Arbeitszeit: Verlängern? Verkürzen? Flexibilisieren?
Standen in früheren Jahren erst die Verkürzung der Arbeitszeit und dann die Arbeitszeitverlängerung im Zentrum der Debatten, ist nun eine flexible Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit der Wunsch von Unternehmen und vielen Beschäftigten. Die Politik fragt vor diesem Hintergrund: wie kann Arbeitszeitpolitik die Schaffung neuer Arbeitsplätze und die Sicherung vorhandener Arbeitsplätze unterstützen?
Die Infoplattform bietet weiterführende Informationen zu dieser Frage, zur Entwicklung der Arbeitszeiten in Deutschland auch im internationalen Vergleich, zur betrieblichen Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit und zu den Arbeitszeitwünschen der Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmern.
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
-
Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- flexible Arbeitszeitmodelle insgesamt
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonto
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
The Employment Effects of Working Time Reductions: Sector-Level Evidence from European Reforms (2023)
Zitatform
Batut, Cyprien, Andrea Garnero & Alessandro Tondini (2023): The Employment Effects of Working Time Reductions: Sector-Level Evidence from European Reforms. In: Industrial Relations, Jg. 62, H. 3, S. 217-232. DOI:10.1111/irel.12323
Abstract
"In this paper, we exploit a panel of industry-level data in European countries to study the economic impact of national reductions in usual weekly working hours between 1995 and 2007. Our identification strategy relies on the five national reforms that took place over this period and on initial differences across sectors in the share of workers exposed to the reforms. On average, the number of hours worked in more affected sectors fell, hourly wages rose, while employment did not increase. The effect on value added per hour worked appears to be positive but non-significant." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working Hour Reform, Labor Demand and Productivity (2022)
Asai, Kentaro;Zitatform
Asai, Kentaro (2022): Working Hour Reform, Labor Demand and Productivity. (PSE working paper / Paris School of Economics 2022-18), Paris, 33 S.
Abstract
"This paper examines the employment and productivity effects of the working hour reform in Portugal that reduced the standard hours from 44h to 40h in 1996-7. Using the variation across establishments in the intensity of treatment, I find that the establishments that were more treated experienced lower post-reform employment growth, although to a modest degree. Despite of the large reduction in the labor hour input, there is no statistically significant negative effect on sales, leading to a large improvement in labor efficiency measured by sales per hour. However, these overall effects mask substantial heterogeneity in responses: establishments in capital intensive sectors reduced employment without decline on sales, while those in labor intensive sector rather attempted to maintain employment, but their sales were negatively affected. These results provide indirect evidence consistent with the theories that highlight the role of scale effects and capital substitution effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Employment Effects of Working Time Reductions: Sector-Level Evidence from European Reforms (2022)
Zitatform
Batut, Cyprien, Andrea Garnero & Alessandro Tondini (2022): The Employment Effects of Working Time Reductions: Sector-Level Evidence from European Reforms. (FBK-IRVAPP working paper / Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Research Institute for the Evaluation of Public Policies 2022-04), Trient, 37 S.
Abstract
"Working time legislation is a key labour market regulation and the subject of heated and recurrent debates. A first-order concern is how this legislation may impact employment. In this paper, we exploit a panel of industry-level data in European countries to study the economic impact of national reductions in usual weekly working hours between 1995 and 2007. Our identification strategy relies on the five national reforms that took place over this period and on initial differences across sectors in the share of workers exposed to the reforms. We show that, on average, the number of hours worked in more affected sectors fell relative to less affected sectors but employment did not increase, while the impact on wages and value-added per hour worked appears to be positive but insignificant." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The employment effects of working time reductions in Europe (2022)
Zitatform
Garnero, Andrea, Alessandro Tondini & Cyprien Batut (2022): The employment effects of working time reductions in Europe. (VoxEU columns / Centre for Economic Policy Research), London, 8 S.
Abstract
"The implementation of shorter working hours is intended to create jobs by redistributing available work. But this is based on the assumption that there is a fixed amount of work to be done. This column studies the work-hour reforms in Belgium, France, Italy, Portugal, and Slovenia in the late 1990s and early 2000s under the EU Working Time Directive. The reforms did reduce the hours worked per employee, but firms did not substitute lower hours for more workers. Since employee salaries did not go down, a shorter working week or day could potentially increase wellbeing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Desired hours worked over the business cycle: stylised facts for European countries (2020)
Tuda, Dora;Zitatform
Tuda, Dora (2020): Desired hours worked over the business cycle: stylised facts for European countries. (Trinity economics papers 1320), Dublin, 37 S.
Abstract
"This paper documents stylised facts on desired hours per employed worker in European countries and identifies the effect of recessions on desired hours. Actual hours worked are usually used to estimate preferences on the labour market. However, actual hours are constrained by labour demand and therefore measure hours worked in the general equilibrium. Descriptive statistics from EU Labour Force Survey show that desired hours are countercyclical and that the underemployment gap increases due to higher desired hours worked of employed individuals. I identify the effect of recessions on desired hours using variation in regional unemployment rates from 2000 to 2017. I find that a 1 percentage point higher unemployment rate increases desired hours, on average, by 2 - 8 hours on a yearly level (3 - 5 minutes in the reference week). The results offer a lower bound estimate for the whole sample period of booms and busts. To narrow the sample period, I use a panel of individuals from the French LFS (EEC) and find even bigger effects. In France, from 2007q4 to 2009q1, an increase in regional unemployment rate by 1 percentage point increases desired hours by 1.6 hours in the reference week. Bottom decile of the income distribution significantly increases desired hours in all countries, suggesting an income effect labour supply response in recessions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
'Women's work penalty' in access to flexible working arrangements across Europe (2019)
Zitatform
Chung, Heejung (2019): 'Women's work penalty' in access to flexible working arrangements across Europe. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 23-40. DOI:10.1177/0959680117752829
Abstract
"Many assume that women and workers in female-dominated workplaces will have better access to flexible working arrangements. Some use this as justification for the low wages found in these workplaces. Yet, empirical results are mixed. I explore this question by examining workers' access to schedule control across 27 European countries, and find no discernible gender differences in access to schedule control when individual and company-level characteristics are taken into account. However, working in female-dominated jobs and/or sectors significantly reduces access to schedule control for both men and women. This 'women's work penalty' in female-dominated sectors varies across Europe but nowhere was the access better compared to sectors where both genders are equally represented. This raises concerns regarding the lack of favourable working conditions, in addition to low pay found in female-dominated workplaces." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The shorter workweek and worker wellbeing: Evidence from Portugal and France (2019)
Zitatform
Lepinteur, Anthony (2019): The shorter workweek and worker wellbeing. Evidence from Portugal and France. In: Labour economics, Jg. 58, H. June, S. 204-220. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2018.05.010
Abstract
"Using data from the European Community Household Panel, this paper evaluates the impact of the exogenous reductions in weekly working hours induced by reforms implemented in Portugal and France on worker wellbeing. Difference-in-differences estimation results suggest that reduced working hours generated significant and robust increases in job and leisure satisfaction of the workers affected in both countries (from 0.07 to 0.15 standard deviation increases), with the rise in the former mainly being explained by greater satisfaction with working hours and working conditions. Further results suggest that staff representative bodies are important for ensuring that working-time reductions lead to welfare gains." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does a mandatory reduction of standard working hours improve employees' health status? (2017)
Sánchez, Rafael;Zitatform
Sánchez, Rafael (2017): Does a mandatory reduction of standard working hours improve employees' health status? In: Industrial relations, Jg. 56, H. 1, S. 3-39. DOI:10.1111/irel.12163
Abstract
"Most of the empirical evidence regarding the impact of reductions of standard working hours analyzes its effects on employment outcomes, family life balance, and social networks, but there is no empirical evidence of its effects on health outcomes. This study uses panel data for France and Portugal and exploits the exogenous variation of working hours coming from labor regulation and estimates its impact on health outcomes (from 39 to 35 hours a week and from 44 to 40 hours a week, respectively). Results suggest that the mandatory reduction of standard working hours decreased the working hours of treated individuals (and not the hours of individuals in the control group). Results also suggest that the fact of being treated generated a negative (positive) effect on young males' (females') health in France. No effects on health outcomes were found for Portugal." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Hours worked in Europe and the US: new data, new answers (2016)
Zitatform
Bick, Alexander, Bettina Brüggemann & Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln (2016): Hours worked in Europe and the US. New data, new answers. (IZA discussion paper 10179), Bonn, 44 S.
Abstract
"We use national labor force surveys from 1983 through 2011 to construct hours worked per person on the aggregate level and for different demographic groups for 18 European countries and the US. We find that Europeans work 19% fewer hours than US citizens. Differences in weeks worked and in the educational composition each account for one third to one half of this gap. Lower hours per person than in the US are in addition driven by lower weekly hours worked in Scandinavia and Western Europe, but by lower employment rates in Eastern and Southern Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The gender gap in employment hours: do work-hour regulations matter? (2015)
Zitatform
Landivar, Liana Christin (2015): The gender gap in employment hours. Do work-hour regulations matter? In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 550-570. DOI:10.1177/0950017014568139
Abstract
"In all developed countries, women, especially mothers, work fewer paid hours than their spouses. However, the magnitude of the gender gap varies significantly by country, ranging from 2 to 20 hours per week in this study. Using data from the 2002 International Social Survey Programme, this article investigates whether work-hour regulations have a significant effect on household allocation of paid labour and gender work-hour inequality. Two main types of work-hour regulations are examined: standard weekly work hours and the maximum allowable weekly work hours. Results show that households in countries with shorter maximum weekly work hours had less work-hour inequality between spouses, as each additional allowable overtime hour over the standard working week increased the work-hour gap between couples by 20 minutes. These results indicate that couples' inequality in work hours and gender inequality in labour supply are associated with country-level work-hour regulations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Flexiblework and immigration in Europe (2015)
Raess, Damian; Burgoon, Brian;Zitatform
Raess, Damian & Brian Burgoon (2015): Flexiblework and immigration in Europe. In: BJIR, Jg. 53, H. 1, S. 94-111. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12022
Abstract
"Immigration has risen substantially in many European economies, with farreaching if still uncertain implications for labour markets and industrial relations. This article investigates such implications, focusing on employment flexibility, involving both 'external flexibility' (fixed-term or temporary agency and/or involuntary part-time work) and 'internal flexibility' (overtime and/or balancing-time accounts). The article identifies reasons why immigration should generally increase the incidence of such flexibility, and why external flexibility should rise more than internal flexibility. The article supports these claims using a dataset of establishments in 16 European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employment, late-life work, retirement, and well-being in Europe and the United States (2014)
Zitatform
Nikolova, Milena & Carol Graham (2014): Employment, late-life work, retirement, and well-being in Europe and the United States. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 3, S. 1-30. DOI:10.1186/2193-9012-3-5
Abstract
"Flexible work arrangements and retirement options provide one solution for the challenges of unemployment and underemployment, aging populations, and unsustainable public pension systems in welfare states around the world. We examine the relationships between well-being and job satisfaction on the one hand and employment status and retirement, on the other, using Gallup World Poll data for several European countries and the United States. We find that voluntary part-time workers are happier, experience less stress and anger, and have higher job satisfaction than other employees. Using statistical matching, we show that late-life workers under voluntary part-time or full-time arrangements have higher well-being than retirees. There is no well-being premium for involuntary late-life work and self-employment compared to retirement, however. Our findings inform ongoing debates about the optimal retirement age and the fiscal burdens of public pension systems." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
It's all about control: worker control over schedule and hours in cross-national context (2012)
Lyness, Karen S.; Stone, Pamela; Grotto, Angela R.; Gornick, Janet C.;Zitatform
Lyness, Karen S., Janet C. Gornick, Pamela Stone & Angela R. Grotto (2012): It's all about control: worker control over schedule and hours in cross-national context. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 77, H. 6, S. 1023-1049. DOI:10.1177/0003122412465331
Abstract
"Workers' ability to control their work schedules and hours varies significantly among industrialized countries. We integrate and extend prior research from a variety of literatures to examine antecedents of control and worker outcomes. Using hierarchical linear modeling and data for 21 countries from the 1997 ISSP Work Orientations Survey supplemented with national indicators developed from a variety of sources, we find that control is associated with country characteristics (affluence, welfare state generosity, union coverage, and working-time regulations), worker attributes (being male, being older, and being better educated), and job characteristics (working part-time, being self-employed, having higher earnings, and having more advancement opportunities). We also examine the relationship of control to job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and strain-based work-family conflict. Generally, low levels of control are linked to negative outcomes for workers, especially for women, an effect sometimes modulated by country-level policy measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Sonntagsarbeit: Auswirkungen auf Sicherheit, Gesundheit und Work-Life-Balance der Beschäftigten (2011)
Wirtz, Anna; Nachreiner, Friedhelm; Rolfes, Katharina;Zitatform
Wirtz, Anna, Friedhelm Nachreiner & Katharina Rolfes (2011): Sonntagsarbeit. Auswirkungen auf Sicherheit, Gesundheit und Work-Life-Balance der Beschäftigten. In: Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft, Jg. 65, H. 2, S. 136-146.
Abstract
"Obwohl die Anzahl der Beschäftigten in biologisch und sozial ungünstigen Arbeitszeiten stetig steigt, liegen bislang nur äußerst wenige Erkenntnisse zu den Effekten der Arbeit am Wochenende, und insbesondere an Sonntagen, auf die Sicherheit, Gesundheit und soziale Teilhabe der Beschäftigten vor. Die vorliegende Studie demonstriert anhand der Daten aus zwei großen und repräsentativen europäischen Umfragen, dass Arbeit an Sonntagen das Risiko für arbeitsbedingte Unfälle sowie gesundheitliche und soziale Beeinträchtigungen deutlich erhöht. Diese Zusammenhänge lassen sich auch nach der Kontrolle potenziell konfundierender Effekte nachweisen. Das durch Sonntagsarbeit offensichtlich erhöhte Risiko für die Gefährdung von Arbeitsschutzzielen sollte daher in der Diskussion um die gesetzlichen Spielräume für die Sonntagsarbeit, z. B. im Einzelhandel, wie bei einer möglichen Revision der europäischen Arbeitszeitrichtlinie sowie insbesondere bei der Gestaltung der konkreten Arbeitszeiten auf jeden Fall angemessen berücksichtigt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
How working time reduction affects jobs and wages (2010)
Raposo, Pedro S.; Ours, Jan C. van;Zitatform
Raposo, Pedro S. & Jan C. van Ours (2010): How working time reduction affects jobs and wages. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 106, H. 1, S. 61-63. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2009.10.001
Abstract
"In 1996, by law the maximum standard workweek in Portugal was reduced from 44 h to 40 h. We find that for workers involved this change reduced the job separation rate and increased hourly wages, keeping monthly earnings approximately constant. The working hours reduction also affected workers working less than 40 h per week; they were more likely to lose their job." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working time management and SME performance in Europe (2010)
Smith, Mark; Zagelmeyer, Stefan;Zitatform
Smith, Mark & Stefan Zagelmeyer (2010): Working time management and SME performance in Europe. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 31, H. 4, S. 392-409. DOI:10.1108/01437721011056994
Abstract
"This paper aims to explore the management of working time flexibility and firm performance, measured by operating hours, in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Europe.
Design/methodology/approach: The paper analyses the European Capital Operating time, Work and Employment Survey (EUCOWE), designed to collect workplace information on operating hours. With data on more than 17,000 establishments in six European countries - France, Germany, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the UK - the paper analyses working time patterns and operating hours.
Findings: The authors show the positive relationship between company size and operating times and how SMEs make more limited use of more advanced forms of working-time organisation that may allow them to extend their operating hours. The use of less complex working time measures such as overtime does not have the same positive association with operating hours. However, the results also highlight that smaller establishments can still benefit from the adoption of certain working time practices. The results suggest that the influence of the regulatory environment on the use of working practices or the duration of operating hours is not straightforward, and as such the impact of national regulatory frameworks cannot be discounted in the country-specific differences identified.
Originality/value: The paper uses the first comparable data on operating hours and working patterns to demonstrate the limitations on SME operating times across European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Comparative analyses of operating hours and working times in the European Union (2009)
Delsen, Lei; Schief, Sebastian; Kocoglu, Yusuf; Munoz de Bustillo, Rafael; Cette, Gilbert ; Bauer, Frank; Fernández-Macías, Enrique ; Sieglen, Georg; Smith, Mark; Zagelmeyer, Stefan; Smits, Jeroen; Groß, Hermann; Sylvain, Arnaud;Zitatform
Schief, Sebastian, Yusuf Kocoglu, Rafael Munoz de Bustillo, Enrique Fernández-Macías, Georg Sieglen, Stefan Zagelmeyer, Jeroen Smits, Hermann Groß & Arnaud Sylvain (2009): Comparative analyses of operating hours and working times in the European Union. (Contributions to economics), Heidelberg u.a.: Physica-Verl., 217 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-7908-2185-7
Abstract
Der Band ist die zweite Veröffentlichung im Rahmen des Projekts EUCOWE 'Working Times and Operating Hours in Europe'. In sechs europäischen Ländern - Frankreich, Großbritannien, Niederlande, Portugal, Spanien und Deutschland - wurde im Jahre 2003 eine Unternehmensbefragung zum Thema Arbeits- und Betriebszeiten durchgeführt. Das Projekt EUCOWE stellt die erste repräsentative und standardisierte europäische Betriebserhebung dar, die Unternehmen aller Kategorien und Größen sowie alle Wirtschaftszweige abdeckt. Der Band baut auf der ersten im Jahre 2007 erschienenen Publikation auf, in der die Untersuchungsmethode und deskriptive nationale Ergebnisse sowie erste vergleichende Analyseergebnisse präsentiert wurden, und ergänzt diese. In diesem zweiten Buch präsentiert das Forschungsteam von EUCOWE detaillierte ländervergleichende Analysen zur Beziehung zwischen Betriebszeiten, Arbeitszeiten und Beschäftigung in der Europäischen Union. In sechs empirischen Kapiteln des Bandes werden detaillierte vergleichende Analysen der Determinanten und Konsequenzen der Dauer und Flexibilität von Öffnungszeiten und Betriebszeiten vorgelegt. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Small and medium-sized establishments in Europe: operating hours and working time patterns (2009)
Smith, Mark; Sieglen, Georg; Zagelmeyer, Stefan;Zitatform
Smith, Mark, Stefan Zagelmeyer & Georg Sieglen (2009): Small and medium-sized establishments in Europe: operating hours and working time patterns. In: L. Delsen, F. Bauer, G. Cette & M. Smith (Hrsg.) (2009): Comparative analyses of operating hours and working times in the European Union, S. 117-142. DOI:10.1007/978-3-7908-2185-7_5
Abstract
In dem Beitrag wird der Zusammenhang zwischen Betriebszeiten und Arbeitszeitformen in Abhängigkeit von der Betriebsgröße untersucht. Im Mittelpunkt der Studie, der Daten aus dem Projekt EUCOWE 'Working Times and Operating Hours in Europe' zugrunde liegen, steht die Frage nach spezifischen Mustern der Nutzung unterschiedlicher Arbeitszeitformen zur Entkopplung und Flexibilisierung von Arbeits- und Betriebzeiten von kleinen und mittelgroßen Betrieben im Unterschied zu Großbetrieben. Berücksichtigung finden dabei auch verschiedene weitere betriebliche Charakteristika wie die betriebliche Eigenständigkeit, die Wirtschaftszweigzugehörigkeit und die Wettbewerbsorientierung. Darüber hinaus werden länderspezifische Unterschiede der Betriebszeitorganisation zwischen den untersuchten Ländern (Deutschland, Spanien, Portugal, Frankreich, Großbritannien, Niederlande) aufgezeigt. (IAB)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Sieglen, Georg; -
Literaturhinweis
The timing of labor demand (2008)
Zitatform
Cardoso, Ana Rute, Daniel S. Hamermesh & Jose Varejao (2008): The timing of labor demand. (NBER working paper 14566), Cambridge, Mass., 23 S., Anhang. DOI:10.3386/w14566
Abstract
"We examine the timing of firms' operations in a formal model of labor demand. Merging a variety of data sets from Portugal from 1995-2004, we describe temporal patterns of firms' demand for labor and estimate production-functions and relative labor-demand equations. The results demonstrate the existence of substitution of employment across times of the day/week and show that legislated penalties for work at irregular hours induce firms to alter their operating schedules. The results suggest a role for such penalties in an unregulated labor market, such as the United States, in which unusually large fractions of work are performed at night and on weekends." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working time developments 2008 (2008)
Carley, Mark;Zitatform
Carley, Mark (2008): Working time developments 2008. Dublin, 35 S.
Abstract
"In 2008, average collectively agreed weekly working time in the European Union stood at 38.6 hours; agreed normal annual working time averaged about 1,740 hours. Of the three economic sectors examined in this study, agreed weekly working hours are highest in metalworking (38.7), followed by the banking and local government sectors (both 38.3). Average collectively agreed paid annual leave entitlement was 25.2 days across the EU in 2008, although the total varied significantly between the 'old' and the new Member States. This report also examines statutory working time and leave limits, and actual working hours. This annual update looks at a number of aspects of the duration of working time in the European Union and Norway in 2008, based on contributions from the European Industrial Relations Observatory (EIRO) national centres. The study examines the following issues: average weekly working hours as set by collective agreements - both at national level and for three specific economic sectors; statutory limits on weekly and daily working time; average actual weekly working hours; annual leave entitlement, as set by collective agreements and law; and estimates of average collectively agreed annual working time. The report provides a general overview of the current situation and developments regarding working time, but the figures provided should be read with caution, and the various notes and explanations borne in mind. This reflects the fact that there are a number of problems in international comparisons of the length of working time. Comparable data are not collected in all countries, while particular difficulties include the following: the existence of different ways of calculating working time, with annual, rather than weekly calculation increasingly common in some countries (TN0308101S); the fact that working time reductions in some countries have been introduced through extra days off or cuts in annual working hours, leaving the normal working week relatively unchanged; the increasing use of schemes whereby weekly working hours may vary considerably, with an average being maintained over a reference period; the treatment of part-time workers; the differing roles of collective bargaining and legislation, with the latter having an impact on actual hours in some countries, but acting only as a maximum 'safety net' in others." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
-
Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- flexible Arbeitszeitmodelle insgesamt
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonto
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug