Abstract

"This policy brief, prepared by the OECD and European Commission, explores the potential of entrepreneurship policy to support the labour market participation of people with disabilities. Disabilities vary widely in type, severity, stability, duration and time of onset, and these characteristics influence individual capacities and willingness to be active in the labour market. Self-employment can be appropriate for some in this population because it can provide more flexibility than paid employment in terms of workload, work schedule and work location, which can allow for better management of disability and lifestyle. This brief provides an overview of the policy rationale for entrepreneurship support for people with disabilities and provides a brief overview of the scale and nature of self-employment activities by people with disabilities and suggests potential actions for governments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lalive, Rafael, Jean-Philippe Wuellrich & Josef Zweimüller (2013): Do financial incentives affect firms' demand for disabled workers? In: Journal of the European Economic Association, Jg. 11, H. 1, S. 25-58. DOI:10.1111/j.1542-4774.2012.01109.x

Abstract

"A number of OECD countries aim to encourage work integration of disabled persons using quota policies. For instance, Austrian firms must provide at least one job to a disabled worker per 25 nondisabled workers and are subject to a tax if they do not. This 'threshold design' provides causal estimates of the noncompliance tax on disabled employment if firms do not manipulate nondisabled employment; a lower and upper bound on the causal effect can be constructed if they do. Results indicate that firms with 25 nondisabled workers employ about 0.04 (or 12%) more disabled workers than without the tax; firms do manipulate employment of nondisabled workers but the lower bound on the employment effect of the quota remains positive; employment effects are stronger in low-wage firms than in high-wage firms; and firms subject to the quota of two disabled workers or more hire 0.08 more disabled workers per additional quota job. Moreover, increasing the noncompliance tax increases excess disabled employment, whereas paying a bonus to over-complying firms slightly dampens the employment effects of the tax." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2011): Inclusion of students with disabilities in tertiary education and employment. (Education and training policy), Paris, 144 S. DOI:10.1787/9789264097650-en

Abstract

"This book examines the transition of young adults with disabilities from school to tertiary education and work. It analyses the policy experiences of several OECD countries and identifies recent trends in access to education and employment as well as best transition policies and practices. Which factors foster or hinder the transition to tertiary education and work? What are the strengths and weaknesses of policies and support given to young adults with disabilities? What strategies exist in upper secondary schools and tertiary education institutions to smooth this transition and what are their strengths and weaknesses? It shows that access to tertiary education for young adults with disabilities has improved significantly over the past decade. However, despite the progress that has been made, the transition to tertiary education is still harder for young adults with disabilities than it is for other young adults. Students with disabilities are also less likely than their non-disabled peers to successfully complete their studies, or to access employment. The book also provides policy recommendations for governments and education institutions. These recommendations are designed to give young adults with disabilities the same success and transition opportunities that other young adults already enjoy and to improve hereby their right to education and to inclusion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Too many workers leave the labour market permanently due to health problems or disability, and too few people with reduced work capacity manage to remain in employment. This is a social and economic tragedy that is common to virtually all OECD countries. Economic and labour market changes are increasingly proving an obstacle for people with health problems to return to work or stay in their job. In fact, until the recent recession struck the labour market in 2008, disability was much more prevalent than unemployment across the OECD countries, and spending on disability benefits was typically twice as high as spending on unemployment benefits, and even 5-10 times higher in some cases, especially in the Nordic and English-speaking countries. These facts seem counterintuitive when one considers that the health status of the working-age population has been improving over time, as shown by several health indicators.
The deep economic downturn and the associated jobs crisis have shifted the policy focus to tackling rising unemployment. However, past experience suggests that downturns tend to hit disadvantaged people more than the general population and, with a time lag of a few months or even years, increase the disability beneficiary caseload, which then typically stays on a higher structural level in the subsequent recovery. Therefore, the current jobs crisis should not be an excuse for delaying urgently needed sickness and disability reforms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"This book provides an internationally comparable set of indicators on educational provision for students with disabilities, learning difficulties and disadvantages (DDD). It highlights the number of students involved, where they are educated - special schools, special classes or regular classes - and in what phases of education - pre-primary, primary, lower secondary and upper secondary education. It also includes information on the physical provision and on student/teacher ratios and discusses policy implications concerning special education. This new edition also presents for the first time trends in the data for students with DDD from 1999 to 2003. This edition presents new quantitative and qualitative data for the school year 2002-03 in the following OECD countries: Belgium (Flemish and French Communities.), the Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Japan, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom (England) and the United States and in the non-member economy Chile. A strong and consistent finding is the preponderance of the number of boys over girls among DDD students in a wide range of analyses. Whether done by location, cross-national or national category, age of student, or phase of education, there is a higher percentage of males, typically a 60/40 split, across most OECD countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2003): Behindertenpolitik zwischen Beschäftigung und Versorgung. Ein internationaler Vergleich. (Wohlfahrtspolitik und Sozialforschung 12), Frankfurt am Main: Campus-Verl., 404 S.

Abstract

"Noch immer steht eine Antwort auf die Frage aus, wie OECD-Länder die beiden eng verknüpften, potentiell aber gegensätzlichen Anliegen der Behindertenpolitik miteinander in Einklang bringen können. Zum einen soll sichergestellt sein, dass behinderte Mitbürger nicht ausgegrenzt werden: dass sie zu größtmöglicher Teilhabe am Wirtschafts- und Gesellschaftsleben ermutigt und befähigt werden, insbesondere zur Aufnahme einer entgeltlichen Beschäftigung, und dass sie nicht leichtfertig oder frühzeitig aus dem Arbeitsmarkt gedrängt werden. Zum anderen soll gewährleistet werden, dass behinderte Personen über sichere Einkommen verfügen: dass sie nicht auf Grund von Behinderungen, die ihr Verdienstpotential einschränken, der Mittel für ein menschenwürdiges Leben beraubt werden. Der Bericht liefert eine systematische Analyse des breiten Spektrums an Arbeitsmarktmaßnahmen und Programmen zur sozialen Sicherung für Menschen mit Behinderungen. Durch die Untersuchung der Zusammenhänge zwischen den ergriffenen Maßnahmen und den erzielten Ergebnissen in zwanzig OECD-Ländern sollen dem Leser die Probleme der Behindertenpolitik klarer vor Augen geführt und erfolgreiche Maßnahmen bzw. Maßnahmenpakete identifiziert werden. Der Bericht gelangt zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass sich ein vielversprechendes neues Konzept der Behindertenpolitik stärker an der Philosophie der Programme für Arbeitssuchende orientieren sollte, und zwar durch:
- eine Betonung von Aktivierungsmaßnahmen,
- die Förderung von auf den Einzelnen zugeschnittenen Frühinterventionen,
- die Beseitigung von Negativanreizen zur Aufnahme einer Beschäftigung,
- die Einführung einer Kultur der gegenseitigen Verpflichtungen,
- die Einbeziehung der Arbeitgeber.
Der Bericht zeigt auch, dass sich in der Behindertenpolitik vieler Länder bereits Elemente finden, die in einem solchen neuen Konzept eine wichtige Rolle spielen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

Der Band enthält die Ergebnisse einer Studie, in deren Rahmen zwischen 1994 und 1997 in 12 Mitgliedsländern der OECD das Ausbildungssystem für Heranwachsende mit Behinderungen untersucht wurde. (IAB)