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Menschen mit Behinderungen in Ausbildung und Beruf

Mit dem Bundesteilhabegesetz und dem Nationalen Aktionsplan 2.0 wurden 2016 zwei wichtige behindertenpolitische Vorhaben angestoßen und in den Folgejahren umgesetzt und weiterentwickelt. Damit soll im Einklang mit der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention die Inklusion in Deutschland weiter vorangetrieben werden, indem die Selbstbestimmung und Teilhabe von Menschen mit Behinderungen gestärkt werden. Mit dem schrittweisen Inkrafttreten des Bundesteilhabegesetzes erfuhren das Recht der Rehabilitation und Teilhabe von Menschen mit Behinderungen und die Eingliederungshilfe (SGB IX) weitreichende Änderungen. Wie stellt sich die Situation von behinderten Menschen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt dar? Wie lassen sich behindertengerechte Berufsleben und inklusive Arbeitswelten gestalten?
Die Infoplattform stellt zentrale Dokumente und relevante Quellenhinweise zusammen, inhaltlich strukturiert nach den Aspekten der Politik für behinderte Menschen und den diskutierten bzw. realisierten Reformanstrengungen.

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im Aspekt "Norwegen"
  • Literaturhinweis

    Early-life impairments, chronic health conditions, and income mobility (2024)

    Gugushvili, Alexi ; Finnvold, Jon Erik; Dokken, Therese; Grue, Jan;

    Zitatform

    Gugushvili, Alexi, Therese Dokken, Jan Grue & Jon Erik Finnvold (2024): Early-life impairments, chronic health conditions, and income mobility. In: The British journal of sociology, Jg. 75, H. 1, S. 56-64. DOI:10.1111/1468-4446.13064

    Abstract

    "Individuals who have congenital conditions or become disabled early in life tend to have poorer educational and occupational outcomes than non-disabled individuals. Disability is known to be a complex entity with multiple causations, involving, inter alia, physiological, social, economic, and cultural factors. It is established that social factors can influence educational and occupational attainment for disabled people, and current disability policy in many countries, particularly in the Global North, stress the importance of equality of opportunity. However, there is a scarcity of research that explores the specific degrees to which advanced welfare states contribute to the equalization of life chances for individuals with early-life impairments and chronic health conditions. In this study, we use a Norwegian sample of high-quality register data on individuals with vision loss, hearing loss, physical impairment, type 1 diabe-tes, asthma, and Down syndrome diagnosed early in life and compare their intergenerational income mobility trajectories with a random sample drawn from the country's entire population. We find that individuals' early-life diagnoses are linked to significantly worse income outcomes in adulthood than what is observed among the general population. We conclude that even in one of the most advanced egalitarian welfare states, such as Norway, much remains to be done to equalize life chances for individuals with early-life impairments and chronic health conditions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Predicting stable employment trajectories among young people with disabilities (2023)

    Ballo, Jannike Gottschalk ; Alecu, Andreea Ioana ;

    Zitatform

    Ballo, Jannike Gottschalk & Andreea Ioana Alecu (2023): Predicting stable employment trajectories among young people with disabilities. In: Journal of education and work, Jg. 36, H. 6, S. 408-425. DOI:10.1080/13639080.2023.2254271

    Abstract

    "Research aiming to explain disabled people's inequalities in the labour market has primarily focused on transitional factors between school and work, wage gaps, or socioeconomic background characteristics as explanations for (no-)entry in the labour market. There is a lack of longitudinal studies that map how disabled people fare in the labour market over time. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to identify, describe and predict stable employment paths of long-term disabled people. Our study employs detailed longitudinal data with total coverage of the Norwegian population - we focus on 11 birth cohorts (1973-83) of disabled individuals and we follow their employment trajectories between the ages 20 and 34. To describe employment trajectories and create a typology of longitudinal labour market attachments, we employ sequence analysis and subsequently linear probability models to analyse the association between the disability's severity, gender, educational enrolment, early-work experience and employment trajectories. We identify four main types of trajectories: permanently work-disabled, stable employment, early marginalisation, and unstable employment. Our findings indicate that men are more likely than women to have stable employment trajectories. Starting higher education, as well as parental higher education, is linked with the likelihood of stable employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Exploring Disability Disadvantage in Hiring: A Factorial Survey among Norwegian Employers (2023)

    Berre, Stine ;

    Zitatform

    Berre, Stine (2023): Exploring Disability Disadvantage in Hiring: A Factorial Survey among Norwegian Employers. In: Work, Employment and Society online erschienen am 14.07.2023, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1177/09500170231175776

    Abstract

    "The role of disability in producing disadvantage in employers’ hiring assessments was explored in a factorial survey, where a random sample of Norwegian employers (n = 1341) evaluated fictional job-seeker profiles. The results revealed that including an impairment description in a job-seeker profile significantly decreased the likelihood that employers would want to hire a candidate. The degree of disadvantage varied with the type of impairment. Being eligible for a wage subsidy scheme improved employers’ assessments of candidates while including information about other types of support measures did not. Furthermore, when an impairment description was introduced into a job-seeker profile, other crucial characteristics of the job seeker lost some or all of their impact on employers’ assessment scores. These findings are interpreted as disability becoming a ‘master status’ when employers make hiring assessments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Pressing the right button—labour market odds for youth with mental illness (2023)

    Hardoy, Ines; von Simson, Kristine;

    Zitatform

    Hardoy, Ines & Kristine von Simson (2023): Pressing the right button—labour market odds for youth with mental illness. In: Journal of education and work, Jg. 36, H. 7-8, S. 592-607. DOI:10.1080/13639080.2023.2289952

    Abstract

    "Mental disorders threaten the chances of finishing secondary school and can hinder the school-to-work transitions of afflicted youths. Earlier onset depression predicts the chronicity, recurrence, and severity of episodes throughout life. Using rich, objective mental health data and a battery of variables covering personal and family characteristics, we investigate the impact of Norway’s vocational rehabilitation programs on youths aged 18–23 who are registered as unemployed. Our results indicate that the impact vary with mental health in adolescence, a variable often unavailable in such analyses. Separate analyses for age group 19–21 and 20–23 show that the younger ones with previous diagnosed mental disorders were likely to pursue further education after participating in programs providing work practice; those with no earlier diagnosed mental disorders were prone to pursue ordinary education after completing a training program. For the older age cohorts, aged 20–23, vocational rehabilitation programmes seem counterproductive, irrespective of program type and of whether they were diagnosed with mental health problems in adolescence or not." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Disability Discrimination: Employer Considerations of Disabled Jobseekers in Light of the Ideal Worker (2023)

    Østerud, Kaja Larsen ;

    Zitatform

    Østerud, Kaja Larsen (2023): Disability Discrimination: Employer Considerations of Disabled Jobseekers in Light of the Ideal Worker. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 3, S. 740-756. DOI:10.1177/09500170211041303

    Abstract

    "Labour market stratification and discrimination of disabled people remains a less researched topic compared to other minorities despite being a notably disadvantaged group. This article explores the employer side of discrimination against disabled jobseekers by using a field experiment conducted in Norway as its point of departure. Through qualitative follow-up interviews, this article investigates employers’ assessments of equally qualified mobility-impaired candidates in a field experiment. The article employs the theoretical perspective of the ideal worker to shed light on how employers evaluate disabled jobseekers against an able-bodied ideal. Although previous literature on disability and the ideal worker has shown the imperative of asserting productivity, the findings in the current article reveal a stronger emphasis on social considerations as grounds for exclusion. The findings show how tacit constructions of the ideal worker not only relate to productivity but also to the creation of the socially integrated workplace." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Labour market participation for young people with disabilities: The impact of gender and higher education (2020)

    Gottschalk Ballo, Jannike;

    Zitatform

    Gottschalk Ballo, Jannike (2020): Labour market participation for young people with disabilities. The impact of gender and higher education. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 34, H. 2, S. 336-355. DOI:10.1177/0950017019868139

    Abstract

    "To what extent does higher education promote labour market participation for disabled people in school-to-work transitions and early career trajectories? This article argues that the effect of higher education on labour market outcomes for disabled people must be studied in correlation to gender. Intersectional theory warns against the generalisability of the female and male experiences, and predicts that disability may influence sexism, and that gender may influence disableism. Norwegian full-population register data on recipients of disability benefits are used to explore the effect of higher education on three labour market outcomes for men and women with disabilities. Contrary to common intersectionality expectations, the results show that men experience more extreme employment disadvantages related to their disabilities than women. Higher education has a stronger effect on participation for disabled women than for disabled men. However, gender differences in participation are smaller for people with disabilities than for the general population." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Rethinking vocational rehabilitation through institutional ethnography (2017)

    Aksnes, Siri Yde;

    Zitatform

    Aksnes, Siri Yde (2017): Rethinking vocational rehabilitation through institutional ethnography. In: Journal of Comparative Social Work, Jg. 12, H. 2, S. 1-23.

    Abstract

    "In Norway, vocational rehabilitation for people with support needs involves complex inter-professional and inter-organizational processes that do not have clear institutional boundaries. Every process involves a new constellation of actors, representing divergent practices, ideas and objectives. This article argues that much of the current research on the implementation of activation policy inadequately captures the mechanisms and processes that influence vocational rehabilitation practices. The article proposes the use of institutional ethnography (IE) to empirically examine vocational rehabilitation, and argues that IE provides methodological concepts and tools that enable researchers to link and make visible the everyday practices, the social relations and the institutional contexts that make up vocational rehabilitation processes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Labour Market Integration and Equality for Disabled People: A Comparative Analysis of Nordic and Baltic Countries (2017)

    Kuznetsova, Yuliya; Yalcin, Betul; Priestley, Mark;

    Zitatform

    Kuznetsova, Yuliya, Betul Yalcin & Mark Priestley (2017): Labour Market Integration and Equality for Disabled People. A Comparative Analysis of Nordic and Baltic Countries. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 51, H. 4, S. 577-597. DOI:10.1111/spol.12314

    Abstract

    "This article considers the employment situation of disabled people, and disability policies, in three Nordic and three Baltic countries (Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania). The analysis is framed by a changing paradigm for disability policy-making, from compensation towards human rights and in a context of multi-level governance involving the EU and UN as significant policy actors. The analysis draws on policy analysis and European social survey data to compare outcomes for disabled people in each country and in binary comparison between Nordic and Baltic countries. This enables interactions between individual and regional block factors to be modelled. We conclude that national policies make a difference, that non-discrimination policies are not enough and that a focused mix of regulatory and redistributive measures is needed. The findings highlight better employment and social protection outcomes for disabled people in the Nordic countries, but point to policy challenges in both blocks. National processes of (de)commodification and stratification affect disabled people differently and this may disrupt our assumptions about welfare state comparisons." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The impacts of vocational rehabilitation (2014)

    Markussen, Simen; Røed, Knut;

    Zitatform

    Markussen, Simen & Knut Røed (2014): The impacts of vocational rehabilitation. In: Labour economics, Jg. 31, H. December, S. 1-13. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2014.08.001

    Abstract

    "Based on local variations in vocational rehabilitation (VR) priorities, we examine the impacts of alternative VR programs on short- and long-term labor market outcomes for temporary disability insurance (TDI) claimants in Norway. The analysis builds on rich and detailed administrative registers covering 345,000 claimants. We find that a strategy focusing on rapid placement in the regular labor market is superior to alternative strategies giving higher priority to vocational training or sheltered employment. Strategies prioritizing subsidized regular education also tend to be relatively successful in terms of final outcomes, but at the cost of protracted periods of benefit dependency first." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Motivation for work among non-working disabled people in Norway in a life course perspective (2014)

    Wik, Sigrid Elise; Tøssebro, Jan;

    Zitatform

    Wik, Sigrid Elise & Jan Tøssebro (2014): Motivation for work among non-working disabled people in Norway in a life course perspective. In: ALTER. European Journal of Disability Research, Jg. 8, H. 1, S. 40-52. DOI:10.1016/j.alter.2013.11.002

    Abstract

    "The aim of this study is to analyze attitudes towards work among non-working disabled people and to address their motivation in a life course perspective. The background of the study is low employment rates among disabled people. One hypothesis is that a generous welfare system has disincentive effects because replacement rates of social security are too generous. Although the existing evidence is conflicting, some studies of inflow into benefits suggest that the welfare system may have such effects on people in their 50's and 60's. However these studies tend to draw general conclusions. The current article is based on a 2007 Norwegian dataset on the living conditions of disabled people (n = 1652). The findings suggest that age has a profound influence on motivation to work and is undoubtedly the most important predictor. Motivation to work among young disabled people tends to be strong but declines in later life. The substantial age effects are discussed in terms of the experience of exclusion and the availability of alternative social roles. The implication for interpretations of disincentive research is that caution must be exercised when suggesting general conclusions about disincentives based on research examining individuals who are in the final phase of a typical working career." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Unemployable workers? comparing the context and contract in voluntary work and regular jobs (2013)

    Andreassen, Tone Alm;

    Zitatform

    Andreassen, Tone Alm (2013): Unemployable workers? comparing the context and contract in voluntary work and regular jobs. In: Social policy and society, Jg. 12, H. 3, S. 381-392. DOI:10.1017/S1474746412000565

    Abstract

    "In welfare societies, disability pensions or incapacity benefits provide income security to people who, due to health problems or disability, are assessed as being unemployable. However, it is sometimes possible for people on disability pensions to work, for instance on a voluntary basis in and on behalf of associations of disabled people. This article applies perspectives on employability and discusses whether voluntary workers, like representatives of associations of disabled people, could have been employed in the ordinary labour market or whether there are definite characteristics of voluntary work which allow their capacity for work to be utilised." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Getting disabled workers back to work: how important are economic incentives? (2013)

    Fevang, Elisabeth; Hardoy, Ines; Roed, Knut;

    Zitatform

    Fevang, Elisabeth, Ines Hardoy & Knut Roed (2013): Getting disabled workers back to work. How important are economic incentives? (IZA discussion paper 7137), Bonn, 31 S.

    Abstract

    "We investigate the impacts of economic incentives on the duration and outcome of temporary disability insurance (TDI) spells. The analysis is based on a large quasi-experiment in Norway, with a complete overhaul of the TDI benefit system. Our findings show that the labor supply of TDI claimants responds to both the benefit-level and to the level of local labor demand. The estimated elasticity of the employment hazard with respect to the benefit-level is - 0.3. We also find that the level of TDI benefits significantly affects the transition rate to alternative social insurance programs such as permanent disability and unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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