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Menschen mit Behinderungen in Ausbildung und Beruf

Mit dem Bundesteilhabegesetz und dem Nationalen Aktionsplan 2.0 wurden 2016 zwei wichtige behindertenpolitische Vorhaben angestoßen und in den Folgejahren umgesetzt und weiterentwickelt. Damit soll im Einklang mit der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention die Inklusion in Deutschland weiter vorangetrieben werden, indem die Selbstbestimmung und Teilhabe von Menschen mit Behinderungen gestärkt werden. Mit dem schrittweisen Inkrafttreten des Bundesteilhabegesetzes erfuhren das Recht der Rehabilitation und Teilhabe von Menschen mit Behinderungen und die Eingliederungshilfe (SGB IX) weitreichende Änderungen. Wie stellt sich die Situation von behinderten Menschen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt dar? Wie lassen sich behindertengerechte Berufsleben und inklusive Arbeitswelten gestalten?
Die Infoplattform stellt zentrale Dokumente und relevante Quellenhinweise zusammen, inhaltlich strukturiert nach den Aspekten der Politik für behinderte Menschen und den diskutierten bzw. realisierten Reformanstrengungen.

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Evaluating social investment in disability policy (2020)

    Folmer, Christopher P. Reinders; van der Veen, Romke; Mascini, Peter;

    Zitatform

    Folmer, Christopher P. Reinders, Peter Mascini & Romke van der Veen (2020): Evaluating social investment in disability policy. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 54, H. 5, S. 792-812. DOI:10.1111/spol.12579

    Abstract

    "Disability policy in European countries is displaying a shift towards social investment: increasing human capital and access to the labour market. The reasoning that underlies this transition is that disabled persons would benefit from mainstream employment, but are impeded in traditional policy by deficiencies in labour supply and demand. However, the shift towards more activating policies in many countries is accompanied by a decline in social protection. It is unclear whether social investment may effectively promote the employment chances of disabled persons within this context. The present research examines this question through a quantitative, cross‐sectional, multilevel analysis on microdata from 22 EU countries. Our findings suggest greater activation to predict lower employment chances, while reducing passive support shows mixed effects. Conversely, measures for facilitation in daily life predict greater employment chances, as do measures for sheltered work. These findings raise questions over the value of social investment for disabled persons - and underline the need to overcome broader barriers in the labour market and in society." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Labour Market Integration and Equality for Disabled People: A Comparative Analysis of Nordic and Baltic Countries (2017)

    Kuznetsova, Yuliya; Yalcin, Betul; Priestley, Mark;

    Zitatform

    Kuznetsova, Yuliya, Betul Yalcin & Mark Priestley (2017): Labour Market Integration and Equality for Disabled People. A Comparative Analysis of Nordic and Baltic Countries. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 51, H. 4, S. 577-597. DOI:10.1111/spol.12314

    Abstract

    "This article considers the employment situation of disabled people, and disability policies, in three Nordic and three Baltic countries (Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania). The analysis is framed by a changing paradigm for disability policy-making, from compensation towards human rights and in a context of multi-level governance involving the EU and UN as significant policy actors. The analysis draws on policy analysis and European social survey data to compare outcomes for disabled people in each country and in binary comparison between Nordic and Baltic countries. This enables interactions between individual and regional block factors to be modelled. We conclude that national policies make a difference, that non-discrimination policies are not enough and that a focused mix of regulatory and redistributive measures is needed. The findings highlight better employment and social protection outcomes for disabled people in the Nordic countries, but point to policy challenges in both blocks. National processes of (de)commodification and stratification affect disabled people differently and this may disrupt our assumptions about welfare state comparisons." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Do wage subsidies for disabled workers reduce their non-employment?: evidence from the Danish Flexjob scheme (2015)

    Gupta, Nabanita Datta; Thomsen, Lars Stage; Larsen, Mona;

    Zitatform

    Gupta, Nabanita Datta, Mona Larsen & Lars Stage Thomsen (2015): Do wage subsidies for disabled workers reduce their non-employment? Evidence from the Danish Flexjob scheme. In: IZA journal of labor policy, Jg. 4, S. 1-26. DOI:10.1186/s40173-015-0036-7

    Abstract

    "We evaluate the potential of wage subsidy programs for reducing non-employment of the disabled by exploiting a reform of the Danish Flexjob scheme targeted towards employing the long-term (partially) disabled. Firms received a salary reimbursement for all employees granted a Flexjob. We examine whether a change from full to partial reimbursement to governmental units affected the share of Flexjobs allocated to retained (insiders) versus non-employed hirees (outsiders). After the reform, the composition of hires changed substantially in favor of insiders, both in absolute and relative terms. A reduction in subsidies thus leads to a decrease in the hiring of the non-employed disabled." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Berufshinführung für Jugendliche mit Beeinträchtigung der geistigen Entwicklung im Vergleich europäischer Länder (2014)

    Krussek, Martin; Grüning, Eberhard;

    Zitatform

    Krussek, Martin & Eberhard Grüning (2014): Berufshinführung für Jugendliche mit Beeinträchtigung der geistigen Entwicklung im Vergleich europäischer Länder. In: Zeitschrift für Heilpädagogik, Jg. 65, H. 5, S. 164-172.

    Abstract

    "Die Europäische Kommission (2010) bestärkt mit der Strategie Europa 2020 eine engere Zusammenarbeit in der Berufshinführung sowie in der Aus- und Weiterbildung von Jugendlichen zwischen den Staaten der europäischen Gemeinschaft. Vor diesem Hintergrund und unter Einbeziehung der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention (United Nations, 2008) erscheint ein europäischer Vergleich der Bedingungen für die Berufshinführung von Jugendlichen mit Beeinträchtigung der geistigen Entwicklung sinnvoll. Der vorliegende Artikel stellt Leistungen zur beruflichen Teilhabe in Dänemark, England, Schweiz und Deutschland heraus. Im Fokus stehen berufliche Vorstellungen und Motivationen von Jugendlichen sowie die Perspektiven von Lehrkräften hinsichtlich des Transitionsprozesses zwischen Schule und Beruf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Do wage subsidies for disabled workers result in deadweight loss?: evidence from the Danish Flexjob scheme (2013)

    Datta Gupta, Nabanita ; Larsen, Mona; Brink Thomsen, Lars;

    Zitatform

    Datta Gupta, Nabanita, Mona Larsen & Lars Brink Thomsen (2013): Do wage subsidies for disabled workers result in deadweight loss? Evidence from the Danish Flexjob scheme. (University Aarhus. Economics working paper 2013-24), Aarhus, 35 S.

    Abstract

    "We evaluate the effects of wage subsidy programs for the disabled, in particular, their potential for welfare-loss reduction vs. deadweight loss creation. We do this in the context of the Danish Flexjob scheme, a large, nation-wide scheme that was implemented in 1998 and targeted towards improving the employment prospects of the long-term disabled with partial working capacity. We analyse the hiring response to a shock in the wage reimbursement amount to certain firms using the program. Firms received a salary reimbursement for both current and new employees granted a Flexjob subsidy. In 2002, the reimbursement to government firms was lowered while the reimbursement to municipal and regional employers remained the same. We combine the reform with unique data on whether or not a new Flexjob hiree was previously employed in a regular (unsubsidized) job at the same firm. Thus, we can investigate whether the changes in the reimbursement amount to governmental units affected the share of Flexjobs within such firms that were allocated to retained employees versus to new hires. The findings show substantial substitution between 'insiders' and 'outsiders' after the reform. After the reform, governmental firms create fewer Flexjobs. At the same time, the composition of Flexjob hires within such firms changes substantially: the share of new Flexjobs allocated to retained employees is twice as large as it would have been in absence of the reform. The finding on deadweight loss seems to run counter to the theoretical prediction. A possible alternative mechanism for the finding could be that when subsidies are reduced and worker productivity is not known with certainty, employers have an economic incentive to fill Flexjob positions from inside the firm." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Inclusion through action: a participatory approach to return-to-work policy change processes in organisations (2013)

    Gensby, U.; Husted, M.;

    Zitatform

    Gensby, U. & M. Husted (2013): Inclusion through action: a participatory approach to return-to-work policy change processes in organisations. In: International Journal of Disability Management, Jg. 8, S. 1-16. DOI:10.1017/idm.2013.2

    Abstract

    "Many organisations strive to make disability management (DM) responses to prevent work disability and promote return-to-work (RTW). However, a deeper appreciation of methods that can ensure equitable worker participation in the development and change of RTW policy and practice is needed. Using an action research approach, this study expands the concept of participation in disability management (DM) creating new insights into the resources, dilemmas and aspirations of RTW policies in organisations. Empirical data was gathered from a development and change process conducted together with managers and workers at a large health care workplace. A series of workshops were conducted, studying the common history of RTW policy evolvement and configuration, and encouraging the creation of worker-driven proposals for alternative actions to current management. Action research protocols were used to document knowledge creation. Analysis of action research processes reveals how workers insisted on discussing their work environment as an important factor for maintenance of RTW, and how consistent participatory possibilities and team oriented RTW coordination among all levels of the organisation are perceived as critical features for supportive and sustained job retention. Participatory processes created relevant knowledge of the importance of work environments in coordination of stay at work, which may strengthen RTW capacity building and advance DM in organisations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Welfare to work and the inclusive labour market: a comparative study of activation policies for disability and long-term sickness benefit claimants in the UK and Denmark (2012)

    Etherington, David; Ingold, Jo ;

    Zitatform

    Etherington, David & Jo Ingold (2012): Welfare to work and the inclusive labour market. A comparative study of activation policies for disability and long-term sickness benefit claimants in the UK and Denmark. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 22, H. 1, S. 30-44. DOI:10.1177/0958928711425265

    Abstract

    "The increasing number of recipients of disability and long-term sickness benefits has resulted in the introduction of specific employability programmes in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. In the UK Pathways to Work involved enabling and support measures for benefit recipients with long-term health conditions. In Denmark 'flex-jobs' are an integral occupational health intervention for both employed and unemployed people with reduced working capacity. Through a comparative analysis primarily based on stakeholder interviews in both countries, this paper argues that the concept of an inclusive labour market strategy is crucial to assisting these groups into work, underpinned by governance and a politics of representation. In Denmark both the role of the social partners and subsidized employment are significant. In the UK governance has been constrained and insufficient attention has been paid to income security. Comparing these two models highlights policy learning for the UK from the successes of and challenges to the Danish model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Return to work among employees with long-term sickness absence in eldercare: a prospective analysis of register-based outcomes (2011)

    Clausen, Thomas; Lund, Thomas; Bang Christensen, Karl; Friis Andersen, Malene;

    Zitatform

    Clausen, Thomas, Malene Friis Andersen, Karl Bang Christensen & Thomas Lund (2011): Return to work among employees with long-term sickness absence in eldercare. A prospective analysis of register-based outcomes. In: International journal of rehabilitation research, Jg. 34, H. 3, S. 249-254. DOI:10.1097/MRR.0b013e328348b171

    Abstract

    "Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, ob psychosoziale Arbeitsmerkmale und arbeitsbezogene psychologische Zustände den beruflichen Wiedereinstieg nach langer krankheitsbedingter Abwesenheit unter Altenpflegern vorhersagen können. Wir verfolgten 9947 Angestellte, die in einem nationalen Verzeichnis mit krankheitsbedingten Entschädigungszahlungen geführt wurden, ein Jahr lang und stellten dabei fest, dass 598 Angestellte acht Wochen am Stück oder länger fehlten. Mittels der Cox-Regressionsanalyse wurden diese 598 Angestellten ein Jahr lang nach Beginn der krankheitsbedingten Fehlzeit verfolgt, um Verbindungen zwischen den Baselinedaten im Fragebogen zu psychosozialen Arbeitsmerkmalen und arbeitsbezogenen psychologischen Zuständen einerseits und dem 'Risiko' des beruflichen Wiedereinstiegs andererseits untersuchen zu können. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass keine der psychosozialen Arbeitsmerkmale, emotionalen Anforderungen, Rollenkonflikte, Führungs- und Beeinflussungsqualitäten mit dem beruflichen Wiedereinstieg in erheblichem Maße in Verbindung standen. Von den zwei arbeitsbedingten psychologischen Zuständen, d. h. dem affektiven organisatorischen Commitment und der Erfahrung mit dem Sinn ihrer Arbeit, zeigten die Ergebnisse, dass krankheitsbedingt fehlende Angestellte, die ihre Arbeit bei Baseline als nicht besonders sinnvoll einstuften, ein signifikant reduziertes 'Risiko' des beruflichen Wiedereinstiegs im Vergleich mit Angestellten aufwiesen, die ihre Arbeit als äußerst sinnvoll einstuften. Für das affektive organisatorische Commitment wurden keine signifikanten Verbindungen festgestellt. Die Ergebnisse legen die Vermutung nahe, dass die Erfahrung mit dem Sinn bei der Arbeit als wichtige Arbeits-/Lebens-Ressource betrachtet werden muss, da sie die Kapazität der krankheitsbedingt fehlenden Angestellten steigert, nach längeren krankheitsbedingten Fehlzeiten wieder zur Arbeit zurückzukehren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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