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Inge, Katherine J., Adam P. Sima, Tim Riesen, Paul Wehman & Nancy Brooks-Lane (2023): The Essential Elements of Customized Employment: Results From a National Survey of Employment Providers. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 66, H. 3, S. 170-185. DOI:10.1177/00343552221088256

Abstract

"Customized employment (CE) is designed to meet the specific needs and interests of individuals with disabilities as well as the needs of the employer by using flexible strategies at every stage of employment. The objective of this study was to ask U.S. rehabilitation providers who implement these services to describe the current status of CE service delivery. An online survey was administered to employment professionals from agencies within the United States. Participants responded to questions on the unique characteristics of Discovery and job development, current use of CE services, and information on their personal and agency demographics. Results indicate that there is agreement among CE providers on critical Discovery and job development activities, which suggests that providers are regularly accessing information to inform their practice. There appears to be a gap between what respondents identify as critical activities and how well they are being implemented. Recommendations for providing CE training for providers and provisions for individuals with disabilities are explored." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sanchez, Jennifer, Michael P. Frain, Ghari Shirley, Devin Rohack & Deyu Pan (2023): Persons With Disabilities in Self-Employment Served by the Federal/State Vocational Rehabilitation System: Differences Between 2011–2013 and 2017–2019. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 66, H. 3, S. 203-214. DOI:10.1177/00343552221102396

Abstract

"Persons with disabilities (PWDs) are disproportionately unemployed, underpaid, and underemployed despite their desire and capacity to work. The U.S. federal/state vocational rehabilitation (VR) program, under the supervision of the Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA), is charged with providing services to assist eligible PWDs (VR consumers) in achieving employment. Despite research showing that VR consumers closed to self-employment (vs. non-self-employment closures) have better outcomes, self-employment is often considered as a last resort. Moreover, some evidence suggests self-employment (like non-self-employment) outcomes are associated with VR consumers’ gender and racial/ethnic identity. The objective of this study was to determine trends of case closures in self-employment among PWDs within the VR program from 2011–2013 to 2017–2019 and to examine the effects of gender and race/ethnicity on self-employment outcomes. Variables of interest were obtained from RSA’s Case Service Report (RSA-911) data set for 2011, 2012, 2013, 2017, 2018, and 2019. Data were recoded and analyzed. The number of closures in self-employment declined significantly. Weekly earnings in self-employment increased. Time from application to closure in self-employment decreased. Differences in VR self-employment outcomes by race/ethnicity and gender were noted. Efforts should be made to increase competency in self-employment of VR counselors and promote self-employment within the VR program." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hallock, Kevin F., Xin Jin & Michael Waldman (2022): The total compensation gap, wage gap and benefit gap between workers with and without a disability. In: BJIR, Jg. 60, H. 1, S. 3-31. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12607

Abstract

"The wage gap between workers with and without a disability has been widely documented. However, wages and salaries account for less than 70% of the total hourly cost of compensation for an average U.S. worker. In this study, we construct a measure of total compensation by linking the American Community Survey to a restricted‐access version of the Employer Cost for Employee Compensation database, which contains detailed benefit measures for the years 2008–2014. After controlling for selection into full‐time employment and other observed characteristics, we find that the percentage total compensation gap between full‐time male workers with and without a disability is substantially larger than the percentage wage and salary gap. The opposite pattern is observed for full‐time female workers. Our results suggest that considering only wage and salary may mask the true gaps in total compensation from employment. We also document a persistent benefits gap between workers with and without a disability. We discuss possible explanatory factors for the observed patterns in total compensation and benefit gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Meltzer, Ariella (2022): The operation of the social support sector serving siblings of people with disabilities: A cross-country analysis. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 56, H. 3, S. 423-437. DOI:10.1111/spol.12775

Abstract

"Sibling support is a form of support often offered to the brother or sister of a person with disability. While practiced around the world and the subject of much research interest, most research about sibling support has been outcomes evaluation of individual sibling support programs, rather than about the operational/structural circumstances of the organizations providing sibling support or of the sibling support sector at large. Within this context, this paper offers the first research of its kind: an exploratory study of the business operation of sibling support in Australia, New Zealand, the UK, USA and Canada. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 13 leaders of sibling support provider organizations in these countries, the paper focuses on sibling support providers' business models, funding, staffing, leadership and governance. The findings highlight that across countries, sibling support is a sub-section of the not-for-profit/charity sector that mostly operates with minimal funding and staffing, and which is largely driven by the passion and personal experience of those who run sibling support organizations. The paper discusses the implications of the findings, with the conceptual lens of seeking to formalize recognition and legitimacy for sibling support as a distinct social service type within the disability/health/social care and not-for-profit/charity spaces. Further, by aggregating the experiences of sibling support providers across countries, the paper is able to show that—while a distinct service type and sector—the successes and challenges of the sibling support sector nevertheless also very much reflect the broader struggles of many other small not-for-profits/charities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Schloemer-Jarvis, Aileen, Benjamin Bader & Stephan A. Boehm (2022): The role of human resource practices for including persons with disabilities in the workforce: a systematic literature review. In: The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 33, H. 1, S. 45-98. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2021.1996433

Abstract

"Organizations are increasingly aware that a better vocational inclusion of persons with disabilities (PWD) is in their self-interest for reasons such as a shortage of skilled labor, an increasing prevalence of disability in their aging workforces, and changed societal attitudes and laws regarding the promotion of diversity and equity in the workplace. Human resource (HR) practices have been identified as a primary enabler of inclusion, yet research on disability-related HR Management is scattered across disciplines. To provide an evidence-based analysis and integration, this article systematically reviews the literature on HR management in the context of employing persons with disabilities, using the high-performance work practices ‘selection and staffing’, ‘training and development’, ‘(performance) appraisal, promotion, and career management’ and ‘compensation and benefits’ as an organizing framework. We systematically reviewed and summarized the key findings of 74 empirical studies conducted from 1990 through 2020. Most studies focused on selection and staffing practices, providing strong evidence that standardization and structure reduce bias in the appraisal of PWD and related employment decisions. Research regarding appropriate HR practices that allow to utilize, develop and reward PWDs’ potential, in contrast, is still in its infancy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wagner, Kathryn, Summer Melody Pennell, Meike Eilert & Stacey R. Lim (2022): Academic mothers with disabilities: Navigating academia and parenthood during COVID-19. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 29, H. 1, S. 342-352. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12751

Abstract

"Academic mothers (including nonbinary, trans, and genderqueer parents) have always faced challenges in their profession due to systemic barriers and a “motherhood tax”; however, COVID-19 has exacerbated already existing inequalities (Oleschuk, 2020). This study examines how the pandemic has affected academic mothers with mental health and physical disabilities, as these voices often remain hidden and unheard in academia despite increased awareness of their presence (Brown & Leigh, 2018; Kelly & Senior, 2020). Here, we share the voices of 23 participants using a qualitative methodology drawing from social justice and feminist theories to highlight the lived experience of academic mothers with mental and/or physical disabilities and their experiences as a scholar and parent during COVID-19. Understanding the lived experience of this intersectional population can provide invaluable insights into ableist privilege within higher education, especially in the context of COVID-19 which has substantially disrupted work and homelife routines." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Bengali, Leila, Mary C. Daly, Olivia Lofton & Robert G. Valletta (2021): The Economic Status of People with Disabilities and Their Families since the Great Recession. (IZA discussion paper 14165), Bonn, 29 S.

Abstract

"People with disabilities face substantial barriers to sustained employment and stable, adequate income. We assess how they and their families fared during the long economic expansion that followed the Great Recession of 2007-09, using data from the monthly Current Population Survey (CPS) and the March CPS annual income supplement. We find that the expansion bolstered the well-being of people with disabilities and in particular their relative labor market engagement. We also find that applications and awards for federal disability benefits fell during the expansion. On balance, our results suggest that sustained economic growth can bolster the labor market engagement of people with disabilities and potentially reduce their reliance on disability benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cmar, Jennifer & Michele C. McDonnall (2021): Short-Term Effectiveness of Job Search Skills Training: Comparisons by Summer Work Experience Participation. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 64, H. 2, S. 86-96. DOI:10.1177/0034355220910225

Abstract

"We utilized a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test design to assess the effects of job search skills training on job search knowledge, job search behavior, job search behavior self-efficacy, and job search outcomes self-efficacy. We also examined differences in outcomes based on participation in a vocational rehabilitation agency-sponsored summer work experience (SWE) program. Participants were 92 youth with visual impairments, ages 15 to 22 years, from three U.S. states. The intervention was an intensive job search skills training program involving 35 to 40 hr of content; 42 youth also participated in an SWE program for approximately 6 weeks. Intervention group participants significantly improved in job search knowledge, job search behavior, and job search behavior self-efficacy in contrast to comparison group participants, but results for job search outcomes self-efficacy did not differentiate the two groups. SWE participation by itself was related to increases in both self-efficacy measures, and participation in the intervention plus the SWE was related to larger increases in job search behavior self-efficacy. Results indicate that job search skills training and SWE programs may have differential effects on short-term outcomes. Rather than finding jobs for youth, practitioners could foster youths’ competence, confidence, and preparation for the future by teaching job search skills and encouraging independent job-seeking." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Shifrer, Dara & Daniel Mackin Freeman (2021): Problematizing Perceptions of STEM Potential: Differences by Cognitive Disability Status in High School and Postsecondary Educational Outcomes. In: Socius, Jg. 7, S. 1-13. DOI:10.1177/2378023121998116

Abstract

"The STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) potential of youth with cognitive disabilities is often dismissed through problematic perceptions of STEM ability as natural and of youth with cognitive disabilities as unable. National data on more than 15,000 adolescents from the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 first suggest that, among youth with disabilities, youth with medicated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have the highest levels of STEM achievement, and youth with learning or intellectual disabilities typically have the lowest. Undergraduates with medicated ADHD or autism appear to be more likely to major in STEM than youth without cognitive disabilities, and youth with autism have the most positive STEM attitudes. Finally, results suggest that high school STEM achievement is more salient for college enrollment than STEM-positive attitudes across youth with most disability types, whereas attitudes are more salient than achievement for choosing a STEM major." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gouskova, Elena (2020): Why self-employment rates are higher among people with work limitations. In: Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Jg. 31, H. 1, S. 15-25. DOI:10.1177/1044207319851244

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Enayati, Hassan & Arun Karpur (2019): Impact of participation in school-to-work programs on postsecondary outcomes for youth with disabilities from low-income families. In: Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 235-244. DOI:10.1177/1044207318789419

Abstract

"Individuals with disabilities who also live in poverty face a double jeopardy. Disability and poverty are each separately associated with poorer education and employment outcomes. One approach to ameliorate these poorer outcomes is to improve the transition from high school to adulthood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, this article examines the role of school-to-work training programs on adult outcomes for individuals with disabilities who live in welfare receiving households. A linear probability model identifies the differences in outcomes for youth by disability and welfare status. Participation in school-to-work programs for youth with disabilities from welfare receiving homes was found to predict higher rates of employment, lower rates of conviction, and lower wages. Implications of these results and recommendations for future research design are included." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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McDonnall, Michele C. & Jennifer Cmar (2019): Employment outcomes and job quality of vocational rehabilitation consumers with deaf-blindness. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 63, H. 1, S. 13-24. DOI:10.1177/0034355218769461

Abstract

"The purpose of this study was to investigate employment outcomes for vocational rehabilitation (VR) consumers with deaf-blindness, a population that has received no attention in the literature. The sample was obtained from Rehabilitation Services Administration Case Service Report (RSA-911) data and included 1,382 consumers with deaf-blindness identified as their primary or secondary disability whose cases were closed during fiscal years 2013, 2014, and 2015. Independent variables consisted of consumer personal characteristics and VR service-related variables. Two measures of employment outcomes were used: obtainment of competitive employment and a composite measure of job quality. Overall, the results indicate that several VR service-related factors are associated with whether deaf-blind consumers obtain competitive employment, but consumers' personal characteristics are much more important in determining job quality. Implications for improving employment outcomes for consumers who are deaf-blind include providing job-related services, supporting educational advancement, and providing counseling and guidance. Results also support the importance of accounting for employment status at application in RSA-911 analyses and the efficacy of service provision by separate agencies for the blind." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Whitworth, Adam (2019): Mainstreaming effective employment support for individuals with health conditions. An analytical framework for the effective design of modified individual placement and support (IPS) models. In: Social policy and society, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 517-533. DOI:10.1017/S147474641800043X

Abstract

"Individual Placement and Support (IPS) is a highly effective model of employment support for individuals with severe mental health conditions. Its potential modification for new settings and larger cohorts is of keen interest across advanced economies given shared health-related (un)employment challenges. Despite mushrooming policy interest and activity around modified IPS a significant barrier and risk at present is the absence of a well-considered analytical framework to enable structured critical reflection about the effective translation of IPS principles and fidelity into modified IPS services. This article fills this void through the presentation for the first time in the literature of such an analytical framework, unpacking as it does so a set of key original analytical distinctions that are unhelpfully homogenised in current literature and policy thinking and highlighting the wider potential of IPS principles and models to the nature of good employment support for other individuals with health conditions and disabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zimmer, David M. (2019): The effect of hearing impairments on wage earnings. Evidence from a Copula-based spline selection model. In: Labour, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 147-161. DOI:10.1111/labr.12142

Abstract

"This paper investigates the effect of hearing impairments on annual wage earnings. A standard Heckman-style selection model suggests that hearing impairments reduce earnings by approximately 14 per cent, with no evidence of selection bias. The paper then relaxes the assumption of bivariate normality using a copula specification, and the paper allows for potentially nonlinear links between nonbinary covariates and earnings using smooth spline functions. By incorporating those two deviations, not only does the model appear to provide a better fit to the data, but hearing impairments appear to reduce earnings by 19 per cent, an effect 36 per cent larger than what is suggested by the standard selection setup. The model also uncovers evidence of statistically significant selection bias." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Armour, Phillip, Patrick Button & Simon Hollands (2018): Disability saliency and discrimination in hiring. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 108, S. 262-266. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20181045

Abstract

"Theory suggests that disability discrimination protections may adversely affect the hiring of individuals with disabilities by making them more expensive. Using SIPP data, we explore how the ADA Amendments Act (ADAAA), which expanded disability discrimination protections, affected the relative hiring rate of individuals with disabilities. We employ new categorizations of disability type: salient physical conditions, non-salient physical conditions, mental retardation and developmental disability, and other mental conditions. We find that the ADAAA had no effect other than increasing hiring for those with non-salient physical conditions. These results suggest that condition saliency may mediate the effects of discrimination protections on hiring." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Balcazar, Fabricio E., Jessica Awsumb, Shawn Dimpfl, F. L. Fredrik G. Langi & Jazmin Lara (2018): Jobs for youth program. An intervention to improve transition outcomes of former dropout minority youth. In: Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, Jg. 41, H. 3, S. 166-174. DOI:10.1177/2165143417747225

Abstract

"This study describes an intervention developed to implement several best transition practices with a high risk/high need population. In all, 116 students with disabilities from a charter school for dropouts participated. All students were interviewed at different points in time to track their progress as they completed the program. Records of participant's activities and outcomes were collected. Results suggest a positive impact on students' graduation rate (95%), enrollment in vocational rehabilitation (100%), proportion of students obtaining certificates for employment (56%), and paid internship (37%). Overall, 35% of the vocational rehabilitation cases were closed successfully with students meeting the 90-day employment requirement after graduation. Results inform future work on the implementation of interventions designed to help low-income minority youth with disabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kim, Soojin & Serena Rhee (2018): Measuring the effects of employment protection policies. Theory and evidence from the Americans with Disabilities Act. In: Labour economics, Jg. 54, H. October, S. 116-134. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2018.08.001

Abstract

"Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is an employment protection policy for disabled workers. By exploiting cross-state variation in pre-ADA legislation, we measure the effects of the law on transition rates of disabled workers. We find a decline in employment-to-non-employment transitions after the ADA, with an insignificant change in flow into employment. We use a model to disentangle the costs of firing and hiring imposed by the ADA. Our findings suggest that the ADA induces firms to fire less frequently but become more selective with new hires, impacting the aggregate productivity of the workforce and output of the economy." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Kruse, Douglas, Lisa Schur, Sean Rogers & Mason Ameri (2018): Why do workers with disabilities earn less? Occupational job requirements and disability discrimination. In: BJIR, Jg. 56, H. 4, S. 798-834. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12257

Abstract

"We analyse competing explanations for the lower pay of employees with disabilities, using 2008 - 2014 data from the American Community Survey matched to O*Net data on occupational job requirements. The results indicate that only part of the disability pay gap is due to productivity-related job requirements. The remaining pay gap -- experienced by employees whose impairments should not limit their productivity -- reflects potential discrimination. The discrimination-related pay gaps appear to be smallest and possibly non-existent for women and men with hearing impairments, and largest for those with cognitive and mobility impairments. Overall the results indicate that discrimination is likely to remain an influence on the pay of many workers with disabilities." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Sevak, Purvi, John O'Neill, Andrew Houtenville & Debra Brucker (2018): State and local determinants of employment outcomes among individuals with disabilities. In: Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Jg. 29, H. 2, S. 119-128. DOI:10.1177/1044207318782676

Abstract

"In the United States, employment rates among individuals with disabilities are persistently low but vary substantially. In this study, we examined the relationship between employment outcomes and features of the state and county physical, economic, and policy environment among a national sample of individuals with disabilities. To do so, we merged a set of state- and county-level environmental variables with data from the 2009 - 2011 American Community Survey accessed in a U.S. Census Research Data Center. We estimated regression models of employment, work hours, and earnings as a function of disability, personal characteristics, and these environmental features. We found that economic conditions and physical environmental variables had stronger associations than policy variables with employment outcomes. Although the estimated importance of environmental variables was small relative to individual disability and personal characteristics, our results suggest that these variables may present barriers or facilitators to employment that can explain some geographic variation in employment outcomes across the United States." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sundar, Vidya, John O'Neill, Andrew J. Houtenville, Kimberly G. Phillips, Tracy Keirns, Andrew Smith & Elaine E. Katz (2018): Striving to work and overcoming barriers. Employment strategies and successes of people with disabilities. In: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, Jg. 48, H. 1, S. 93-109. DOI:10.3233/JVR-170918

Abstract

"BACKGROUND: People with disabilities experience longstanding barriers to employment. However, beyond the conventional metrics of labor force participation or unemployment rates we know very little about the workplace experiences of people with disabilities.
OBJECTIVE: This study describes findings from the 2015 Kessler Foundation National Employment and Disability Survey (2015 KFNEDS), a nationally representative survey of Americans with disabilities.
METHODS: A dual-frame, random digit dial, nationally representative survey was conducted. Survey respondents included 3013 working age adults with a disability. Survey respondents were asked about disability, employment status, job search activities and workplace experiences.
RESULTS: Over 42% of survey respondents were currently working. 68.4% were striving to work characterized by job preparation, job search and/or participation in the workforce since the onset of their disability. Although some barriers persisted in the workplace, many were able to overcome the same. Overall, 47.8% of the respondents used workplace accommodations, 45.3% were satisfied with their jobs, 86.6% felt accepted in their workplace.
CONCLUSION: The 2015 KFNEDS highlights how people with disabilities strive to work and overcome barriers, a discourse largely overlooked in contemporary disability and employment research. Survey findings can inform new programs and policies to improve employment outcomes for people with disabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))