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Menschen mit Behinderungen in Ausbildung und Beruf

Mit dem Bundesteilhabegesetz und dem Nationalen Aktionsplan 2.0 wurden 2016 zwei wichtige behindertenpolitische Vorhaben angestoßen und in den Folgejahren umgesetzt und weiterentwickelt. Damit soll im Einklang mit der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention die Inklusion in Deutschland weiter vorangetrieben werden, indem die Selbstbestimmung und Teilhabe von Menschen mit Behinderungen gestärkt werden. Mit dem schrittweisen Inkrafttreten des Bundesteilhabegesetzes erfuhren das Recht der Rehabilitation und Teilhabe von Menschen mit Behinderungen und die Eingliederungshilfe (SGB IX) weitreichende Änderungen. Wie stellt sich die Situation von behinderten Menschen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt dar? Wie lassen sich behindertengerechte Berufsleben und inklusive Arbeitswelten gestalten?
Die Infoplattform stellt zentrale Dokumente und relevante Quellenhinweise zusammen, inhaltlich strukturiert nach den Aspekten der Politik für behinderte Menschen und den diskutierten bzw. realisierten Reformanstrengungen.

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Labour market consequences of an early-onset disability: the case of cerebral palsy (2024)

    Asuman, Derek ; Gerdtham, Ulf-G.; Alriksson-Schmidt, Ann I.; Jarl, Johan; Nordin, Martin;

    Zitatform

    Asuman, Derek, Ulf-G. Gerdtham, Ann I. Alriksson-Schmidt, Martin Nordin & Johan Jarl (2024): Labour market consequences of an early-onset disability: the case of cerebral palsy. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 56, H. 11, S. 1309-1326. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2023.2176447

    Abstract

    "The labour market consequences of early-onset or congenital disabilities have received little attention in the literature. In this paper, we study the consequences of cerebral palsy (CP), a lifelong early onset disability, and pathways through which it affects labour outcomes. We use data from multiple linked Swedish National Population Registers between 1990 and 2015 and apply both regression and mediation analysis. Our results show, as expected, strong negative consequences of CP on labour outcomes, and that the consequences have increased over time. The social insurance system, we find, compensates for some of the losses through non-work-related benefits. The results also suggest that the direct effects of CP per se have prominent impact on labour market outcomes. Thus, given the same level of mediators, persons with CP will have lower labour outcomes compared to persons without CP. Our results draw attention to the widening labour market consequences of CP in Sweden." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Disability, Gender and Hiring Discrimination: A Field Experiment (2023)

    Bjørnshagen, Vegar ; Ugreninov, Elisabeth ; Rooth, Dan-Olof;

    Zitatform

    Bjørnshagen, Vegar, Dan-Olof Rooth & Elisabeth Ugreninov (2023): Disability, Gender and Hiring Discrimination: A Field Experiment. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16217), Bonn, 38 S.

    Abstract

    "This article examines disability discrimination in the hiring process and explores variation in how the intersection of disability and gender shapes employers' hiring behavior by occupational context and gender segregation. We use data from a field experiment in which approximately 2,000 job applications with randomly assigned information about disability were sent to Swedish employers with vacancies. We find that nondisabled applicants receive 33 percent more callbacks than similarly qualified wheelchair users despite applying for jobs where the impairment should not interfere with performance. The results indicate no heterogeneity in levels of disability discrimination against men and women on average across occupations or by occupational gender segregation. However, levels of discrimination differ considerably among occupations, varying from no evidence of disability discrimination to discrimination against both disabled men and disabled women as well as cases where disability discrimination is found only against women or only against men. The results thus indicate that disability and gender interact and shape discrimination in distinct ways within particular contexts, which we relate to intersectional stereotyping and norms of gender equality influencing hiring practices but not to declared ambitions for diversity or gender equality legislation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Job demands and job control and their associations with disability pension - a register-based cohort study of middle-aged and older Swedish workers (2023)

    Falkstedt, Daniel ; Selander, Jenny; Bodin, Theo; Albin, Maria; Almroth, Melody; Kjellberg, Katarina; Hemmingsson, Tomas; Gustavsson, Per; D'Errico, Angelo;

    Zitatform

    Falkstedt, Daniel, Melody Almroth, Tomas Hemmingsson, Angelo D'Errico, Maria Albin, Theo Bodin, Jenny Selander, Per Gustavsson & Katarina Kjellberg (2023): Job demands and job control and their associations with disability pension - a register-based cohort study of middle-aged and older Swedish workers. In: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, Jg. 96, H. 8, S. 1137-1147. DOI:10.1007/s00420-023-01995-4

    Abstract

    "Objectives: Job demands and control at work and their combination, job strain, have been studied in relation to risk of disability pension (DP) previously. In the present study, based on registry data, we aimed to deepen the knowledge by analyzing major disease groups among the DPs, dose–response shape of the associations, and potential confounding efects of physical workload. Methods: Approximately 1.8 million workers aged 44 or older and living in Sweden in 2005 were followed up for 16 years, up to a maximum of 65 years of age. We linked mean values of job demands and job control, estimated in a job-exposure matrice (JEM) by gender, to individuals through their occupational titles in 2005. These values were categorized by rank order, and, for the construction of job-strain quadrants, we used a median cut-of. Associations with DP were estimated in Cox proportional-hazards models. Results: In models accounting for covariates including physical workload, low levels of job control were associated with higher risk of DP among both men and women. This association was most clear for DP with a psychiatric diagnosis, although a dose–response shape was found only among the men. High levels of job demands were associated with decreased risk of DP across diagnoses among men, but the same association varied from weak to non-existing among women. The high- and passive job-strain quadrants both showed increased risk of DP with a psychiatric diagnosis. Conclusion: The results suggest that, at the occupational level, low job control, but not high job demands, contributes to an increased incidence of DP, particularly regarding DP with a psychiatric diagnosis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Is Supported Employment Effective for Young Adults with Disability Pension?: Evidence from a Swedish Randomized Evaluation (2023)

    Fogelgren, Mattias; Thoursie, Peter Skogman ; Ornstein, Petra; Rödin, Magnus;

    Zitatform

    Fogelgren, Mattias, Petra Ornstein, Magnus Rödin & Peter Skogman Thoursie (2023): Is Supported Employment Effective for Young Adults with Disability Pension?: Evidence from a Swedish Randomized Evaluation. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 58, H. 2, S. 452-487. DOI:10.3368/jhr.58.4.0319-10105R2

    Abstract

    "This paper reports results from a large-scale randomized experiment evaluating whether a supported employment rehabilitation intervention strategy can improve labor market opportunities for young adults on disability pension better than regular vocational rehabilitation. The supported employment intervention utilizes a caseworker as back-up for the individual during training to reduce employers' risks when hiring an individual with unclear productivity. In total, 1,062 individuals were randomly assigned between interventions. The main results show that 18 months after the start of the project, participants with supported employment have work rates that are approximately 10 percentage points higher than participants who received regular rehabilitation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Evaluating social investment in disability policy (2020)

    Folmer, Christopher P. Reinders; van der Veen, Romke; Mascini, Peter;

    Zitatform

    Folmer, Christopher P. Reinders, Peter Mascini & Romke van der Veen (2020): Evaluating social investment in disability policy. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 54, H. 5, S. 792-812. DOI:10.1111/spol.12579

    Abstract

    "Disability policy in European countries is displaying a shift towards social investment: increasing human capital and access to the labour market. The reasoning that underlies this transition is that disabled persons would benefit from mainstream employment, but are impeded in traditional policy by deficiencies in labour supply and demand. However, the shift towards more activating policies in many countries is accompanied by a decline in social protection. It is unclear whether social investment may effectively promote the employment chances of disabled persons within this context. The present research examines this question through a quantitative, cross‐sectional, multilevel analysis on microdata from 22 EU countries. Our findings suggest greater activation to predict lower employment chances, while reducing passive support shows mixed effects. Conversely, measures for facilitation in daily life predict greater employment chances, as do measures for sheltered work. These findings raise questions over the value of social investment for disabled persons - and underline the need to overcome broader barriers in the labour market and in society." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Labour Market Integration and Equality for Disabled People: A Comparative Analysis of Nordic and Baltic Countries (2017)

    Kuznetsova, Yuliya; Yalcin, Betul; Priestley, Mark;

    Zitatform

    Kuznetsova, Yuliya, Betul Yalcin & Mark Priestley (2017): Labour Market Integration and Equality for Disabled People. A Comparative Analysis of Nordic and Baltic Countries. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 51, H. 4, S. 577-597. DOI:10.1111/spol.12314

    Abstract

    "This article considers the employment situation of disabled people, and disability policies, in three Nordic and three Baltic countries (Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania). The analysis is framed by a changing paradigm for disability policy-making, from compensation towards human rights and in a context of multi-level governance involving the EU and UN as significant policy actors. The analysis draws on policy analysis and European social survey data to compare outcomes for disabled people in each country and in binary comparison between Nordic and Baltic countries. This enables interactions between individual and regional block factors to be modelled. We conclude that national policies make a difference, that non-discrimination policies are not enough and that a focused mix of regulatory and redistributive measures is needed. The findings highlight better employment and social protection outcomes for disabled people in the Nordic countries, but point to policy challenges in both blocks. National processes of (de)commodification and stratification affect disabled people differently and this may disrupt our assumptions about welfare state comparisons." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Do Finnish work integration enterprises benefit the community? (2017)

    Melkas, Helinä; Koskela, Virpi; Oikarinen, Tuija; Konsti-Laakso, Suvi;

    Zitatform

    Melkas, Helinä, Virpi Koskela, Tuija Oikarinen & Suvi Konsti-Laakso (2017): Do Finnish work integration enterprises benefit the community? In: Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation, Jg. 11, H. 2, S. 59-70. DOI:10.13169/workorgalaboglob.11.2.0059

    Abstract

    "This study explores Finnish work integration social enterprises through social enterprise criteria identified in previous research, notably the aim to benefit the community. Previous research has identified positive motivations in social enterprises, but whether these are played out in practice is less examined. This study makes a contribution by exploring the situation in Finland, where social enterprises are still a relatively new phenomenon as compared with many other countries. In this study, in light of the interviews, a strong commitment among social enterprise managers to serving the community and specific people is revealed. This may be achieved by providing viable employment opportunities and avenues for participation, for instance. However, the findings also indicate many challenges, obstacles and even threats faced by the studied social enterprises. These affect opportunities to realise these enterprises' whole potential." (Author's abstract, © Pluto Journals Ltd.) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The differential earnings and income effects of involuntary job loss on workers with disabilities: evidence of Sweden (2016)

    Angelov, Nikolay; Eliason, Marcus ;

    Zitatform

    Angelov, Nikolay & Marcus Eliason (2016): The differential earnings and income effects of involuntary job loss on workers with disabilities. Evidence of Sweden. In: Labour, Jg. 30, H. 2, S. 213-233. DOI:10.1111/labr.12062

    Abstract

    "People with disabilities are consistently found to face considerable difficulties in the labour market. In this study we investigated whether their earnings and income trajectories are more adversely affected in case of involuntary job loss. Earnings of those with and without disabilities began to diverge already several years prior to job loss because of larger incidence of sickness. Following job loss much more job losers with disabilities became disability retirees resulting in a considerable and seemingly permanent earnings differential. However, larger uptake of public social insurances among job losers with disabilities resulted in a much smaller income differential." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Employment opportunities for persons with different types of disability (2015)

    Boman, Tomas; Kjellberg, Anders; Boman, Eva; Danermark, Berth ;

    Zitatform

    Boman, Tomas, Anders Kjellberg, Berth Danermark & Eva Boman (2015): Employment opportunities for persons with different types of disability. In: ALTER. European Journal of Disability Research, Jg. 9, H. 2, S. 116-129. DOI:10.1016/j.alter.2014.11.003

    Abstract

    "The employment status of groups with different disabilities was analysed as were potentially important moderating factors (work ability, structural and individual factors). A secondary analysis was performed on 4359 respondents with disabilities from Statistics Sweden's Labour Market Investigation. The respondents were divided into six disability groups (communicative-hearing, communicative-speech-reading, communicative-vision, psychological disability, medical disability, physical disability). Logistic regression analyses showed that the probability of being employed was highest among respondents with hearing disabilities and respondents with psychological disabilities were least likely to be employed. Being a woman (very young or old) with only primary education and with partially or very impaired work ability, reduced employment opportunities. Higher education did not increase employment opportunities for respondents with impaired work ability. In summary, the type of disability is essential for employment opportunities, and differences between disability groups cannot be explained by differences in other variables. The moderating factors studied were found to be of equal importance in all groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Protecting working-age people with disabilities: experiences of four industrialized nations (2015)

    Burkhauser, Richard V. ; Daly, Mary C.; Ziebarth, Nicolas;

    Zitatform

    Burkhauser, Richard V., Mary C. Daly & Nicolas Ziebarth (2015): Protecting working-age people with disabilities. Experiences of four industrialized nations. (IZA discussion paper 9186), Bonn, 50 S.

    Abstract

    "Although industrialized nations have long provided public protection to working-age individuals with disabilities, the form has changed over time. The impetus for change has been multi-faceted: rapid growth in program costs; greater awareness that people with impairments are able and willing to work; and increased recognition that protecting the economic security of people with disabilities might best be done by keeping them in the labor market. Here we describe the evolution of disability programs in four countries: Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States. We show how growth in the receipt of publically provided disability benefits has fluctuated over time and discuss how policy choices played a role. Based on our descriptive comparative analysis we summarize shared experiences that potentially benefit policymakers in all countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The effects of targeted labour market programs for job seekers with occupational disabilities (2014)

    Angelov, Nikolay; Eliason, Marcus ;

    Zitatform

    Angelov, Nikolay & Marcus Eliason (2014): The effects of targeted labour market programs for job seekers with occupational disabilities. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2014,27), Uppsala, 55 S.

    Abstract

    "In this study, we estimate the effects of three targeted labour market programmes (LMPs) on the labour market outcomes of occupationally disabled job seekers. Using propensity score matching, we estimate the average treatment effect on the treated of wage subsidies, sheltered public employment, and employment at Samhall, a Swedish state-owned company whose aim is to provide employment for persons with disabilities. The control group consists of individuals who are eligible for the targeted LMPs, but have not (yet) received treatment. Using a rich panel data set, containing demographics as well as health and sickness absence measures, we are able to estimate short- to medium-term effects. Our results show large positive effects of all LMPs on labour income, disposable income and employment, and the effects are relatively persistent. However, consistent with the previous empirical literature, we find considerable locking-in effects, measured by a decrease in un-subsidized employment. Furthermore, the yearly amounts of disability insurance paid decrease as a result of program participation, and the decrease becomes more pronounced with time since treatment start. Finally, the effects on disability insurance prevalence are heterogeneous, both with respect to the different LMPs and gender." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Factors associated with occupational disability classification (2014)

    Angelov, Nikolay; Eliason, Marcus ;

    Zitatform

    Angelov, Nikolay & Marcus Eliason (2014): Factors associated with occupational disability classification. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2014,25), Uppsala, 28 S.

    Abstract

    "Sweden has a long tradition of labour market policies explicitly targeting job seekers with disabilities, ranging from in-work aids to subsidized employments, aiming at strengthening their position at the labour market. To ascertain that these programs are limited to the needy they are constrained to those job seekers that are classified as occupationally disabled by the Public Employment Service. In this study we have investigated the determinants of being classified as occupationally disabled by the PES. Similar to the studies on disability retirement and self-reported disability we find that men were more likely to be classified as disabled and also that higher age and various measures of socio-economic disadvantages were associated with a higher likelihood. Rather naturally, also all measures indicating poor health were associated with an increased likelihood of being classified as occupationally disabled. A final point is that over the time period under study it became increasingly likely to be classified as occupationally disabled and especially to receive a code related to mental, socio-medical, and learning disabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The differential earnings and income effects of involuntary job loss on workers with disabilities (2014)

    Angelov, Nikolay; Eliason, Marcus ;

    Zitatform

    Angelov, Nikolay & Marcus Eliason (2014): The differential earnings and income effects of involuntary job loss on workers with disabilities. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2014,26), Uppsala, 32 S.

    Abstract

    "People with disabilities, both in Sweden and elsewhere, are consistently found to face considerable difficulties on the labour market. In this study we have investigated the differential impact of involuntary job loss, on earnings and income, if being disabled. Our main findings are that earnings of those with and without disabilities began to diverge already several years prior to job loss because of a much larger incidence of longer periods of absence due to either sickness or rehabilitation. The seemingly permanent earnings differential following job loss seems to have been a consequence of much more of the job losers with disabilities not returning to employment but instead becoming disability retirees. Although the earnings differential experienced by the job seekers with disabilities was considerable during the post-job loss period, a majority of the difference was replaced by public social insurances." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Students with disabilities in higher education - perceptions of support needs and received support: a pilot study (2013)

    Simmeborn Fleischer, Ann; Adolfsson, Margareta; Granlund, Mats;

    Zitatform

    Simmeborn Fleischer, Ann, Margareta Adolfsson & Mats Granlund (2013): Students with disabilities in higher education - perceptions of support needs and received support. A pilot study. In: International journal of rehabilitation research, Jg. 36, H. 4, S. 330-338. DOI:10.1097/MRR.0b013e328362491c

    Abstract

    "Behinderte Studenten in berufsbildenden Hochschulstudiengängen sind bei ihrem Studium häufig auf Unterstützung angewiesen. Die bei der Bewältigung von Studium und Alltag empfundenen Probleme können bei Studenten trotz unterschiedlicher Behinderungen identisch sein, wobei die Gründe für die benötigte Unterstützung jedoch variieren können. Im Rahmen dieser Pilotstudie wurde ein Fragebogen zur Ermittlung der alltäglichen Funktionsfähigkeit bei Studenten mit Behinderungen getestet. Insgesamt 34 Studenten mit Asperger-Syndrom, motorischer Behinderung oder Taubheit/eingeschränktem Hörvermögen wurden 55 geschlossene und offene Fragen zu Teilnahmeeinschränkungen und verfügbaren Unterstützungsprogrammen gestellt. Die vorliegende Studie wollte einerseits untersuchen, wie nützlich der Fragebogen ist, und andererseits ermitteln, wie die Studenten ihr alltägliches Studentenleben sowie die ihnen gebotene Unterstützung empfinden. Dabei wurden insbesondere die Empfindungen von Bedürfnissen und Unterstützung zwischen Studenten mit Asperger-Syndrom und anderen Studentengruppen verglichen. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf die Notwendigkeit der sorgfältigen Planung der Rekrutierung von Teilnehmern hin sowie auf den Nutzen des Fragebogens. Aus den deskriptiven Analysen lässt sich ableiten, dass die Gruppen in erster Linie von den gleichen Schwierigkeiten berichteten; die offenen Kommentare hingegen legten den Schluss nahe, dass die Gründe für die Probleme von Gruppe zu Gruppe variieren. Es lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass die Antworten laut Likert-Skala bzgl. empfundener Schwierigkeiten durch offene Fragen zu den empfundenen Gründen bzgl. der Probleme ergänzt werden müssen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Disability and supported employment: impact on employment, income, and allowances (2012)

    Germundsson, Per; Danermark, Berth ; Gustafsson, Johanna; Lind, Martin;

    Zitatform

    Germundsson, Per, Johanna Gustafsson, Martin Lind & Berth Danermark (2012): Disability and supported employment. Impact on employment, income, and allowances. In: International journal of rehabilitation research, Jg. 35, H. 3, S. 263-269.

    Abstract

    "In diesem Artikel untersuchen wir das Konzept der unterstützten Beschäftigung und ihre Auswirkung auf Aspekte wie den Erwerbsstatus, das verfügbare Einkommen und den Umfang der Beihilfe speziell mit Bezug auf eine Gruppe mit behinderten Personen. Bei dieser Untersuchung befassten wir uns schwerpunktmäßig mit psychiatrisch erkrankten Personen. Unter unterstützter Beschäftigung versteht man einen beruflichen Rehabilitationsservice, dessen erklärtes Ziel die Befähigung der sowie eine wettbewerbsorientierte Beschäftigung für die Betroffenen sind. Hinzugezogen wurden Daten von zwei schwedischen Organisationen, deren Leistungsangebot auf einer unterstützten Beschäftigung beruht. Zwei Gruppen wurden berücksichtigt: eine Gruppe mit Personen, die eine berufliche Rehabilitation entsprechend dem unterstützten Beschäftigungsansatz erhielten, und die andere Gruppe mit Personen, die eine unterstützte Beschäftigung ablehnten (Kontrollgruppe). Die Gruppen wurden im Einklang mit einem Design 'vor und nach der Intervention' untersucht. Die ergebnisorientierten Messgrößen wurden retrospektiv analysiert. Die Ergebnisse legen den Schluss nahe, dass die Personen, die sich unterstützten Beschäftigungsmaßnahmen unterzogen, schneller eine Anstellung fanden, ein höheres verfügbares Einkommen und gleichzeitig niedrigere Beihilfebeträge bezogen. Das gleiche Muster wie für die allgemeine Population trat auf bei Personen mit psychiatrischer Erkrankung. Eine berufliche Rehabilitation auf der Grundlage der Prinzipien der unterstützten Beschäftigung kann eine äußerst effektive Maßnahme für einzelne Personen sein, um eine Anstellung, ein besseres verfügbares Einkommen und erheblich weniger Beihilfebeträge zu bekommen. Die Intervention sollte den jeweiligen Bedürfnissen angepasst werden, statt den organisatorischen Regelungen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Does privatisation of vocational rehabilitation improve labour market opportunities?: evidence from a field experiment in Sweden (2012)

    Jönsson, Lisa; Skogman Thoursie, Peter;

    Zitatform

    Jönsson, Lisa & Peter Skogman Thoursie (2012): Does privatisation of vocational rehabilitation improve labour market opportunities? Evidence from a field experiment in Sweden. (Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation. Working paper 2012,02), Uppsala, 31 S.

    Abstract

    "This paper analyses if privatisation of vocational rehabilitation can improve labour market opportunities for individuals on long-term sickness absence. We use a field experiment performed by the Employment Service and the Social Insurance Agency in Sweden during 2008 to 2010, in which over 4,000 participants were randomly offered private and public rehabilitation. We find no differences in employment rates following rehabilitation between individuals who received rehabilitation by private and public providers. Also the average cost of rehabilitation was essentially equal for the two types of providers. This suggests that there are no large efficiency gains from privatising vocational rehabilitation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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