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Aparicio Fenoll, Ainoa & Roberto Quaranta (2025): The uneven effects of conditional cash transfers on women and men. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 94. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102695

Abstract

"We compare the effects of training-conditional and unconditional cash transfer programs on the labor market outcomes of women and men. We use the experiment in Del Boca et al. (2021) where low-income households are randomly assigned to one of three groups: cash transfer conditional on a family-specific bundle of training programs, unconditional cash transfer with no access to those training programs, and no treatment. We exploit Social Security data, including all registered labor contracts in Italy. We find that cash transfers conditional on training have a positive and sizeable effect on males’ labor income and that this effect stays in place for at least two years after the program. Unconditional cash transfers did not affect men. In contrast, female employment is positively affected by both cash transfers regardless of access to the training, but the effect is smaller if they are conditional." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.) ((en))

Abstract

"Publication metadata The EU labor market policy (LMP) database collects information about government actions to help people with a disadvantage in the labor market, primarily by facilitating and supporting transitions from unemployment or inactivity into employment. This can take the form of financial support – such as unemployment benefits – or practical support ranging from basic guidance services to the provision of training, work experience and other actions aimed at improving a persons’ employability. It also includes incentives for employers to take on people from defined target groups. In the LMP database these actions are referred to as interventions. The LMP data are collected annually by a network of national delegates from administrative sources in each country on the basis of a comprehensive methodology1 that provides detailed guidelines on which interventions to cover; how to classify interventions by type of action; how to measure the expenditure associated with each intervention; and how to measure the number of participants. The LMP data serve to inform analysts and policy makers about the labor market policies offered in the EU Member States and Norway and provide an evidence base for further development of policy. LMP data are used in routine monitoring and benchmarking frameworks adopted by the European Commission to identify key trends and challenges across the EU Member States and in analysis supporting a range of European policy initiatives. This note presents an analysis of the latest available LMP statistics. Readers are recommended to refer to information on the characteristics of LMP statistics provided in Annex 1 to aid understanding of the data presented." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ardito, Chiara, Fabio Berton, Lia Pacelli & Marina Zanatta (2025): The Effect of the End of Hiring Incentives on Job and Employment Security. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 18024), Bonn, 62 S.

Abstract

"We analyze the long-term impact of hiring subsidies on both job and employment security. The subsidy that we examine was introduced in Italy through the 2015 Budget Law, with the goal of promoting open-ended contracts. We employ a non-linear difference-in-differences (NL-DiD) approach within a duration framework, using high-frequency, population-wide linked employer-employee administrative data from a large Italian region. Causal results on job security indicate that the subsidy's protective effect is short-lived. Excess separations from subsidized jobs peak in the exact same month in which the monetary incentive expires. No long-term protective effect of the subsidy is observed regarding employment security. These results hold across a wide range of worker and firm characteristics, showing surprisingly little heterogeneity. One notable exception concerns firm size. Furthermore, the expiration of subsidies disproportionately affects workers with low human capital. Our findings suggest that hiring subsidies are not effective in promoting either job or employment security for beneficiaries and that this raises questions about the efficacy of this common and costly policy, particularly when offered unconditionally." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Aubry, Agnès (2025): Support or Exploitation? Workfare Implementation and Migrants’ Resistance within the Swiss Reception System. In: Work, Employment and Society, S. 1-21. DOI:10.1177/09500170251344717

Abstract

"Drawing on ethnographic research, this article explores the daily implementation and lived experiences of workfare-inspired programs designed for migrants seeking protection, who are living in Swiss reception centres. It examines how they are compelled to perform a wide range of unpaid work in exchange for their support and how they negotiate that work. Using a situated intersectional approach, the article shows how workfare-inspired programmes become a tool for channeling the behaviors of racialized migrant men and underlines the everyday resistance practices and survival strategies migrant claimants use to face exploitation. This case study takes a critical stance towards mainstream accounts of migrant workfare that frame it as a pathway to integration and empowerment. It brings new empirical insights to critical welfare studies and contributes to research on contemporary social security reform by showing how migrant claimants routinely resist the implementation of workfare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bedük, Selçuk, Anette Eva Fasang, Susan Harkness, Stefan B. Andrade, Zafer Buyukkececi, Satu Helske & Aleksi Karhula (2025): Insurance against risk? Cost and compensation of job loss in different welfare states. In: Socio-economic review, S. 1-23. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwaf066

Abstract

"This study investigates the cost of job loss to household incomes, and the extent to which initial earnings losses are compensated through the labor market, within the household, and by the social security programs. Using survey and administrative data from Denmark, Finland, Germany, and the UK (1990–2018),we estimate short- and long-term effects of job loss with a dynamic difference-in-differences model. Job loss reduces household income by 17 per cent in the UK while only 5 to 6 percent in other countries during the first year. These losses gradually diminish and disappear over the long run. Across all countries, market (i.e. re-employment) is the main source of compensation, while the role of household and state compensations varies in line with the national compensation strategies. State compensation is crucial in mitigating immediate income losses, while market compensation becomes even more important over time. Household compensation mainly substitutes for weaker market and state protections." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Belot, Michèle, Philipp Kircher & Paul Muller (2025): Do the Long-Term Unemployed Benefit from Automated Occupational Advice during Online Job Search? In: The Economic Journal, S. 1-34. DOI:10.1093/ej/ueaf041

Abstract

"In a randomized field experiment, we provide suggestions about suitable occupations to long-term unemployed job seekers. The suggestions are automatically generated, integrated in an online job search platform, and fed into actual search queries. Effects on ‘reaching a cumulative earnings threshold’ and ‘finding a stable job’ are positive, large, and are more pronounced for those who are longer unemployed. Treated individuals include more occupations in their search and find more jobs in recommended occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berg, Gerard J. van den, Barbara Hofmann, Gesine Stephan & Arne Uhlendorff (2025): Mandatory integration agreements for unemployed job seekers: a randomized controlled field experiment in Germany. In: International Economic Review, Jg. 66, H. 1, S. 79-105., 2024-05-21. DOI:10.1111/iere.12745

Abstract

"Integration agreements (IAs) are contracts between the employment agency and the unemployed, nudging the latter to comply with rules on search behavior. We designed and implemented a randomized controlled trial involving thousands of newly unemployed workers, randomizing at the individual level both the timing of the IA and whether it is announced in advance. Administrative records provide outcomes. Novel theoretical and methodological insights provide tools to detect anticipation and suggest estimation by individual baseline employability. The positive effect on entering employment is driven by individuals with adverse prospects. For them, early IA increase reemployment within a year from 53% to 61%." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Wiley) ((en))

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Berg, Gerard J. van den, Gesine Stephan & Arne Uhlendorff (2025): Do Early Active Labor Market Policies Improve Outcomes of Not-Yet-Unemployed Workers? Findings from a Randomized Field Experiment. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17612), Bonn, 42 S.

Abstract

"Inequality is a dynamic phenomenon, and the relative and absolute positions of individuals are subject to frequent shocks. It is important to know if preventive interventions mitigate adverse inequality effects of labor market shocks. We consider individuals up to three months before the envisaged termination of their employment and we study effects of pre-unemployment participation in active labor market programs (ALMP) on labor market outcomes using a randomized controlled trial (RCT). This complements the vast literature on ALMP for unemployed workers. Policies include signing an integration agreement (IA), preparing an action plan (AP) before the first meeting with a caseworker, and the combination of both. Results suggest that the IA - particularly when combined with the AP - increases the probability of employment around 4 months after registration as soon-to-be unemployed. This is driven by workers with a relatively high unemployment risk following registration. Thus, the policies contribute to reducing societal inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bonoli, Giuliano, Patrick Emmenegger & Alina Felder-Stindt (2025): Re‐Skilling in the Age of Skill Shortage: Adult Education Rather Than Active Labor Market Policy. In: Regulation and governance, S. 1-13. DOI:10.1111/rego.70065

Abstract

"European economies face the task of providing the necessary skills for the “twin transition ” in a period of skill shortage. As a result, we may expect countries to reorient their labor market policy towards re-skilling. We look for evidence of a reorientation in two relevant policy fields: active labor market policy (ALMP) and adult education (AE). We explore general trends in both fields based on quantitative indicators and compare recent policy developments in four countries with strong ALMP and AE sectors: Denmark, France, Germany, and Sweden. We do not observe clear evidence of a general movement away from activation and towards re-skilling in ALMP. However, in AE, we identify several re-skilling initiatives that address skill shortages. Relying on insights from queuing theories of hiring and training, we argue that due to changes in the population targeted by ALMP, the locus of re-skilling policy is increasingly moving towards AE." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brébion, Clément, Simon Briole & Laura Khoury (2025): Unemployment Insurance Eligibility and Employment Duration. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 18014), Bonn, 66 S.

Abstract

"While extensive research on unemployment insurance (UI) has examined how benefits affect workers' job search, little is known about how eligibility conditions shape firms' hiring decisions. These conditions, often requiring a minimum work history, affect the value workers place on contracts meeting the eligibility threshold. Exploiting a French reform that modified these requirements after 2009, we show that firms internalize workers' preferences and adjust contract durations to align with the new threshold. This reveals an overlooked ex-ante mechanism, where firms respond to UI incentives when posting vacancies—before meeting workers—rather than only through ex post adjustments. This response shifts contract duration distributions, also affecting workers already eligible for UI. Our findings have two implications: first, UI shapes firms' behavior at the vacancy stage, influencing job creation decisions ex ante, not just separation decisions ex post; second, UI eligibility conditions generate significant spillover effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Castell, Laura, Marc Gurgand, Clément Imbert & Todor Tochev (2025): Take-up of Social Benefits: Experimental Evidence from France. (CEPR discussion paper / Centre for Economic Policy Research 20615), London, 72 S.

Abstract

"We report on two nationwide experiments with job seekers in France. We first show that a meeting with social services to assess eligibility and help with application to social benefits increased new benefit take-up by 29%. By contrast, an online simulator that gave personalized information on benefit eligibility did not increase take-up. Marginal treatment effects show that individuals who benefit the most from the meetings are the least likely to attend. Overall, without ruling out information frictions, our results suggest that transaction costs represent the main obstacle to applying for benefits or accessing government’s assistance to help apply." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chao, Ying, Benjamin Griffy & David Wiczer (2025): The Effect of Unemployment Insurance Eligibility in Equilibrium. (Working papers / Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta 2025-6), Atlanta, Ga., 41 S. DOI:10.29338/wp2025-06

Abstract

"In the United States, workers whose past earnings were below a threshold are generally ineligible for unemployment insurance (UI), creating a discontinuous jump in the value of being unemployed. Using a regression discontinuity design with administrative panel data, we estimate a sizable local effect from UI eligibility on earnings in the next employer, around 10 percent per quarter. This evidence, however, understates UI's causal effect because of endogenous non-compliance. It also does not distinguish between underlying reasons for higher re-employment earnings, a higher share of production, or more productive matches. These are addressed through a quantitative model. The underlying causal effect is 50 percent higher than the empirical estimates, and nearly all of the effect comes from workers getting a larger share." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cheung, Maria, Johan Egebark, Anders Forslund, Lisa Laun, Magnus Rödin & Johan Vikström (2025): Does Job Search Assistance Reduce Unemployment? Evidence on Displacement Effects and Mechanisms. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 43, H. 1, S. 47-81. DOI:10.1086/726384

Abstract

"Using a two-level randomized experiment we find that job search assistance (JSA) reduces unemployment among the treated, but also creates displacement effects. Analyses of mechanisms show that vacancy referrals from caseworkers to job seekers explain the positive effects for the treated by helping the job seekers apply to the most relevant jobs earlier. We also find that the overall assessment of JSA hinges on how the displacement effects hit the labor market and to what extent firms react by opening new vacancies. The displacement is larger in weak labor markets and wefind no displacement of resources." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dahl, Espen, Kjetil A. van der Wel, Åsmund Hermansen & Magne Bråthen (2025): Work Hazards and Social Class among ‘successful’ ALMP-Participants in Norway. In: Journal of Comparative Social Work, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 89-119. DOI:10.31265/jcsw.v19i2.664

Abstract

"Background and research question. Studies of the outcomes of participation in Active Labor Market Programs (ALMP) focus primarily on employment status or earnings. Few studies address the social class and work environment that “successful ” ALMP-participants transit to. Little is also known about whether participation in different types of ALMPs leads to different social classes and work environments. This is unfortunate since many ALMP participants have health challenges and reduced work ability and thus are particularly susceptible to poor working conditions. Data and methods: Using Norwegian register data, we examined social class and exposure to hazardous working conditions, measured by a Mechanical Job Exposure Matrix and a Psychosocial Job Exposure Matrix, that characterized the jobs of “successful” ALMP participants, compared with the general work force. Results: We found that both mechanical and psychosocial job exposures in male ALMP-participants were higher than those of the general work force. For female participants, mechanical exposures were higher than the average level in the general work force, while psychosocial exposures were lower. Further, job exposures differed by ALMP type, but after adjustment for age, education and social class, only negligible differences in job exposures between ALMP types remained. Social class contributed to variation in both mechanical and psychosocial job exposures, most for mechanical exposures among male participants, and least for psychosocial exposures among female participants. Conclusion: Compared with the general working population, former ALMP participants, regardless of what type of programs they participated in, entered lower social classes and tended to face more hazardous work environment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dejemeppe, Muriel, Matthieu Delpierre & Mathilde Pourtois (2025): Hiring Subsidies for Low-Educated Unemployed Youths are Ineffective in a Tight Labor Market. In: The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, Jg. 25, H. 4, S. 959-997. DOI:10.1515/bejeap-2024-0241

Abstract

"We evaluate the impact of hiring subsidies for unemployed jobseekers in Wallonia, the French-speaking region in Belgium, focusing on low-educated youths who gain earlier access to subsidies. Using a regression discontinuity design, we find that prioritizing subsidies for them leads to deadweight losses during the pre-pandemic economic boom. Positive job-finding effects are observed for high school graduates in areas with lower labor market tightness, supporting the hypothesis that this factor drives inefficiency. For high school dropouts, no effects are detected. This may reflect loose targeting – such as lack of a minimum unemployment duration – but other group differences could also play a role." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © De Gruyter) ((en))

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Eppel, Rainer, Ulrike Huemer, Helmut Mahringer & Lukas Schmoigl (2025): Statistical Profiling as a Targeting Tool: Can It Enhance the Efficiency of Active Labor Market Policies? (WIFO working papers 694), Wien, 33 S.

Abstract

"Digitization has spurred interest in the potential of statistical profiling to improve the targeting of active labor market policies. Despite growing adoption, empirical evidence on the effectiveness of such profiling in program allocation is scarce. We evaluate a semi-automated statistical profiling model in Austria that aims to target policies based on predicted reemployment prospects (low, medium, high). Our analysis shows that a reallocation of resources from low-chance to medium-chance segments, as envisaged by the Public Employment Service, would not yield the desired efficiency gains. Employment programs have a stronger impact on jobseekers with low job prospects than on those with medium prospects, and training programs are not consistently less effective in the low-chance segment either. Our findings suggest that the focus should remain on the most disadvantaged, both from an efficiency and an equity perspective. They caution against relying on overly coarse profiling and stress the need for nuanced targeting strategies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Frøyland, Kjetil, Helen Bull, Lisebet Skeie Skarpaas, Gerd Berget, Øystein Spjelkavik & June Ullevoldsæter Lystad (2025): Work inclusion of marginalized groups in a troubled city district - How can active labor market policies improve? In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 59, H. 3, S. 588-601. DOI:10.1111/spol.13058

Abstract

"Active labor market policies (ALMP) have faced challenges in integrating marginalised groups into the workforce. This study explores perceptions among managers and frontline workers on enhancing work inclusion for neurodiverse citizens, marginalized youth, and individuals suffering from mental health or substance use disorders in a troubled city district. An examination of dialogue conferences and group interviews uncovers problems with current practises, attitudes, and service organisation. The proposed local solutions primarily include improved coordination of support and services, as well as enhanced competence within these services. Our results indicate that co-creation at the system, organization, and individual levels, coupled with expanded knowledge translation, can mobilise local actors to create new or adopt existing knowledge-based strategies. Therefore, local co-creation presents a potential for developing local inclusion strategies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Gervais, Martin, Roozbeh Hosseini & Lawrence Warren (2025): Unemployment Insurance, Wage Pass-Through, and Endogenous Take-Up. (Working papers / U.S. Census Bureau, Center for Economic Studies 2025-59), Washington, DC, 81 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies how unemployment insurance (UI) generosity affects reservation wages, re-employment wages, and benefit take-up. Using Benefit Accuracy Measurement (BAM) data, we estimate a cross-sectional elasticity of reservation wages with respect to weekly UI benefits of 0.014. Exploiting state variation in Pandemic Unemployment Assistance (PUA) intensity and the timing of federal supplements, we find that expanded benefits during COVID-19 increased reservation wages by 8–12 percent. Using CPS rotation data, we also document a 9 percent rise in re-employment wages for UI-eligible workers relative to ineligible workers. Over the same period, the UI take-up rate rose from roughly 30 to 40 percent; Probit estimates indicate that higher benefit levels, rather than changes in observables, account for this increase. A directed search model with an endogenous filing decision replicates these facts: generosity primarily operates through the extensive margin of take-up, which mutes the pass-through from benefits to wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Griffy, Benjamin, Adrian Masters & Kai You (2025): Unemployment insurance and job polarization. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 93. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102690

Abstract

"This paper considers how the structure of the UI system interacts with the observed profile of separations to generate “job-polarization” – wage and separation rate persistence. We extend a standard on-the-job labor search model to include an initial period of high separation rates until the job stochastically becomes more stable. Meanwhile a worker’s UI entitlement varies in generosity (based on their former wage) and duration (based on their employment history). The separation structure means that some workers have extended periods of frequent job loss. The UI system amplifies these effects because workers with low benefit eligibility apply for low wage jobs. Their subsequent applications then leave them more highly susceptible to future job loss. Our calibration suggests that this effect accounts for around 1% lower lifetime average wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.) ((en))

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Hartosch, Katja, Linda Heuer, Julia Lang & Angela Ulrich (2025): "Stakeholder-Perspektiven auf die Berufsberatung im Erwerbsleben (BBiE). Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Studie". (IAB-Forschungsbericht 22/2025), Nürnberg, 49 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2522

Abstract

"Die im Folgenden vorgestellten Ergebnisse basieren auf einer qualitativen Studie zu der Frage, wie die Berufsberatung im Erwerbsleben (BBiE) der Bundesagentur für Arbeit (BA) in die Weiterbildungs(beratungs)landschaft in Deutschland eingebettet ist. Sie beleuchtet die Wahrnehmung der neuen Dienstleistung durch die BBiE-Berater*innen selbst sowie die Fremdwahrnehmung durch externe Stakeholder und zeigt die Debatten auf, die ihre Einführung im organisationalen Feld begleiten. Die BBiE stellt ein zentrales Beratungsangebot der BA dar und richtet sich an Erwachsene, die bei der beruflichen (Um-)Orientierung Unterstützung suchen, vor allem an Beschäftigte und Wiedereinsteigende. Für die Studie wurden im Jahr 2024 fünf Gruppendiskussionen mit BBiE-Beratungsfachkräften und Einzelinterviews mit ihren Teamleitungen sowie 29 Interviews mit regionalen und überregionalen Netzwerkbeteiligten und Stakeholdern der BBiE, wie beispielsweise Kammern, Bildungsträgern, Volkshochschulen (VHS), Ministerien oder Arbeitgeberverbänden und Gewerkschaften geführt, außerdem neun Interviews mit Betrieben. Die Interviews wurden qualitativ inhaltsanalytisch ausgewertet. Sowohl die befragten Stakeholder der BBiE als auch die BBiE-Teams selbst sahen das Beratungsangebot überwiegend positiv. Viele BBiE-Berater*innen hoben die inhaltlichen und prozessualen Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten hervor. Die meisten der befragten Berater*innen können ihre beraterischen Kenntnisse nach eigener Einschätzung voll einbringen und gut auf die unterschiedlichen Anliegen der Kund*innen eingehen. Allerdings brachte die Vielfalt der Beratungsanliegen auch Herausforderungen mit sich, für die die Berater*innen individuelle Lösungen finden mussten. Mehrheitlich waren sie mit ihrer Arbeit sehr zufrieden. Viele konnten nach eigener Einschätzung einen bedeutsamen Beitrag für die Entwicklung der beratenen Personen leisten. Ein großer Teil der befragten Berater*innen monierte allerdings die geringe Einbindung der BBiE in die internen Strukturen der Agenturen. Obwohl sie Arbeitsvermittlung, Reha und vor allem den Arbeitgeber-Service häufig als wichtige Netzwerkbeteiligte aufführten, sehen sie viele Unklarheiten in der inhaltlichen und organisatorischen Zusammenarbeit. Die Arbeit innerhalb der BBiE-Teams funktionierte aus Sicht der Berater*innen hingegen gut. Die BBiE wurde durch externe Stakeholder, die Kontakt zu ihr hatten oder Erfahrungen in der Zusammenarbeit hatten, in aller Regel als sinnvoll bewertet. Netzwerkarbeit spielte für die Arbeit der befragten externen Personen eine wichtige Rolle, wobei teilweise gar keine Zusammenarbeit mit der BBiE stattfand und das lokale BBiE-Team nur in wenigen Fällen eine zentrale Netzwerkpartnerin war. In Bezug auf die Einführung der BBiE äußerten viele der befragten externen Stakeholder, dass ihnen eine Einbindung fehlte. Die BA wurde mitunter als „Platzhirsch“ wahrgenommen, der bestehende Strukturen ignorierte. Neben der BBiE gibt es ein regional unterschiedlich breites Spektrum von öffentlichen und privaten Beratungsangeboten. Zum Teil wurde von überregionalen Stakeholdern die Vermeidung von Doppelstrukturen gefordert. Demnach sollten sich die unterschiedlichen Angebote ergänzen, statt sich gegenseitig Konkurrenz zu machen. Einige externe Stakeholder betonten aber auch, dass Doppelstrukturen nicht zwingend dysfunktional sein müssten, sondern dass ein pluralistisches Angebot wichtig sein könne, um unterschiedliche Personengruppen mit unterschiedlichen Wünschen und Vorstellungen zu bedienen. Im Umgang mit Doppelstrukturen im lokalen Umfeld unterschieden sich die Beratungsfachkräfte: Viele Berater*innen legten großen Wert auf eine gute Vernetzung und forcierten die Zusammenarbeit mit anderen Stellen. Einige wenige Befragte nahmen BA-externe Beratungsakteure hingegen kaum wahr. Manche der lokalen und überörtlichen Stakeholder äußerten Bedauern darüber, dass es bislang zu keinen Kooperationsgesprächen mit den BBiE-Teams oder ihren Leitungskräften gekommen sei, trotz Bemühungen von ihrer Seite. Umgekehrt berichteten aber auch einige BBiE-Berater*innen von mangelndem Kooperationswillen andererBeratungsinstanzen. In den wenigen Fällen, in denen eine enge Zusammenarbeit mit der BBiE stattfand, wurde diese von den lokalen Stakeholdern als sehr gewinnbringend beschrieben. Zu den Zielgruppen der BBiE gab es bei vielen befragten Stakeholdern teilweise unterschiedliche Auffassungen, aber auch allgemeine Unklarheit bzw. Unwissen über die spezifischen Zielgruppen der BBiE. Positiv wurde von einigen Befragten hervorgehoben, dass die BBiE verschiedensten Personengruppen offensteht, also nicht nur eine spezifische Zielgruppe anspricht. Auch bezüglich des Beratungsverständnisses bestanden Unklarheiten bzw. Unterschiede in der Erwartungshaltung. So wurde die BA als Institution von einigen Personen mit der Erwartung verbunden, dass ihr Beratungsauftrag streng am Ziel einer stärkeren Partizipation am Arbeitsmarkt ausgerichtet sein müsse, was eine ergebnisoffene Beratung erschwere. Damit , so wurde ausgeführt, war gemeint, dass von diesen Personen erwartet wurde, dass die BA eher dahingehend berät, aktuell freie Stellen zu besetzen oder gezielt in Berufe mit Fachkräftemangel zu beraten. Ergebnisoffene Beratung mit einem Fokus auf langfristige persönliche Interessen und Entwicklunsgmöglichkeiten der Beratenen wurde hingegen nicht erwartet. Im Gegensatz zu der Annahme dieser Personen betrachteten andere Stakeholder das Angebot als notwendigerweise ergebnisoffen. In den Interviews mit externen Befragten war das Image der BA ein zentrales Thema. Häufig sprachen diese Vorurteile und schlechte Erfahrungen der eigenen Klientel mit der BA an, die dazu führten, dass der Kontakt zur BA gemieden würde. Teilweise äußerten externe Stakeholder Zweifel, ob die BA ein Angebot wie die BBiE überzeugend umsetzen könne. Positiv der BBiE gegenüber eingestellte Befragte betonten jedoch die Bedeutung von „Vorschussvertrauen“ und forderten, der Organisation Zeit zu geben. Überregional tätige Befragte lobten den innovativen Ansatz der BBiE und sahen darin Impulse für einen kulturellen Wandel in der BA. Der BA wurde immer wieder exklusives Wissen über aktuelle Entwicklungstendenzen am Arbeitsmarkt zugesprochen, was sie grundsätzlich für eine Beratungsleistung wie die BBiE qualifiziere. Es wurde aber von einigen Stakeholdern auch hinterfragt, welchen Mehrwert die BBiE zusätzlich zu bestehenden Angeboten biete. Auch die Beratungsfachkräfte und ihre Leitungen schrieben der BBiE positive Aspekte mit Blick auf das Image der BA zu. So berichteten einige BBiE-Berater*innen von Personen, die nach einem Beratungsgespräch das Feedback gaben, dass das dieses – nach zuvor weniger guten Erfahrungen mit der BA – ihre Erwartungen deutlich übertroffen hätte. Die BBiE könnte hier als „positives“ Gesicht der Organisation nach außen fungieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)