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Blanck, Jonna M., Christian Brzinsky-Fay & Justin J. W. Powell (2025): Pathways to Inclusion? Labor Market Entry Trajectories of Persons With Disabilities in Europe. In: Social Inclusion, Jg. 13. DOI:10.17645/si.9603

Abstract

"Almost a fifth of the population in OECD countries report having a disability and the proportion of students classified as having special educational needs (SEN) has steadily increased over recent decades. While this group faces marginalization in schooling and employment everywhere, there are profound differences in disability-based disadvantages across countries. However, comparative research on the labor market opportunities of persons with disabilities (PwDs) remains limited, especially regarding school-to-work transitions (STWT) that are crucial for subsequent labor market opportunities. Thus, lacking comparative knowledge on how institutional contexts shape these transitions also limits opportunities for policy learning and improvement of supports provided. This study addresses these gaps by analysing longitudinal data from the European Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). First, using sequence and cluster analysis, we classify these trajectories and provide an in-depth analysis of labor market entry patterns for PwDs compared to those without disabilities across 31 European countries. Second, we explore whether the timing of first employment, instability during the STWT, as well as inclusionary or exclusionary transitions vary between these groups and how the disparities between persons with and without disabilities regarding these indicators are related to institutionalized segregation and support structures. Our findings highlight that PwDs usually do not transition more slowly to (some form of) employment, yet they experience more instability and less inclusion during their STWT. Segregation exacerbates disadvantages, whereas institutional support structures reduce the disadvantages youth with disabilities face when these programs actively facilitate pathways to inclusion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Albinowski, Maciej, Iga Magda & Agata Rozszczypała (2024): The employment effects of the disability education gap in Europe. In: Education Economics, S. 1-14. DOI:10.1080/09645292.2024.2395564

Abstract

"We investigate the contribution of the disability education gap to thedisability employment gap in the European Union. We find that educational attainment is a major factor determining the probability of employment among persons with disabilities and that the employment effects of tertiary education are much larger among persons with disabilities than among non-disabled people. We also uncover substantial heterogeneity in the role of education across countries. Overall, weestimate that 19% of the disability employment gap in the 25–34 agegroup can be attributed to the gap in education between individuals with and without disabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Vinck, Julie (2024): Exploring the disability–poverty nexus in children: a cross-national comparative analysis in Europe. In: The Journal of Poverty and Social Justice, Jg. 32, H. 1, S. 65-99. DOI:10.1332/17598273y2023d000000006

Abstract

"By ratifying the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, states committed themselves to ensure an adequate standard of living and social protection to all persons with disabilities, including children. Yet, prior studies showed that children with disabilities are more likely to grow up poor. Existing research has mainly focused on single-country case studies or comparative analyses for low- and middle-income countries. Due to the lack of good quality data, comparative studies on poverty outcomes, its determinants and the poverty-reducing role of social transfers among children with disabilities in high-income countries are largely missing. This article addresses these gaps using the 2017 EU-SILC cross-sectional survey. The results show great differences across Europe in the prevalence of childhood disability, the poverty outcomes of children with disabilities and the poverty-reducing effectiveness of social transfers for them. In only a third of European countries are children with disabilities more likely to live in poor households than children without disabilities. Countries that perform weakly for children without disabilities also perform weakly for children with disabilities. Moreover, social transfers achieve more for children with disabilities in more than half of European countries. The family’s employment participation and social background have the expected poverty-reducing effects for children with disabilities and children without disabilities, though the strength of some effects differs between the two groups within certain geographical regions. However, the income-based poverty indicator disregards the higher costs families with children with disabilities face which underestimates their poverty risk. More research is needed on which poverty indicator accurately reflects the real living standards of children with disabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Policy Press) ((en))

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Grammenos, Stefanos (2023): European comparative data on persons with disabilities. Equal opportunities, fair working conditions, social protection and inclusion, health analysis and trends - Data 2021. Brussels, 218 S. DOI:10.2767/747690

Abstract

"As noted, in the framework for the Strategic Plan 2020-2024, the DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion defined a set of impact indicators which are relevant to the socio-economic field. Furthermore, the recovery and resilience plans12 ought to identify relevant indicators to monitor the contribution of the Facility to the reduction of disparities. The indicators can be selected from among those regularly used to report on cohesion policy overall, such as: the unemployment and employment rate, including youth unemployment and employment, the EU social scoreboard and indicators on the performance of education and training systems. In the Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure scoreboard, auxiliary indicators include: employment; long-term unemployment rate; activity rate; youth unemployment rate; young people neither in employment nor in education and training; people at risk of poverty or social exclusion; people at risk of poverty after social transfers; severely materially deprived people; and people living in households with very low work intensity. The next harmonised benchmark revisions are planned for 2024. It is important to assess the situation of persons with disabilities in relation to these quantitative indicators. The indicators ought to identify any gap between persons with and without disabilities and reveal any convergence or divergence in relation to the targets. An increasing gap or divergence ought to signal the need for new initiatives. In its capacity, EDE presents and analyses data in order to understand and illustrate the situation of persons with disabilities in Europe. This statistical analysis could be used as an instrument to monitor the effectiveness of national and European policies; assess the situation of persons with and without disabilities; and identify areas where the gap between persons with and without disabilities is decreasing (or increasing)." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Priestley, Mark (2023): European Semester 2022 - mainstreaming disability equality. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 155 S. DOI:10.2767/480741

Abstract

"The Semester in 2022 built on the exceptional circumstances of the previous policy cycle, resulting from EU response to the COVID-19 crisis. The scope returned to a broader perspective on economic and employment policy co-ordination but remained closely aligned to implementation of the Recovery and Resilience Facility. Some of the key features of previous cycles were resumed, although in streamlined form. These include the submission of National Reform Programmes by the Member States, the preparation of Country Reports by Commission staff, and proposals to the Council for country-specific recommendations. The integration of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into the Semester process also continues. From a disability perspective, the Semester process should give due regard to mainstreaming disability equality in all of its aspects. Disability concerns and data should be visible at each stage of the policy cycle and their coverage should align, wherever possible, with the European Disability Strategy, with national disability strategies and actions plans, and with implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in Europe. These are the key challenges addressed in this synthesis report" (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"This policy brief, prepared by the OECD and European Commission, explores the potential of entrepreneurship policy to support the labour market participation of people with disabilities. Disabilities vary widely in type, severity, stability, duration and time of onset, and these characteristics influence individual capacities and willingness to be active in the labour market. Self-employment can be appropriate for some in this population because it can provide more flexibility than paid employment in terms of workload, work schedule and work location, which can allow for better management of disability and lifestyle. This brief provides an overview of the policy rationale for entrepreneurship support for people with disabilities and provides a brief overview of the scale and nature of self-employment activities by people with disabilities and suggests potential actions for governments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"The right of persons with disabilities to work and be employed on an equal basis with others is enshrined in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which has been ratified by all EU Member States. Principle 17 of the European Pillar of Social Rights reaffirms the right of persons with disabilities to services that enable them to participate in the labor market and a work environment adapted to their needs. Closing the employment gap between persons with and without disabilities is one of the objectives of the Strategy for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2021-2030, which invited Member States to set national targets for employment and adult learning for persons with disabilities. One of the Strategy’s seven flagship initiatives is the Disability Employment Package. The Package aims to improve the labour market outcomes of persons with disabilities by providing guidance and good practices for employers, employers’ associations, and public authorities, as well as by raising awareness about persons with disabilities and by combating stereotypes. (...) This catalogue, which the Commission produced with the help of the European Disability Expertise (EDE) project and the members of the Disability Platform subgroup on employment, is one of the Package’s deliverables. It publicises positive actions carried out by employers and public authorities in Europe to hire persons with disabilities. Those actions can be considered good practices and serve as an inspiration for employers, employers’ organizations, public authorities, trade unions and other stakeholders that support employment of persons with disabilities." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Genova, Angela & Eamonn Davern (2022): European Network of Public Employment Services: Practitioner toolkit on strengthening PES to improve the labor market outcomes of persons with disabilities. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 54 S. DOI:10.2767/034981

Abstract

"This toolkit provides Public Employment Services (PES) with practice-oriented knowledge to improve labor market outcomes for persons with disabilities. This toolkit provides a practical guide, with concrete examples, for how Public Employment Services (PES) can promote the participation of persons with disabilities in the labor market. The accessible toolkit intends to support PES in their role as key agents for the implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD). It is a deliverable of the European Commission’s new Disability Employment Package - a flagship initiative of the Strategy for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2021-2030, as well as their own ambition to meet the needs of different client groups. The objective of the toolkit is to provide PES with information and advice on strategies and practices to support them in combatting labor market discrimination against persons with disabilities and further their effective labor market participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hajnal, Áron & Ágota Scharle (2022): European Network of Public Employment Services: Mapping PES responses against labour market discrimination. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 45 S. DOI:10.2767/40536

Abstract

"The report provides an overview of PES approaches, based on a survey conducted in 2021. It shows that in most countries, the PES mandate is limited to its general role in supporting job search and protecting jobseekers’ rights. However, some PES have a detailed and proactive anti-discrimination strategy and other PES mainstream support into their overall approach of individualised services." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bondoux, Justine, Thomas Barnay, Thomas Renaud & Florence Jusot (2021): How Does Disability Affect Income? An Empirical Study on Older European Workers. (Series of ERUDITE working papers 2021-05), Marne-la-Vallée, 43 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies the impact on personal income resulting from the onset of disability. Using the longitudinal Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe, we compare the income trajectories of individuals who become disabled and of those remaining in healthy conditions during the same period. Assuming that a disability shock may result in a loss of global income due to the negative effect on wages being much higher than the positive effect on compensation incomes, we strive to identify a causal impact by combining a difference-in-differences approach with kernel propensity score matching, thus allowing us to take into account observable and time-invariant unobservable individual characteristics. We find a clear heterogeneity of effect according to the level of disability. Although the Global Activity Limitation Indicator shows no effect on personal income, our findings suggest a negative impact on personal income when the shock of disability appears to be strong, as in the case of a more severe disability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hadjar, Andreas & Edith Kotitschke (2021): How the Welfare-State Regime Shapes the Gap in Subjective Well-Being Between People With and Without Disabilities. In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, Jg. 73, H. 4, S. 501-525. DOI:10.1007/s11577-021-00805-4

Abstract

"Der vorliegende Beitrag nimmt Behinderung, eine wenig beleuchtete Ungleichheitsachse, und subjektives Wohlbefinden in den Blick. Aufbauend auf die Theorie der sozialen Produktionsfunktionen wird der allgemeinen Annahme gefolgt, dass Menschen mit Behinderungen nicht die gleichen Möglichkeiten wie Menschen ohne Behinderungen haben, Ressourcen, instrumentelle Ziele und letztlich Wohlbefinden zu erlangen. Soziale Teilhabe und Arbeitsmarktintegration scheinen bedeutsame Mechanismen hinter den angesprochenen Disparitäten zu sein. Das Sozialsystem eines Landes auf der Makroebene prägt ebenso Unterschiede im subjektiven Wohlbefinden zwischen Gruppen. Die Hauptziele dieses Beitrags bestehen entsprechend darin, den Unterschied im subjektiven Wohlbefinden zwischen Menschen mit und ohne Behinderungen zu analysieren. Inwieweit lässt sich dieser Unterschied durch Unterschiede in sozialer Teilhabe und Arbeitsmarktintegration erklären, und wie prägt das Wohlfahrtsstaatsregime den Unterschied in subjektivem Wohlbefinden zwischen Menschen mit und ohne Behinderungen? Im Kern der Forschung stehen Mehrebenenanalysen von kumulierten Daten des European Social Survey aus 31 europäischen Ländern. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass Menschen mit Behinderungen ein signifikant geringeres subjektives Wohlbefinden zeigen als Menschen ohne Behinderungen. Wohlfahrtsstaatsregimes moderieren diesen Unterschied, wobei die Performanz der skandinavischen sozialdemokratischen (und familienorientierten) Länder hinsichtlich der Bereitstellung gleicher Lebensbedingungen für Menschen mit und ohne Behinderungen offenbar im Vergleich am stärksten erscheint." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)

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Jones, Melanie (2021): Disability and labor market outcomes. Disability is associated with labor market disadvantage; evidence points to this being a causal relationship. (IZA world of labor 253), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.253.v2

Abstract

"Die Häufigkeit gesundheitlicher Einschränkungen und damit verbundener Arbeitsmarktnachteile erfordert eine politische Antwort, die soziale und ökonomische Negativeffekte reduziert. Die richtigen Politikansätze zu finden, wird neben Messproblemen dadurch erschwert, dass zwischen Diskriminierung und dem Einfluss von Behinderungen auf Arbeitspräferenzen und -produktivität oft nur schwer differenziert werden kann. Die Erkenntnis, dass die Arbeitsmarktwirkungen von gesundheitlichen Einschränkungen je nach ihrer Art, Schwere und Dauer anders zu beurteilen sind, kann dabei helfen, zielgerichtetere Unterstützungsangebote und Anreize für eingeschränkt Erwerbsfähige zu schaffen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Patrini, Valentina & Daphne Ahrendt (2021): Disability and labour market integration: Policy trends and support in EU Member States. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 77 S. DOI:10.2806/143896

Abstract

"This report examines policy developments in EU Member States aimed at supporting the inclusion of people with disabilities in the open labour market, with a particular focus on the three stages of entering into employment, staying in the job and returning to work after an absence. It explores the mechanisms and effectiveness of more than 150 different policy measures designed to address the dimensions in place in the EU before the COVID-19 pandemic: job creation, labour supply, labour demand and contextual factors. In addition, it provides an updated analysis of early policy measures created in the wake of the pandemic that aimed to support the labour market situation of people with disabilities. A country case study on Ireland complements the study by outlining the complexity of disability and support systems from a broader perspective. The report builds on the lessons learned and provides policy pointers to improve the integration of people with disabilities into the open labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zwan, Roos van der & Paul de Beer (2021): The disability employment gap in European countries: What is the role of labour market policy? In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 31, H. 4, S. 473-486. DOI:10.1177/09589287211002435

Abstract

"Across Europe, the labour market participation of persons with disabilities remains lower than that of persons without a disability. Our research examines this disability employment gap, looking specifically at its variation by country and gender. Additionally, we test the influence of labour market policies - testing both the social investment perspective and the welfare scepticism perspective - on the size of the gap, in an effort to determine whether a more generous welfare state raises or lowers the employment rate of people with disabilities. Using the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), we show that Southern European countries have the smallest disability employment gap. Whereas stricter employment protection legislation is found to be beneficial for people with disabilities on the labour market, other labour market policies specifically intended to benefit this group do not strongly affect their chances on the labour market. These findings support the social investment perspective and show that social policies can have a positive effect on the employment of people with disabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Folmer, Christopher P. Reinders, Peter Mascini & Romke van der Veen (2020): Evaluating social investment in disability policy. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 54, H. 5, S. 792-812. DOI:10.1111/spol.12579

Abstract

"Disability policy in European countries is displaying a shift towards social investment: increasing human capital and access to the labour market. The reasoning that underlies this transition is that disabled persons would benefit from mainstream employment, but are impeded in traditional policy by deficiencies in labour supply and demand. However, the shift towards more activating policies in many countries is accompanied by a decline in social protection. It is unclear whether social investment may effectively promote the employment chances of disabled persons within this context. The present research examines this question through a quantitative, cross‐sectional, multilevel analysis on microdata from 22 EU countries. Our findings suggest greater activation to predict lower employment chances, while reducing passive support shows mixed effects. Conversely, measures for facilitation in daily life predict greater employment chances, as do measures for sheltered work. These findings raise questions over the value of social investment for disabled persons - and underline the need to overcome broader barriers in the labour market and in society." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Ahrendt, Daphne (2018): Die soziale und Beschäftigungssituation von Menschen mit Behinderungen. (Eurofound Kurzbericht), Dublin, 20 S. DOI:10.2806/284490

Abstract

"Menschen mit Behinderungen gehören zu den am stärksten benachteiligten Gruppen in der EU. In diesem Kurzbericht wird die soziale Situation von Menschen mit Behinderungen im erwerbsfähigen Alter anhand von Daten aus den Erhebungsrunden 2011 und 2016 der Europäischen Erhebung zur Lebensqualität (EQLS) näher beleuchtet. Es werden die Änderungen in diesem Zeitraum in den Bereichen Beschäftigung, allgemeine und berufliche Bildung, Teilhabe an der Gesellschaft, sozialer Schutz und Gesundheitsversorgung untersucht, die allesamt Schwerpunktbereiche der Europäischen Strategie zugunsten von Menschen mit Behinderungen darstellen. Thematisiert wird aber auch das subjektive Wohlbefinden dieser Gruppe von Europäern, und es werden die Faktoren untersucht, die deren Wohlbefinden beeinflussen. Unter den Empfehlungen für die Politik wird in dem Kurzbericht unterstrichen, was noch zu tun ist, um die Beschäftigungssituation von Menschen mit Behinderungen zu verbessern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Halvorsen, Rune, Bjørn Hvinden, Jerome Bickenbach, Delia Ferri & Ana Marta Guillén Rodriguez (Hrsg.) (2017): The changing disability policy system. Active citizenship and disability in Europe. Volume 1. (Routledge advances in disability studies), London: Routledge, 239 S.

Abstract

"Being an 'active citizen' involves exercising social rights and duties, enjoying choice and autonomy, and participating in political decision-making processes which are of importance for one's life. Amid the new challenges facing contemporary welfare states, debate over just how 'active' citizens can and ought to be has redoubled. Presenting research from the first major comparative and cross-national study of active citizenship and disability in Europe, this book analyses the consequences of ongoing changes in Europe - what opportunities do persons with disabilities have to exercise Active Citizenship?
The Changing Disability Policy System: Active Citizenship and Disability in Europe Volume 1 approaches the conditions for Active Citizenship from a macro perspective in order to capture the impact of the overall disability policy system. This system takes diverse and changing forms in the nine European countries under study. Central to the analysis are issues of coherence and coordination between three subsystems of the disability policy system, and between levels of governance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Marchal, Sarah & Natascha Van Mechelen (2017): A new kid in town? Active inclusion elements in European minimum income schemes. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 51, H. 1, S. 171-194. DOI:10.1111/spol.12177

Abstract

"This article assesses the current variation in activation strategies directed towards able-bodied persons of working age relying on a minimum income guarantee in 19 EU member states. First, we argue that the active inclusion notion developed by the European Commission in its Recommendation on the active inclusion of persons excluded from the labour market provides a useful tool to categorize current activation strategies towards minimum income protection (MIP) recipients. Consequently, we assess the empirical viability of active inclusion strategies in a fuzzy set ideal type analysis of purpose-collected institutional data. We find that there are only few countries where the activation discourse has remained a dead letter. Most countries implement policy measures that aim to discourage benefit dependency among MIP recipients. Nevertheless, behind the realities of activation strategies towards MIP recipients seldom lies the notion of active inclusion as defined by the European Commission. Particularly, many countries focus predominantly on incentives to increase labour market participation rates of MIP recipients, rather than enabling measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jones, Melanie (2016): Disability and labor market outcomes. Disability is associated with labor market disadvantage. (IZA world of labor 253), Bonn, 10 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.253

Abstract

"In Europe, about one in eight people of working age report having a disability; that is, the presence of a long-term limiting health condition. Despite the introduction of a range of legislative and policy initiatives designed to eliminate discrimination and facilitate retention of and entry into work, disability is associated with substantial and enduring employment disadvantages. Identifying the reasons for this is complex, but critical to determine effective policy solutions that reduce the social and economic costs of disability disadvantage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berger, Catrin (2015): Deutschland noch weit von UN-Zielvorgaben entfernt. Analysen zur Arbeitsmarktsituation von behinderten Menschen in der Europäischen Union. In: Informationsdienst Soziale Indikatoren H. 53, S. 1-7.

Abstract

"Ein wichtiges Teilziel aktueller Behindertenpolitik ist die Inklusion behinderter Menschen in den regulären Arbeitsmarkt. Die Ausgangsbedingungen hierfür sind in den Ländern der Europäischen Union sehr unterschiedlich - einige Länder setzen schon lange auf Partizipation im Sinne von Inklusion, andere sahen ihre Hauptaufgabe bisher in der Kompensation von Einkommensausfällen der überwiegend nicht erwerbstätigen behinderten Bevölkerung oder setzten ihren Schwerpunkt v. a. auf die Wiedereingliederung und Rehabilitation von Arbeitnehmern. In diesem Beitrag wird nun die Beschäftigungssituation behinderter Menschen in den EU-Ländern unter Berücksichtigung der verschiedenen behindertenpolitischen Fundamente vergleichend untersucht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)