Arbeitszeit: Verlängern? Verkürzen? Flexibilisieren?
Standen in früheren Jahren erst die Verkürzung der Arbeitszeit und dann die Arbeitszeitverlängerung im Zentrum der Debatten, ist nun eine flexible Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit der Wunsch von Unternehmen und vielen Beschäftigten. Die Politik fragt vor diesem Hintergrund: wie kann Arbeitszeitpolitik die Schaffung neuer Arbeitsplätze und die Sicherung vorhandener Arbeitsplätze unterstützen?
Die Infoplattform bietet weiterführende Informationen zu dieser Frage, zur Entwicklung der Arbeitszeiten in Deutschland auch im internationalen Vergleich, zur betrieblichen Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit und zu den Arbeitszeitwünschen der Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmern.
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
-
Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- flexible Arbeitszeitmodelle insgesamt
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonto
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Knowing your place: the role of occupational status in fathers' flexible working (2023)
Zitatform
Ewald, Alina, Emilee Gilbert & Kate Huppatz (2023): Knowing your place: the role of occupational status in fathers' flexible working. In: Community, work & family online erschienen am 08.05.2023, S. 1-18. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2023.2207717
Abstract
"This study explored how fathers’ occupational status shapes their constructions, experiences, and negotiations of Flexible Working. In particular, we examined whether occupational status impacted men’s access to, and the acceptability of using FWAs for the purposes of care. Data from semi-structured interviews with 43 working fathers from diverse occupational roles within the Australian financial sector were analysed using Foucauldian discourse analysis. Findings suggest that fathers’ access to flexibility is contingent upon and shaped by their position in the organisational hierarchy. Fathers in ‘higher-status’ roles reported significant power and agency in their access to and adoption of FWAs. However, a major barrier to their use of flexibility was the discursively constructed expectation that men in these positions should be dedicated to their paid work role and career progression rather than caring for their child(ren). In contrast, men in ‘lower-status’ roles lacked autonomy, agency, and power in relation to accessing flexibility for caring purposes. These fathers reported being closely monitored in their paid working roles, having little flexibility available to them in these roles, and felt trepidatious about even requesting FWAs for caring for their child(ren)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does work time reduction improve workers' well-being? Evidence from global four-day workweek trials (2023)
Zitatform
Fan, Wen, Juliet Schor, Orla Kelly & Guolin Gu (2023): Does work time reduction improve workers' well-being? Evidence from global four-day workweek trials. (SocArXiv papers), 46 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/7ucy9
Abstract
"Time spent on the job is a fundamental aspect of working conditions that influences many aspects of individuals’ lives. In this ground-breaking research, we study how an organization-wide four-day workweek Intervention - with no reduction in pay - affects workers’ well-being. Participating organizations undergo pre-trial work reorganisation to improve efficiency and collaboration, followed by a six-month four-day workweek trial. Based on data collected from 2,134 employees in 123 organizations before and after the trial, we find that the trial leads to improvements in multiple measures of subjective well-being, including burnout, job satisfaction, positive affect, mental health, and physical health. Larger reductions in individuals' weekly hours predict greater gains in well-being outcomes. Mediation analysis indicates that three factors significantly contribute to the relationship between reduced working hours and increased well-being: improvements in self-reported work ability, reductions in sleep problems, and decreased levels of fatigue." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Men Lose Life Satisfaction with Fewer Hours in Employment: Mothers Do Not Profit from Longer Employment: Evidence from Eight Panels (2020)
Zitatform
Schröder, Martin (2020): Men Lose Life Satisfaction with Fewer Hours in Employment: Mothers Do Not Profit from Longer Employment. Evidence from Eight Panels. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 152, H. 1, S. 317-334. DOI:10.1007/s11205-020-02433-5
Abstract
"This article uses random and fixed effects regressions with 743,788 observations from panels of East and West Germany, the UK, Australia, South Korea, Russia, Switzerland and the United States. It shows how the life satisfaction of men and especially fathers in these countries increases steeply with paid working hours. In contrast, the life satisfaction of childless women is less related to long working hours, while the life satisfaction of mothers hardly depends on working hours at all. In addition, women and especially mothers are more satisfied with life when their male partners work longer, while the life satisfaction of men hardly depend on their female partners' work hours. These differences between men and women are starker where gender attitudes are more traditional. They cannot be explained through differences in income, occupations, partner characteristics, period or cohort effects. These results contradict role expansionist theory, which suggests that men and women profit similarly from moderate work hours; they support role conflict theory, which claims that men are most satisfied with longer and women with shorter work hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Non-standard time wage premiums and employment effects: evidence from an Australian natural experiment (2019)
Zitatform
Yu, Serena & David Peetz (2019): Non-standard time wage premiums and employment effects. Evidence from an Australian natural experiment. In: BJIR, Jg. 57, H. 1, S. 33-61. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12412
Abstract
"We examine the effect of increasing Sunday wage premiums on retail industry employment in Australia, exploiting a quasi-experimental policy change across two neighbouring states. Using both aggregate and individual-level data, we adopt a difference-in-difference regression framework to estimate the causal impact of the policy change on employment outcomes. We find no evidence of changes in the total number of employees, and no effect on hours per employee in the years following the policy implementation. However, there appeared to be a decline in hours per employee in the announcement year of the policy change. Overall, it appears that in an industry dominated by part-time and casual employment, any adjustment to the new Sunday wage rates occurred principally through flexibility in hours, rather than in the number of employees." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Caregiving responsibilities for a child, spouse or parent: The impact of care recipient independence on employee well-being (2017)
Bainbridge, Hugh T.J.; Broady, Timothy R.;Zitatform
Bainbridge, Hugh T.J. & Timothy R. Broady (2017): Caregiving responsibilities for a child, spouse or parent. The impact of care recipient independence on employee well-being. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 101, H. August, S. 57-66. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2017.04.006
Abstract
"An important non-work role involves the provision of informal, unpaid care to family and friends who have a disability or who are aged. In this study we explored the effects of different levels of care recipient independence on caregiver well-being. We predicted that care recipient independence would affect caregiver well-being and that this effect would be sequentially mediated by caregiver career disruption and underemployment. We also proposed that the effect of care recipient independence would be moderated by the workplace and out-of-workplace support available to the caregiver. In a survey of employees with unpaid non-work caregiving responsibilities our hypothesis concerning the mediating role of caregiver career disruption and underemployment was supported. We also found the predicted effect for the moderation hypothesis concerning care recipient independence and workplace support. Employees who cared for people with low independence experienced greater career disruption when they received limited workplace support - and this career disruption flowed through to lower caregiver well-being." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working-time mismatch and mental health (2016)
Zitatform
Otterbach, Steffen, Mark Wooden & Yin King Fok (2016): Working-time mismatch and mental health. (IZA discussion paper 9818), Bonn, 40 S.
Abstract
"Nationally representative panel survey data for Germany and Australia are used to investigate the impact of working-time mismatches (i.e., differences between actual and desired work hours) on mental health, as measured by the Mental Component Summary Score from the SF-12. Fixed effects and dynamic linear models are estimated, which, together with the longitudinal nature of the data, enable person-specific traits that are time invariant to be controlled for. The incorporation of dynamics also reduces concerns about the potential effects of reverse causation. The results suggest that overemployment (working more hours than desired) has adverse consequences for the mental health of workers in both countries. Underemployment (working fewer hours than desired), however, seems to only be of significance in Australia." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The premium for part-time work in Australia (2015)
Day, Iris; Rodgers, Joan;Zitatform
Day, Iris & Joan Rodgers (2015): The premium for part-time work in Australia. In: Australian Journal of Labour Economics, Jg. 18, H. 3, S. 281-305.
Abstract
"We use fixed effects and difference-in-differences methodologies to investigate the nature of Australia's part-time wage premium, a phenomenon not observed in other countries. Salary sacrifice and non-cash benefits, previously unexplored explanations, are eliminated. The premium is not explained by occupation and it is observed for people with only one change of employment status and for those with multiple changes. We find that changing from full-time to part-time work with the same employer results in a large and sustained increase in the hourly wage, whereas a temporary decrease in the hourly wage accompanies a change from part-time to full-time work with the same employer. Notably, we find no significant wage change when a move between full-time and part-time work is accompanied by a change of employer." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Nonstandard employment and nonwork activities, time alone and with others: can weekend workers make up lost time? (2014)
Zitatform
Craig, Lyn & Judith E. Brown (2014): Nonstandard employment and nonwork activities, time alone and with others. Can weekend workers make up lost time? In: The journal of industrial relations, Jg. 57, H. 1, S. 3-23. DOI:10.1177/0022185614560068
Abstract
"To what extent can weekend workers reschedule nonwork activities or time with significant others to weekdays? From the Australian Bureau of Statistics Time Use Survey 2006, a sample of employed persons aged 15 - 64 (n=3860) is drawn to examine associations between weekend work and time spent in nonwork activities, time spent alone, and time spent in the company of family (partners, children, nonresident family, and elders) and friends, on days worked and over the following week. All analyses examine differences by gender. Workers' lost weekend time is not recovered over the week; rather, in some instances there are persistent negative effects. Sunday workers are most affected. The findings add to knowledge about work - family conflict and gender differences in managing boundaries between employment and private life. There are implications for workplace policy, as the results offer support for penalty rate payments for weekend work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working hours mismatch and well-being: comparative evidence from Australian and German panel data (2014)
Kugler, Franziska; Wiencierz, Andrea; Wunder, Christoph;Zitatform
Kugler, Franziska, Andrea Wiencierz & Christoph Wunder (2014): Working hours mismatch and well-being. Comparative evidence from Australian and German panel data. (LASER discussion papers 82), Erlangen, 47 S.
Abstract
"This study uses subjective measures of well-being to analyze how workers perceive working hours mismatch. Our particular interest is in the question of whether workers perceive hours of underemployment differently from hours of overemployment. Previous evidence on this issue is ambiguous. We call attention to the level of well-being in the absence of hours mismatch that serves as a reference state for comparison purposes and to the consequences of restrictive functional form assumptions. Using panel data from Australia and Germany, this study estimates the relationship between working hours mismatch and well-being as a bivariate smooth function of desired hours and mismatch hours by tensor product p-splines. The results indicate that well-being is highest in the absence of hours mismatch. In general, the perception of overemployment is statistically significantly different from the perception of underemployment in both countries. In Australia, workers tolerate some underemployment, as their well-being tends to be unaltered in the presence of short hours of underemployment. However, the marginal loss from underemployment appears to be larger than that from overemployment once the mismatch exceeds approximately ten hours. In Germany, on the contrary, underemployment is clearly more detrimental for well-being than overemployment. German males with preferences for full-time hours hardly respond to overemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Part-time work, women's work-life conflict, and job satisfaction: a cross-national comparison of Australia, the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom (2014)
Zitatform
Roeters, Anne & Lyn Craig (2014): Part-time work, women's work-life conflict, and job satisfaction. A cross-national comparison of Australia, the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 55, H. 3, S. 185-203. DOI:10.1177/0020715214543541
Abstract
"This study uses the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) 2013 'Family and Changing Gender Roles' module (N?=?1773) to examine cross-country differences in the relationship between women's part-time work and work - life conflict and job satisfaction. We hypothesize that part-time work will lead to less favorable outcomes in countries with employment policies that are less protective of part-time employees because the effects of occupational downgrading counteract the benefits of increased time availability. Our comparison focuses on the Netherlands and Australia while using Germany, the United Kingdom, and Sweden as benchmarks. Part-time employment is prevalent in all five countries, but has the most support and protection in the Dutch labor market. We find little evidence that country of residence conditions the effects of part-time work. Overall, the results suggest that part-time work reduces work-life conflict to a similar extent in all countries except Sweden. The effects on job satisfaction are negligible. We discuss the implications for social policies meant to stimulate female labor force participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The motherhood penalty in cross-national perspective: the importance of work-family policies and cultural attitudes (2012)
Zitatform
Budig, Michelle J., Joya Misra & Irene Boeckmann (2012): The motherhood penalty in cross-national perspective. The importance of work-family policies and cultural attitudes. In: Social Politics, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 163-193. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxs006
Abstract
"Mothers' employment and earnings partly depend on social policies and cultural norms supporting women's paid and unpaid work. Previous research suggests that work-family policies are deeply shaped by their cultural context. We examine country variation in the associations between motherhood and earnings, in cultural attitudes surrounding women's employment, and in childcare and parental leave policies. We model how cultural attitudes moderate the impact of policies on women's earnings across countries. Parental leaves and public childcare are associated with higher earnings for mothers when cultural support for maternal employment is high, but have less positive or even negative relationships with earnings where cultural attitudes support the male breadwinner/female caregiver model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
New Australian working time minimum standards: reproducing the same old gendered architecture? (2012)
Zitatform
Charlesworth, Sara & Alexandra Heron (2012): New Australian working time minimum standards. Reproducing the same old gendered architecture? In: The Journal of Industrial Relations, Jg. 54, H. 2, S. 164-181. DOI:10.1177/0022185612437840
Abstract
"This article focuses on the minimum working time standards in the 'safety net' created by the Fair Work Act 2009. We draw on an analysis of on-paper minima in the 10 National Employment Standards and in two Modern Awards covering paid care workers. We argue that the gendered legacy of poorer working time provisions in non-standard jobs held by many Australian women workers has been reproduced in the architecture of the new Fair Work regime. Our case study suggests that the permanent full-time norm of employment continues to permeate working time regulation, despite the fragmentation of the standard employment relationship with the growth in casual and part-time work. Not only does casual status limit the access of many women workers to particular National Employment Standards, but there remain significant and gendered differences in award minimum working time standards, particularly for casual and part-time care workers, in comparison with the conditions and protections provided in one of the key male industry awards. Further, a hierarchy of working time standards for care workers has been reproduced, underpinned by differences in contract status, job classification and work location. This leaves those at the bottom of this hierarchy with little working time or income security." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Deriving the labour supply curve from happiness data (2012)
Dockery, Alfred M.;Zitatform
Dockery, Alfred M. (2012): Deriving the labour supply curve from happiness data. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 117, H. 3, S. 898-900. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2012.07.002
Abstract
"An alternative empirical method to estimating the labour supply function is proposed, based upon subjective wellbeing data. It potentially addresses limitations of the standard neo-classical approach by allowing workers' observed hours worked to deviate from their utility maximising point." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Non-standard employment and fathers' time in household labour (2012)
Hewitt, Belinda; Mieklejohn, Cameron; Baxter, Janeen;Zitatform
Hewitt, Belinda, Janeen Baxter & Cameron Mieklejohn (2012): Non-standard employment and fathers' time in household labour. In: Journal of family studies, Jg. 18, H. 2/3, S. 175-186. DOI:10.5172/jfs.2012.18.2-3.175
Abstract
"This paper examines the ways in which non-standard employment conditions of fathers and their partners are associated with the time fathers spend in household labour caring for children and doing housework. The data come from a national telephone survey conducted in 2010 with a unique purposive sample of 300 fathers who contributed at least 30 per cent to the total time spent in household labour. We find that fathers who worked irregular hours, night shifts or took work home on a regular basis spent more time doing housework tasks than fathers without these employment conditions. Further, fathers' whose partners worked weekends, nights or travelled for work did more housework and childcare than fathers' with partners without these work schedules. We conclude that non-standard employment may provide an opportunity for greater shared household labour arrangements." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Aggregate hours worked in OECD countries: new measurement and implications for business cycles (2012)
Zitatform
Ohanian, Lee E. & Andrea Raffo (2012): Aggregate hours worked in OECD countries. New measurement and implications for business cycles. In: Journal of monetary economics, Jg. 59, H. 1, S. 40-56. DOI:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2011.11.005
Abstract
"We build a dataset of quarterly hours worked for 14 OECD countries. We document that hours are as volatile as output, that a large fraction of labor adjustment takes place along the intensive margin, and that the volatility of hours relative to output has increased over time. We use these data to reassess the Great Recession and prior recessions. The Great Recession in many countries is a puzzle in that labor wedges are small, while those in the U.S. Great Recession - and those in previous European recessions - are much larger." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working from home: do formal or informal telework arrangements provide better work-family outcomes? (2012)
Troup, Carolyn; Rose, Judy;Zitatform
Troup, Carolyn & Judy Rose (2012): Working from home. Do formal or informal telework arrangements provide better work-family outcomes? In: Community, work & family, Jg. 15, H. 4, S. 472-486. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2012.724220
Abstract
"Telework arrangements include a suite of options that workplaces provide to meet the growing demand for greater work flexibility and as a strategy to promote work - family balance. However, there has been minimal research comparing formal versus informal telework arrangements, and how they might support employees to manage the competing demands of work and family life. In this paper, we examine how formal and informal telework arrangements impact on public sector employees' job satisfaction, time spent on childcare, and satisfaction with the distribution of childcare tasks. We use survey data from public service employees who had access to telework entitlements in Queensland, Australia (n=856). Our analyses showed that formal and informal telework arrangements provide different outcomes to employed women and men with children, particularly in the areas of job satisfaction and satisfaction with the distribution of childcare tasks. These distinctions suggest that it is important for workplaces to consider how the type of telework arrangement offered can affect how successfully and equitably work - family outcomes are achieved." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Parents' jobs in Australia: Work hours polarisation and the consequences for job quality and gender equality (2011)
Zitatform
Charlesworth, Sara, Lyndall Strazdins, Léan O'Brien & Sharryn Sims (2011): Parents' jobs in Australia: Work hours polarisation and the consequences for job quality and gender equality. In: Australian Journal of Labour Economics, Jg. 14, H. 1, S. 35-57.
Abstract
"This paper documents the gendered polarisation of work hours between mothers and fathers in Australia. Drawing on a large Australian sample of employee parents, we investigate the links between job quality and employment contract. Our focus is on mothers and fathers of young children - families facing high care demands - and investigate whether shorter and longer hour jobs carry the same contract and quality costs. Using a truncated measure of job quality, we find for both mothers and fathers that moderate full time hour jobs were the jobs with optimal quality and stable employment contracts. Poor job quality and casual contracts were common in very short hour jobs, usually worked by mothers. At the other end of the work hour spectrum, the very long hour jobs predominantly worked by fathers also showed a dip in job quality. Our study suggests that the gendered polarisation of hours in the Australian labour market, supported by a one-and-a-half earner family strategy, undermines parents', particularly mothers', access to good quality jobs. It also reinforces gender inequality by making it harder for fathers to fully engage in parenting and mothers to fully participate in employment and earn a decent income, with consequent hardship in later life." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labour markets and wages in Australia: 2010 (2011)
Zitatform
Jefferson, Therese & Alison Preston (2011): Labour markets and wages in Australia: 2010. In: Journal of Industrial Relations, Jg. 53, H. 3, S. 303-323. DOI:10.1177/0022185611402000
Abstract
"In this article we present data on earnings and hours in 2010 and, using data over a longer time frame, show how the character of the Australian labour market has significantly changed in recent decades. Among other things, we demonstrate a continued shift towards part-time work and, across full-time and part-time labour markets, a change in the distribution of jobs towards more highly skilled occupations. We continue to argue that traditional indicators of labour-market activity, such as headline unemployment and earnings in full-time employment, are only able to partially explain the health of the labour market. There is an urgent need to better understand other dimensions such as underemployment, part-time employment and part-time earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Hours of work and gender identity: does part-time work make the family happier? (2009)
Booth, Alison L.; Ours, Jan C. van;Zitatform
Booth, Alison L. & Jan C. van Ours (2009): Hours of work and gender identity. Does part-time work make the family happier? In: Economica, Jg. 76, H. 301, S. 176-196. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0335.2007.00670.x
Abstract
"Taking into account interdependence within the family, we investigate the relationship between part-time work and family wellbeing. We use panel data from the Household, Income and Labor Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. We find that part-time women are more satisfied with working hours than full-time women, and that women's life satisfaction is increased if their partners work full-time. Male partners' life satisfaction is unaffected by their partners' market hours but is increased if they themselves are working full-time. Our results are consistent with the gender identity hypothesis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Who wants and gets flexibility?: changing work hours preferences and life events (2009)
Zitatform
Drago, Robert, Mark Wooden & David Black (2009): Who wants and gets flexibility? Changing work hours preferences and life events. In: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Jg. 62, H. 3, S. 394-414.
Abstract
"Using panel data for 2001-2005 from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey, the authors examine workers' desires for, and achievement of, work hour flexibility. They estimate a dynamic model that controls for preferences in previous years and tests for the effects of life events on both desired employment and desired work hours. Many life events, such as motherhood and retirement, are found to have predictable effects. Parallel regressions are estimated for actual employment and the number of hours usually worked, and the results are compared to those for preferences. The dynamics of usual hours often mirror those for preferences, suggesting that labor markets function effectively for many employees. However, mismatches are associated with three life events: motherhood, widowhood for men, and job loss. The results also suggest that many men and women would extend employment under phased retirement programs, although only for a brief period." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
-
Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- flexible Arbeitszeitmodelle insgesamt
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonto
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug