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Barnes, Tom (2023): Punish, protect or redirect? Synthesising workfare with 'spatially Keynesian' labour market policies in times of job loss. In: Environment and planning. A, Economy and space, Jg. 55, H. 4, S. 871-889. DOI:10.1177/0308518X221140891

Abstract

"The relationship between job loss and workfare has been well documented. Workers who lose jobs, including long-term careers in previously secure employment, enter systems of workfare that churn them through precarious jobs in return for meagre income support. But the relationship between workfare and alternative systems of labour market assistance rolled out before job loss is less understood. To shed new light on this issue, this article critically analyses an attempt to synthesise two labour market policies implemented in response to the closure of Australia's automotive manufacturing industry in 2017. The first policy was an altruistic, spatially Keynesian response to deindustrialisation; the second policy was based on Australia's notoriously punitive system of workfare. The article asks: how was it possible to synthesise systems framed in mutually incompatible terms? This question can be addressed, it argues, by deploying an Agency-Structure-Institutions-Discourse (ASID) approach to understand how and why these labour market policies were hybridised. The article's results are instructive in a ‘post-pandemic’ environment in which opportunities to rollout alternatives to workfare will be forced to contend with resurgent workfare states." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 a Pion publication) ((en))

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Schludi, Martin & Bob Gregory; Bob Gregory (sonst. bet. Pers.) (2023): The first six months expenditure for the Australian JobKeeper scheme lifted total national government expenditure by one quarter (Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic). (Interview with Bob Gregory). In: IAB-Forum H. 31.10.2023 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20231031.02

Abstract

"Während der Covid-19-Krise führte Australien groß angelegte und leicht umzusetzende Lohnkostenzuschüsse ein. Dieses „JobKeeper-Programm” sollte Entlassungen verhindern. Die Unterschiede zu den europäischen Kurzarbeitsprogrammen sind jedoch frappierend. Im Interview für das IAB-Forum gibt Bob Gregory, emeritierter Professor der Australian National University, Einblicke in den australischen Ansatz und skizziert mögliche Lehren für andere Länder." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schludi, Martin & Bob Gregory; Bob Gregory (sonst. bet. Pers.) (2023): Die Ausgaben für das australische JobKeeper-Programm haben die staatlichen Gesamtausgaben in den ersten sechs Monaten um ein Viertel erhöht (Serie Kurzarbeit: Internationale Erfahrungen während der Covid-19-Krise ). (Interview mit Bob Gregory). In: IAB-Forum H. 31.10.2023 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20231031.01

Abstract

"Während der Covid-19-Krise führte Australien groß angelegte und leicht umzusetzende Lohnkostenzuschüsse ein. Dieses „JobKeeper-Programm” sollte Entlassungen verhindern. Die Unterschiede zu den europäischen Kurzarbeitsprogrammen sind jedoch frappierend. Im Interview für das IAB-Forum gibt Bob Gregory, emeritierter Professor der Australian National University, Einblicke in den australischen Ansatz und skizziert mögliche Lehren für andere Länder." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Ferragina, Emanuele & Federico Danilo Filetti (2022): Labour market protection across space and time: A revised typology and a taxonomy of countries' trajectories of change. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 148-165. DOI:10.1177/09589287211056222

Abstract

"We measure and interpret the evolution of labour market protection across 21 high-income countries over three decades, employing as conceptual foundations the ‘regime varieties’ and ‘trajectories of change’ developed by Esping-Andersen, Estevez-Abe, Hall and Soskice, and Thelen. We measure labour market protection considering four institutional dimensions – employment protection, unemployment protection, income maintenance and activation – and the evolution of the workforce composition. This measurement accounts for the joint evolution of labour market institutions, their complementarities and their relation to outcomes, and mitigate the unrealistic Average Production Worker assumption. We handle the multi-dimensional nature of labour market protection with Principal Component Analysis and capture the characteristics of countries’ trajectories of change with a composite score. We contribute to the literature in three ways. (1) We portray a revised typology that accounts for processes of change between 1990 and 2015, and that clusters regime varieties on the basis of coordination and solidarity levels, that is, Central/Northern European, Southern European, liberal. (2) We illustrate that, despite a persistent gap, a large majority of Coordinated Market Economies experiencing a decline in the level of labour market protection became more similar to Liberal Market Economies. (3) We develop a fivefold taxonomy of countries’ trajectories of change (liberalization, dualization, flexibility, de-dualization and higher protection), showing that these trajectories are not always path-dependent and consistent with regime varieties previously developed in the literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bown, Chad P. & Caroline Freund (2019): Active labor market policies. Lessons from other countries for the United States. (Working paper / Peterson Institute for International Economics 2019-02), Washington, DC, 12 S.

Abstract

"US labor force participation has been weak in recent decades, especially during the recovery of the financial crisis of 2007 - 09. This paper examines several programs that governments in other advanced industrial countries have established to help jobless workers continue to seek employment, not drop out of the labor force, and ultimately find jobs. These programs more actively support out-of-work citizens by facilitating matches between workers and firms, helping workers in their job searches, and sometimes creating jobs when none are available in the private sector. The evidence presented in this paper concludes that job placement services, training, wage subsidies, and other labor adjustment policies can be used to successfully help workers find employment and remain tied to the labor market. By contrast, direct job creation through public works projects and other government programs are less effective in helping workers over the long run." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Murtin, Fabrice & Jean-Marc Robin (2018): Labor market reforms and unemployment dynamics. In: Labour economics, Jg. 50, H. March, S. 3-19. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2016.05.025

Abstract

"We quantify the contribution of labor market reforms to unemployment dynamics in nine OECD countries (Australia, France, Germany, Japan, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, UK, US). We estimate a dynamic stochastic search-matching model with heterogeneous workers and aggregate productivity shocks. The heterogeneous-worker mechanism proposed by Robin (2011) explains unemployment volatility by productivity shocks well in all countries. Placement and employment services, UI benefit reduction and product market deregulation are found to be the most prominent policy levers for unemployment reduction. Business cycle shocks and LMPs explain about the same share of unemployment volatility (except for Japan, Portugal and the US)." (Author's abstract, © 2016 Elsevier) ((en))

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Considine, Mark, Siobhan O'Sullivan, Paolo R. Graziano, Matthias Knuth, Vanesa Fuertes, Katharina Zimmermann, Adam Whitworth, Patrizia Aurich, Rebecca Taylor, Rik van Berkel, Phuc Nguyen, James Rees, Elle Carter, Isabel Shutes, Avishai Benish & Ludo Struyven (2015): Contracting-out welfare services. Comparing national policy designs for unemployment assistance. (Broadening Perspectives on social policy), Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, 173 S.

Abstract

Contracting-out Welfare Services focuses on the design and overhaul of welfare-to-work systems around the world in the light of the radical re-design of the welfare system; internationally based authors utilise a national/program case study, considering employment services policy and activation practices.
Content:
Mark Considine; Siobhan O'Sullivan: Introduction: Contracting out welfare services: comparing national policy designs for unemployment assistance (1-9);
Katharina Zimmermann, Patrizia Aurich, Paolo R. Graziano, Vanesa Fuertes: Local worlds of marketization - employment policies in Germany, Italy and the UK compared (11-32);
Ludo Struyven: Varieties of market competition in public employment services - a comparison of the emergence and evolution of the new system in Australia, the Netherlands and Belgium (33-53);
Mark Considine, Siobhan O'Sullivan, Phuc Nguyen: Governance, Boards of directors and the impact of contracting on not-for-profits organizations - an Australian study (55-74);
Rik van Berkel: Quasi-markets and the delivery of activation - a frontline perspective (75-90);
Isabel Shutes, Rebecca Taylor: Conditionality and the financing of employment services - implications for the social divisions of work and welfare (91-108);
James Rees, Adam Whitworth, Elle Carter: Support for all in the UK work programme? Differential payments, same old problem (109-128);
Matthias Knuth: Broken hierarchies, quasi-markets and supported networks - a governance experiment in the second tier of Germany's Public employment service (129-150);
Avishai Benish: The public accountability of privatized activation - the case of Israel (151-166).

Abstract

"This report on the recent Australian experience with activation policies contains valuable lessons for other countries that need to improve the effectiveness of employment services and control benefit expenditure. It provides overview and assessment of labour market policies in Australia including the main institutions, benefit system, training programmes, employment incentives, and disability employment assistance. Australia is unique among OECD countries in that its mainstream employment services are all delivered by over 100 for-profit and non-profit providers competing in a 'quasi-market', with their operations financed by service fees, employment outcome payments, and a special fund for measures that tackle jobseekers' barriers to employment. In most other OECD countries, these services are delivered by the Public Employment Service. In the mid 2000s, several benefits previously paid without a job-search requirement were closed or reformed, bringing more people into the effective labour force. Australia now has one of the highest employment rates in the OECD and this report concludes that its activation system deserves some of the credit for this relatively good performance. The Job Services Australia model, introduced in 2009, reinforced the focus on employment outcomes for highly-disadvantaged groups. This report assesses the latest model for activation and puts forward some recommendations to improve its effectiveness." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Borland, Jeff & Yi-Ping Tseng (2011): Does 'Work for the Dole' work? An Australian perspective on work experience programmes. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 43, H. 28, S. 4353-4368. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2010.491457

Abstract

"This study examines the effect of Work for the Dole (WfD), a community-based work experience programme, on transitions out of unemployment in Australia. To evaluate the WfD programme, a quasi-experimental exact matching approach is applied. Participation in the WfD programme is found to be associated with a large and significant adverse effect on the likelihood of exiting unemployment payments. The main potential explanation is the existence of a 'lock-in' effect whereby programme participants reduce job search activity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Konle-Seidl, Regina (2011): Use of profiling for resource allocation, action planning and matching. (Profiling systems for effective labour market integration), Brüssel, 21 S.

Abstract

"Profiling is in many European countries part of a customized 'expert system'. These service delivery systems are characterized by 1) profiling as a quantitative (statistical forecasts) or qualitative (structured interviews, capability tests) diagnostic tool to identify clients' risks 2) customer differentiation for giving different customers different access to employment services according to their needs with the aim to target resources. The idea behind customized or personalized services is that individuals differ in their employability and that such employability declines as the duration of non-employment increases. However, in all European Public Employment Services (PES), it's the caseworker who makes the final decision on the services to be provided. This stands in contrast to the US profiling system where 'hard' (statistical) profiling is compulsory for caseworkers and where the results of statistical profiling are the only factor that determines whether a client has to be transferred to further re-employment support.
A review of experiences with profiling in seven countries (Australia, Germany, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Sweden and the US) show no clear trend, but rather diverging developments in relation to the intensity of using profiling and early intervention strategies. The degree of customer differentiation, as well as the degree of coordination between customer segments and integration measures is very dissimilar across countries. Only few PES (e.g. the German BA and the French Pole d'Emploi) follow a coherent and integrated strategy based on profiling, client segmentation and targeted resource allocation.
Compared to the situation in the mid-2000s, dynamic profiling, i.e. the regular follow-up of the labour market prospects of clients is nowadays mainstream in most countries. Beyond the aim of predicting client needs, there are additional goals linked to profiling and streaming employment services. In countries like Denmark or Germany where UI and non-insured welfare clients are administered now by a single organisation, the aim of providing a common framework for different customer groups has a high priority.
Although there is widespread agreement among researchers and policy makers that prevention and early intervention is the best way of reducing the negative psychological, social and labour market effects of unemployment, only few impact studies have tried to quantify the possible efficiency gains of profiling and early intervention so far. Moreover, there is a general evidence gap in all countries with respect to the impact of different service delivery systems on on/off-flow rates from unemployment or benefit receipt.
Based on the country review, a number of lessons for implementation, i.e. implications for caseworkers and PES managers to further develop profiling and targeting systems can be highlighted. How to balance intensive support with a self-help strategy is a crucial challenge for the years to come. The need for differentiation depends very much on the diversity of client groups the PES is in charge of. However, against the background of stretched budgets, the proof of the cost-effectiveness of labour market programmes and early intervention strategies will be a critical factor." (author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Card, David, Jochen Kluve & Andrea Weber (2010): Active labor market policy evaluations. A meta-analysis. (NBER working paper 16173), Cambridge, Mass., 48 S. DOI:10.3386/w16173

Abstract

"This paper presents a meta-analysis of recent microeconometric evaluations of active labor market policies. Our sample contains 199 separate 'program estimates' - estimates of the impact of a particular program on a specific subgroup of participants - drawn from 97 studies conducted between 1995 and 2007. For about one-half of the sample we have both a short-term program estimate (for a one-year post-program horizon) and a medium- or long-term estimate (for 2 or 3 year horizons). We categorize the estimated post-program impacts as significantly positive, insignificant, or significantly negative. By this criterion we find that job search assistance programs are more likely to yield positive impacts, whereas public sector employment programs are less likely. Classroom and on-the-job training programs yield relatively positive impacts in the medium term, although in the short-term these programs often have insignificant or negative impacts. We also find that the outcome variable used to measure program impact matters. In particular, studies based on registered unemployment are more likely to yield positive program impacts than those based on other outcomes (like employment or earnings). On the other hand, neither the publication status of a study nor the use of a randomized design is related to the sign or significance of the corresponding program estimate. Finally, we use a subset of studies that focus on post-program employment to compare meta-analytic models for the 'effect size' of a program estimate with models for the sign and significance of the estimated program effect. We find that the two approaches lead to very similar conclusions about the determinants of program impact." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kaps, Petra & Holger Schütz (2007): Privatisierung von Arbeitsvermittlungsdienstleistungen - Wundermittel zur Effizienzsteigerung? Eine Bestandsaufnahme deutscher und internationaler Erfahrungen. (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Discussion papers SP 1 2007-101), Berlin, 65 S.

Abstract

"Seit 1998 - und verstärkt im Zuge der so genannten Hartz-Reformen - werden Vermittlungsdienstleistungen privater Anbieter zunehmend öffentlich über Contracting Out und Gutscheinverfahren gefördert und als Alternative zur öffentlichen Arbeitsvermittlung diskutiert. Das Papier stellt aktuelle theoretische und empirische Befunde zu diesen Privatisierungsformen vor. Zunächst werden die Funktionsvoraussetzungen einer Steuerung der Leistungserbringung durch private Dienstleister (Agenten) im Auftrag der öffentlichen Hand (Prinzipal) an so genannten Quasi-Märkten erörtert. Sodann werden Ergebnisse der Evaluation der neuen Vermittlungsinstrumente Beauftragung Dritter nach § 37 SGB III, Eingliederungsmaßnahmen nach § 421i SGB III und dem Vermittlungsgutschein vorgelegt, gefolgt von Befunden zum Kontraktmanagement von Arbeitsvermittlungsdienstleistungen in Australien, Großbritannien (Employment Zones) und den Niederlanden. Aufgrund der deutschen und internationalen Ergebnisse kommen die Autoren zu dem Schluss, dass angesichts der komplexen Funktionsvoraussetzungen und des hohen Regulierungsbedarfs die Effizienzsteigerungspotentiale der Arbeitsvermittlung durch die Beauftragung privater Dritter beschränkt bleiben. Der Ausbau der dezentralen Handlungsspielräume der öffentlichen Arbeitsvermittlung stellt eine funktionale Alternative der Effizienzmobilisierung dar, deren Möglichkeiten noch nicht ausgeschöpft werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Lalive, Rafael (2006): How do extended benefits affect unemployment duration? A regression discontinuity approach. (IZA discussion paper 2200), Bonn, 33 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies a program that extends the maximum duration of unemployment benefits from 30 weeks to 209 weeks. Interestingly, this program is targeted to individuals aged 50 years or older, living in certain eligible regions in Austria. In the evaluation, I use sharp discontinuities in treatment assignment at age 50 and at the border between eligible regions and control regions to identify the effect of extended benefits on unemployment duration. Results indicate that the duration of job search is prolonged by at least .09 weeks per additional week of benefits among men, whereas unemployment duration increases by at least .32 weeks per additional week of benefits among women. The salient differences between men and women are consistent with the lower minimum age for early retirement applying to women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wilkens, Ingrid (2006): Arbeitsmarkt-Reformen in Australien. In: Bundesarbeitsblatt H. 3, S. 19-25.

Abstract

"Australien boomt. Das Wachstum ist hoch, der Haushalt weist einen Überschuss aus, die Arbeitslosenquote liegt bei nur 5%. Trotzdem will die Regierung das Arbeitsrecht vereinfachen und den Arbeitsmarkt deregulieren, was starken Protest hervorruft. Die Pläne kommen jedoch nicht überraschend. Der Beitrag erörtert die Trends auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und die Hintergründe der geplanten Maßnahmen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bruttel, Oliver (2005): Contracting-out and governance mechanisms in the public employment service. (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Discussion papers SP 1 2005-109), Berlin, 37 S.

Abstract

"Das Contracting-out der öffentlichen Arbeitsvermittlung und des Fallmanagements für Langzeitarbeitslose ist eine der wesentlichen internationalen Entwicklungen in der Reform der öffentlichen Arbeitsverwaltung. Statt einer öffentlichen Behörde werden dabei private Anbieter vertraglich beauftragt, diese Dienstleistungen für Arbeitssuchende zu erbringen. Australien und die Niederlande sind bei dieser Auslagerung ehemals öffentlicher Dienstleistungen besonders weit gegangen. Großbritannien hat so genannte 'Employment Zones' eingerichtet, in denen private Anbieter für Langzeitarbeitslose zuständig sind und somit die Leistungen des Jobcentre Plus für diese Zielgruppe ersetzen. Ausgehend von der Prinzipal-Agent-Theorie analysiert und vergleicht der Aufsatz das Vertragsmanagement in den drei Ländern hinsichtlich des Moral Hazards. Ein effektives Governance-Konzept erfordert, dass die drei wesentlichen Steuerungsinstrumente (Anreiz-, Informations- und Kontrollmechanismen) zu einem integrierten Vertragsmanagement zusammengeführt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bach, Heinz W. (2004): Australien musste die Arbeitsmarktreform reformieren. Erhebliche Mängel bei der Evaluation der privaten Agenturen festgestellt. In: Arbeit und Beruf, Jg. 55, H. 11, S. 321-327.

Abstract

Australien war der erste OECD-Mitgliedstaat, der eine grundsätzliche Arbeitsmarktreform und eine solche des Employment Service durchführte. Australien wurde auch berühmt durch die Radikalität, mit der dort die Arbeitsvermittlung privatisiert, besser gesagt entstaatlicht wurde. Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der Reform der Arbeitsmarktreform, die im Jahr 2003 im Rahmen des Employment Service Contract Nr. 3 (ESC III) stattfand. Die Ursache waren Mängel des bisherigen Systems der Vermittlung und Betreuung von Arbeitslosen mit Vermittlungshemmnissen, die um so schwerer wogen, je größer und/oder vielfältiger die Vermittlungshemmnisse der arbeitsuchenden Personen sich gestalteten. Diese Mängel schienen so gravierend, dass die Effektivität des gesamten Systems für schwieriger vermittelbare Personenkreise in Frage gestellt werden musste. Staatliche Beschäftigungsprogramme sowie staatliche berufliche Qualifizierungsmaßnahmen wurden weistestgehend aufgegeben. Die Zahl der Anbieter ist im Verlauf der ESC III reduziert worden, wobei sich die Auswahl der Anbieter gegenüber den bisherigen Vergabeverfahren nicht wesentlich geändert hat. Centrelink nimmt unter Abstrichen weiterhin die Rolle des Eingangs (gateway) in das Vermittlungs- und Betreuungssystem hinein wahr. Job Placement-Organisationen haben hingegen an Bedeutung gewonnen und der Charakter der Job Network-Agentur hat sich dahingegen geändert, dass die Verantwortlichkeit der Agenturen für die Durchführung und den Erfolg vermittlungsorientierter Maßnahmen drastisch verstärkt worden ist. Aktivitäten und Unterstützung für Langzeitarbeitslose werden im weitaus größerem Umfang festgeschrieben; ebenfalls ist das Honorarsystem sehr viel differenzierter geworden. (IAB)

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Konle-Seidl, Regina (2004): Wettbewerbsmechanismen in der Arbeitsmarktpolitik. In: Bundesarbeitsblatt H. 10, S. 4-14.

Abstract

Seit der Verabschiedung des Job-AQTIV-Gesetzes vom Januar 2002 besteht für die öffentlichen Arbeitsagenturen die Möglichkeit, Dritte mit der gesamten Vermittlung von Arbeitslosen zu beauftragen. In diesem Beitrag wird die Implementierung des Kontraktmanagements, also der Beauftragung von Dritten mit der Eingliederung auf der Basis wettbewerblicher Vergabeverfahren (Personalserviceagenturen, § 37 und 421i SGB III) und das System der Bildungs- und Vermittlungsgutscheine analysiert. Im Mittelpunkt des Interesses steht dabei die Frage nach der Wirksamkeit dieser Auslagerung (contracting out). Fazit ist, 'dass das Kontraktmanagement in der deutschen Arbeitsmarktpolitik noch in den Kinderschuhen steckt'. Hauptkritikpunkte sind die oft unvollständige Ausgestaltung der Kontrakte, das Fehlen optimaler Vergütungsstrukturen und einer systematischen Erfolgskontrolle. Positiv bewertet wird der größere Freiraum der privaten Anbieter bei der Durchführung von Vermittlungsaktivitäten. Als problematisch erweist sich das Kosten-Nutzen-Verhältnis des Kontraktmanagements. 'Die spannende Frage, bis zu welchem Maße ein contracting out effizient ist, und ab welchem Punkt die Transaktionskosten größer als die Effizienzgewinne werden, ist demzufolge bislang (noch) nicht zu beantworten.' Die Autorin verweist abschließend auf Erfahrungen mit der privaten Arbeitsvermittlung in den Niederlanden, Großbritannien und Australien. (IAB)

Zitatform

Konle-Seidl, Regina (2003): Steigerung von Effizienz und Reputation in der Arbeitsvermittlung. In: Bundesarbeitsblatt H. 1, S. 10-15.

Abstract

"Die Reputation der gesamten Arbeitsvermittlung eines Landes ist von zwei Faktoren abhängig: der Steigerung ihrer Effizienz und einem Angebot an qualitativ hochwertigen Dienstleistungen. Das sind wichtige Erkenntnisse aus Krisen der Arbeitsverwaltung anderer Länder. Auch die deutsche Arbeitsverwaltung kann anhand der Reformen anderer Länder lernen ihre Effizienz zu steigern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Machin, M. Anthony & Peter A. Creed (2003): Understanding the differential benefits of training for the unemployed. In: Australian Journal of Psychology, Jg. 55, H. 2, S. 104-113. DOI:10.1080/00049530412331312964

Abstract

"This study examined the connection between background variables (such as length of unemployment and number of previous training courses), contextual variables (perceptions of training climate), dispositional variables (positive affect and negative affect), and psychological outcomes for unemployed trainees who attended either a 5-week occupational skills training program (control group) or the same 5-week program with an additional 2-day intervention before the start of the program (treatment group). The trainees in both the treatment and control conditions were found to reduce their levels of psychological distress over the course of a 5-week training program. Trainees in the treatment condition who started with the lowest levels of general self-efficacy and the highest levels of psychological distress showed the greatest improvements at time 2 (T2). The measures of length of unemployment, number of previous training courses, and the perceptions of the training climate (with one exception) did not account for any unique variance in either of the well-being measures at time 3 (T3). Positive and negative affect (PA and NA respectively) accounted for 30% of the variance in initial levels of general self-efficacy and 43% of the variance in initial levels of psychological distress. However, PA and NA measured at T1 did not account for any unique variance in the T3 levels of general self-efficacy and psychological distress, after the initial levels of each of the variables were controlled. It was concluded that components of dispositional affect are the main influences on how individuals perceive stimuli in the environment and subsequently regulate their emotional response." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Nevile, J. W. & Ann Nevile (2003): Evaluating the structure and performance of the job network. In: Australian Journal of Labour Economics, Jg. 6, H. 2, S. 241-251.

Abstract

"It is argued that the key role of active labour market policies is to be an essential complement to macro policies to reduce unemployment. Adverse quantitative evaluations may show that the macro policies are at fault. Moreover, in Australia the data is not adequate for such evaluations to be more than very broad indicators. To write off Intensive Assistance as a complete failure is premature. It is better to examine ways in which Intensive Assistance could be improved. A comparison with Work for the Dole suggests that a lack of a significant work experience component is an important reason why Intensive Assistance does not perform better. Qualitative evaluations by economists usually use the assumption that those providing employment services are driven by the profit motive. This is often helpful, but a significant proportion of Job Network Members are not-for-profit organisations. Neglecting this can be dangerous." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))