of Coordinated Market Economies experiencing a decline in the level of labour market protection became more similar to Liberal Market Economies. (3) We develop a fivefold taxonomy of countries’ trajectories of change (liberalization, dualization, flexibility, de-dualization and higher protection), showing that these trajectories are not always path-dependent and consistent with regime varieties previously developed in the literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Active labor market policies: Lessons from other countries for the United States (2019)

    Bown, Chad P.; Freund, Caroline;

    Zitatform

    Bown, Chad P. & Caroline Freund (2019): Active labor market policies. Lessons from other countries for the United States. (Working paper / Peterson Institute for International Economics 2019-02), Washington, DC, 12 S.

    Abstract

    "US labor force participation has been weak in recent decades, especially during the recovery of the financial crisis of 2007 - 09. This paper examines several programs that governments in other advanced industrial countries have established to help jobless workers continue to seek employment, not drop out of the labor force, and ultimately find jobs. These programs more actively support out-of-work citizens by facilitating matches between workers and firms, helping workers in their job searches, and sometimes creating jobs when none are available in the private sector. The evidence presented in this paper concludes that job placement services, training, wage subsidies, and other labor adjustment policies can be used to successfully help workers find employment and remain tied to the labor market. By contrast, direct job creation through public works projects and other government programs are less effective in helping workers over the long run." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Building flexibility and accountability into local employment services: synthesis of OECD studies in Belgium, Canada, Denmark and The Netherlands (2011)

    Froy, Francesca; Wood, Donna E.; Giguere, Sylvain; Pyne, Lucy;

    Zitatform

    Froy, Francesca, Sylvain Giguere, Lucy Pyne & Donna E. Wood (2011): Building flexibility and accountability into local employment services. Synthesis of OECD studies in Belgium, Canada, Denmark and The Netherlands. (OECD Local Economic and Employment Development working papers 2011,10), Paris, 91 S. DOI:10.1787/5kg3mkv3tr21-en

    Abstract

    "The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and its Local Economic and Employment (LEED) Programme conducted a study on Managing Accountability and Flexibility in Labour Market Policy in four countries: Belgium (Flanders), Canada (Alberta and New Brunswick), Denmark and the Netherlands to identify:
    - What degree of flexibility is available at the local and regional level regarding active labour market policy measures?
    - How can more flexibility at the local level go together with more effective policy measures while preserving accountability and the achievement of national policy goals?
    For this project, the OECD has analysed the management of flexibility and accountability in active labour market regimes in four OECD countries: Canada (looking at the provinces of Alberta and New Brunswick), Belgium (focusing on the region of Flanders), the Netherlands and Denmark. All represent examples of political decentralisation within a multilevel governance structure. Using the same procedure in each country, country experts assessed the balance between flexibility and accountability in the local management of labour market programmes and policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Assessing the impact of a wage subsidy for single parents on social assistance (2011)

    Lacroix, Guy ; Brouillette, Dany;

    Zitatform

    Lacroix, Guy & Dany Brouillette (2011): Assessing the impact of a wage subsidy for single parents on social assistance. In: Canadian Journal of Economics, Jg. 44, H. 4, S. 1195-1221. DOI:10.1111/j.1540-5982.2011.01672.x

    Abstract

    "This paper studies the impact of a wage subsidy program aimed at long-term social assistance recipients in Quebec. The program closely mimics the Self-Sufficiency Project and was implemented for a trial period of one year in 2002. We focus on the labour market transitions of the targeted population starting one year before the implementation of the program and until the end of 2005. Our results show that the duration of spells off social assistance increased, while the duration of social assistance spells decreased slightly. The response to the program varies considerably with both observed and unobserved characteristics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Active labor market policy evaluations: a meta-analysis (2010)

    Card, David; Weber, Andrea; Kluve, Jochen;

    Zitatform

    Card, David, Jochen Kluve & Andrea Weber (2010): Active labor market policy evaluations. A meta-analysis. (NBER working paper 16173), Cambridge, Mass., 48 S. DOI:10.3386/w16173

    Abstract

    "This paper presents a meta-analysis of recent microeconometric evaluations of active labor market policies. Our sample contains 199 separate 'program estimates' - estimates of the impact of a particular program on a specific subgroup of participants - drawn from 97 studies conducted between 1995 and 2007. For about one-half of the sample we have both a short-term program estimate (for a one-year post-program horizon) and a medium- or long-term estimate (for 2 or 3 year horizons). We categorize the estimated post-program impacts as significantly positive, insignificant, or significantly negative. By this criterion we find that job search assistance programs are more likely to yield positive impacts, whereas public sector employment programs are less likely. Classroom and on-the-job training programs yield relatively positive impacts in the medium term, although in the short-term these programs often have insignificant or negative impacts. We also find that the outcome variable used to measure program impact matters. In particular, studies based on registered unemployment are more likely to yield positive program impacts than those based on other outcomes (like employment or earnings). On the other hand, neither the publication status of a study nor the use of a randomized design is related to the sign or significance of the corresponding program estimate. Finally, we use a subset of studies that focus on post-program employment to compare meta-analytic models for the 'effect size' of a program estimate with models for the sign and significance of the estimated program effect. We find that the two approaches lead to very similar conclusions about the determinants of program impact." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Labor market policy: a comparative view on the costs and benefits of labor market flexibility (2010)

    Kahn, Lawrence M. ;

    Zitatform

    Kahn, Lawrence M. (2010): Labor market policy. A comparative view on the costs and benefits of labor market flexibility. (IZA discussion paper 5100), Bonn, 36 S.

    Abstract

    "I review theories and evidence on wage-setting institutions and labor market policies in an international comparative context. These include collective bargaining, minimum wages, employment protection laws, unemployment insurance (UI), mandated parental leave, and active labor market policies (ALMPs). Since it is unlikely that an unregulated private sector would provide the income insurance these institutions do, these policies may enhance economic efficiency. However, to the extent that unemployment or resource misallocation results from such measures, these efficiency gains may be offset. Overall, Scandinavia and Central Europe follow distinctively more interventionist policies than the English speaking countries in the Northern Hemisphere. Possible explanations for such differences include vulnerability to external market forces and ethnic homogeneity. I then review evidence on the impacts of these policies and institutions. While the interventionist model appears to cause lower levels of wage inequality and high levels of job security to incumbent workers, it also in some cases leads to the relegation of new entrants (disproportionately women, youth and immigrants) as well as the less skilled to temporary jobs or unemployment. Making labor markets more flexible could bring these groups into the regular labor market to a greater extent, at the expense of higher levels of economic insecurity for incumbents and higher levels of wage inequality. The Danish model of loosening employment protections while providing relatively generous UI benefits with strict job search requirements holds out the possibility of reducing barriers for new entrants and the less skilled while maintaining some level of income insurance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The interaction between income support programs (2010)

    Whelan, Stephen ;

    Zitatform

    Whelan, Stephen (2010): The interaction between income support programs. In: Labour, Jg. 24, H. 4, S. 407-440. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2010.00488.x

    Abstract

    "Employment insurance (EI) and social assistance (SA) represent two key income support programs in Canada. The structure of these programs is similar to those found in many countries where unemployed individuals may use a number of sources to fund job-search activities and provide income support during periods of diminished employment income. In this paper, we examine the nature of the interaction between the programs and their overall impact on labor market outcomes. We use the 1997 Canadian Out of Employment Panel data set to examine behavior of a set of individuals following the loss of employment. Results indicate that reductions in the generosity of SA results in lower use of both income support programs. Conversely, if the generosity of the EI program is curtailed this reduces use of the EI program and leads to greater use of the SA program." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The impact of the Self-Sufficiency Project on the employment behaviour of former welfare recipients (2010)

    Zabel, Jeffrey; Schwartz, Saul; Donald, Stephen;

    Zitatform

    Zabel, Jeffrey, Saul Schwartz & Stephen Donald (2010): The impact of the Self-Sufficiency Project on the employment behaviour of former welfare recipients. In: Canadian Journal of Economics, Jg. 43, H. 3, S. 882-918. DOI:10.1111/j.1540-5982.2010.01599.x

    Abstract

    "The Self-Sufficiency Project (SSP) was a Canadian randomized trial in which the program group had 12 months to find full-time employment in order to qualify for a subsidy that roughly doubled their pre-tax earnings for the next three years. We find evidence of significant impacts of SSP on non-employment and employment durations. For the treated group, simulation results show an impact on the employment rate at 52 months after random assignment in the range of 7 to 11 percentage points; this is approximately a 25% increase in the employment rate compared with having no treatment in place." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    An econometric analysis of the impact of the self-sufficiency project on the employment behaviour of former welfare recipients (2006)

    Zabel, Jeffrey; Schwartz, Sau; Donald, Stephen;

    Zitatform

    Zabel, Jeffrey, Sau Schwartz & Stephen Donald (2006): An econometric analysis of the impact of the self-sufficiency project on the employment behaviour of former welfare recipients. (IZA discussion paper 2122), Bonn, 38 S.

    Abstract

    "The Self-Sufficiency Project (SSP) was a Canadian research and demonstration project that attempted to 'make work pay' for long-term income assistance (IA) recipients by supplementing their earnings. The long-term goal of SSP was to get lone parents permanently off IA and into the paid labour force. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of SSP on employment and non-employment durations and its overall effect on employment rates. We focus on generating estimates of the 'effect of the treatment on the treated' (TOT) where the 'treated' are those in the program group who qualified for the earnings supplement by finding a full-time job during the qualifying period (a group we call the 'take-up' group). To obtain a consistent estimate of TOT we follow the work of Ham and LaLonde (1996) and Eberwein, Ham and Lalonde (1997) in estimating a joint model of non-employment and employment durations that controls for unobserved heterogeneity and non-random selection into work and into the take-up group. We find evidence of significant impacts of SSP on non-employment and employment durations. Simulation results show a TOT on the employment rate at 52 months after baseline of approximately 4 percentage points; a 10 percent increase compared to the control group. Further, this estimate of TOT using the results from our econometric model is 5 percentage points higher than the estimate from the raw data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Statistically assisted programme selection: international experiences and potential benefits for Switzerland (2004)

    Frölich, Markus; Lechner, Michael ; Steiger, Heidi;

    Zitatform

    Frölich, Markus, Michael Lechner & Heidi Steiger (2004): Statistically assisted programme selection. International experiences and potential benefits for Switzerland. (Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation. Working paper 2004,01), Uppsala, 26 S.

    Abstract

    "Ein gezielter Einsatz der aktiven arbeitsmarktlichen Massnahmen erscheint aufgrund der insignifikanten bzw. negativen Resultate vieler Evaluationsstudien notwendig. Ein statistisches System könnte dazu beitragen, aktive arbeitsmarktliche Massnahmen gezielter für jene Personen einzusetzen, die tatsächlich von diesen profitieren können. Ein solches System könnte die Personalberater bei der Auswahl geeigneter Massnahmen für eine bestimmte arbeitslose Person auf individueller Ebene unterstützen. In dem Papier werden die internationalen Erfahrungen mit solchen Systemen beleuchtet und ein potentieller Ansatz wird für die Schweiz entwickelt. Die Simulationsergebnisse deuten an, dass ein solches statistisches System zu einer deutlich höheren Wiederbeschäftigungsquote hätte beitragen können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Equilibrium policy experiments and the evaluation of social programs (2003)

    Lise, Jeremy; Seitz, Shannon; Smith, Jeffrey A.;

    Zitatform

    Lise, Jeremy, Shannon Seitz & Jeffrey A. Smith (2003): Equilibrium policy experiments and the evaluation of social programs. (IZA discussion paper 758), Bonn, 67 S.

    Abstract

    "This paper makes three contributions to the literature on program evaluation. First, we construct a model that is well-suited to conduct equilibrium policy experiments and we illustrate effectiveness of general equilibrium models as tools for the evaluation of social programs. Second, we demonstrate the usefulness of social experiments as tools to evaluate models. In this respect, our paper serves as the equilibrium analogue to LaLonde (1986) and others, where experiments are used as a benchmark against which to assess the performance of non-experimental estimators. Third, we apply our model to the study of the Canadian Self-Sufficiency Project (SSP), an experiment providing generous financial incentives to exit welfare and obtain stable employment. The model incorporates the main features of many unemployment insurance and welfare programs, including eligibility criteria and time-limited benefits, as well as the wage determination process. We first calibrate our model to data on the control group and simulate the experiment within the model. The model matches the welfare-to-work transition of the treatment group, providing support for our model in this context. We then undertake an equilibrium evaluation of the SSP. Our results highlight important feedback effects of the policy change, including displacement of unemployed individuals, lower wages for workers receiving supplement payments and higher wages for those not directly treated by the program. The results also highlight the incentives of individuals to delay exit from welfare in order to qualify for the program. Together, the feedback effects change the cost-benefit conclusions implied by the partial equilibrium experimental evaluation substantially." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Kombi-Einkommen: ein Weg aus der Sozialhilfe? (2002)

    Dann, Sabine; Klös, Hans-Peter; Kaltenborn, Bruno; Weinkopf, Claudia; Kirchmann, Andrea; Volkert, Jürgen; Ochel, Wolfgang; Hollederer, Alfons ; Rudolph, Helmut; Czommer, Lars; Schelke, Waltraud; Spermann, Alexander; Schneider, Hilmar;

    Zitatform

    Dann, Sabine, Andrea Kirchmann, Alexander Spermann & Jürgen Volkert (Hrsg.) (2002): Kombi-Einkommen. Ein Weg aus der Sozialhilfe? Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 175 S.

    Abstract

    "Zur Überwindung von Sozialhilfefallen und Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit werden Kombi-Einkommen vorgeschlagen. Mit Kombilöhnen soll zum Ausbau des Niedriglohnsektors in Deutschland beigetragen werden. Doch welcher Beitrag ist von solchen Anreizinstrumenten für eine bessere Arbeitsmarktintegration tatsächlich zu erwarten? Der Band enthält die Beiträge einer Tagung, die vom Institut für Angewandte Wirtschaftsforschung Tübingen (IAW) im Herbst 2001 durchgeführt wurde. Für die Veranstaltung und den Tagungsband konnten Wissenschaftler gewonnen werden, die mit der Begleitforschung aller wesentlichen in Deutschland laufenden Modellversuche zu Kombi-Einkommen beauftragt sind. Im Einzelnen werden in den Beiträgen die Wirkungen des gesetzlichen Lohnabstandsgebotes, Berechnungen zu Beschäftigungs- und fiskalischen Effekten unterschiedlicher Kombi-Einkommen sowie die ersten Erfahrungen mit den verschiedenen deutschen Modellversuchen erörtert. Weitere Themenschwerpunkte sind die Aufstiegschancen aus subventionierten Beschäftigungsverhältnissen, die Bedeutung von Kombi-Einkommen für Alleinerziehende und die internationalen Erfahrungen mit vergleichbaren Ansätzen." Inhalt: Jürgen Volkert: Lohnabstandsgebot, Verpflichtung zur Arbeit und Sozialhilfefallen; Hilmar Schneider: Kombi-Einkommen. Arbeitsangebotseffekte mit und ohne Zielgruppenbegrenzung; Alfons Hollederer, Helmut Rudolph: Arbeitsanreize und Niedriglöhne. Konzeption und erste Erfahrungen des Mainzer Modells und des SGI-Modells; Sabine Dann, Andrea Kirchmann, Alexander Spermann, Jürgen Volkert: Das Einstiegsgeld - eine zielgruppenorientierte negative Einkommenssteuer. Konzeption, Umsetzung und erste Zwischenbilanz nach 15 Monaten in Baden-Württemberg; Lars Czommer, Claudia Weinkopf: Modellprojekte zur Erprobung des § 18 Absatz 5 BSHG; Waltraud Schelke: "Making Work Pay". Ziele und Wirkungen finanzieller Arbeitsanreize in den USA; Wolfgang Ochel: Finanzielle Arbeitsanreize - Konzeptionen und Ergebnisse in Großbritannien, Irland und Kanada; Bruno Kaltenborn, Hans-Peter Klös: Niedriglöhne und Kombi-Einkommen - Sackgasse oder Ausgangspunkt einer Karriere? Eine Mobilitätsuntersuchung für Westdeutschland 1984/96; Sabine Dann, Andrea Kirchmann, Alexander Spermann: Kombi-Einkommen - ein Königsweg für allein Erziehende? (IAB2)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Targeting employment services (2002)

    Eberts, Randall W. ; O'Leary, Christopher J. ; Wandner, Stephen A.;

    Zitatform

    Eberts, Randall W., Christopher J. O'Leary & Stephen A. Wandner (Hrsg.) (2002): Targeting employment services. Kalamazoo: Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 425 S.

    Abstract

    "Der Band enthält die Beiträge einer Konferenz, die sich mit der Neuausrichtung der Arbeitsmarktpolitik in den Vereinigten Staaten befasst hat. Mit dem Workforce Investment Act von 1998 sollten die arbeitsmarktpolitischen Programme effektiver gestaltet werden. Als ein Mittel der Teilnehmerauswahl wird das "targeting" oder "profiling" eingesetzt. Damit sollen die Arbeitslosen identifiziert werden, bei denen der Erfolg einer Maßnahme am wahrscheinlichsten ist. Hierfür werden statistische Verfahren angewandt. Die Evaluation bezieht sich auf Maßnahmen zur Förderung der beruflichen Selbständigkeit, ein Bonussystem bei der Wiederbeschäftigung und Welfare-to-Work-Programme für Sozialhilfeempfänger. Ergänzende Beiträge befassen sich mit ähnlichen Maßnahmen in Kanada." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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