Arbeitszeit: Verlängern? Verkürzen? Flexibilisieren?
Verkürzung, Verlängerung oder Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeit stehen immer wieder im Zentrum der Debatten. Was wünschen sich Unternehmen und Beschäftigte? Wie kann Arbeitszeitpolitik die Schaffung neuer Arbeitsplätze und die Sicherung vorhandener Arbeitsplätze unterstützen?
Dieses Themendossier bietet Publikationen zur Entwicklung der Arbeitszeiten in Deutschland auch im internationalen Vergleich, zur betrieblichen Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit und zu den Arbeitszeitwünschen der Beschäftigten.
Publikationen zur kontroversen Debatte um die Einführung der Vier-Tage-Woche finden Sie in unserem Themendossier Vier-Tage-Woche – Arbeitszeitmodell der Zukunft?
Im Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
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Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Work Intensity and Welfare Across Countries and Over Time (2025)
Zitatform
Alcalá, Francisco (2025): Work Intensity and Welfare Across Countries and Over Time. (CEPR discussion paper / Centre for Economic Policy Research 20697), London, 37 S.
Abstract
"This paper develops a long-run theory of labor effort, defined as the product of hours worked times work intensity. Under empirically plausible parameter values, the model predicts that intensity rises with income as hours decline. The theory provides a unified interpretation of several empirical regularities: cross-country disparities in hourly productivity among workers with comparable skills and technologies; higher workplace stress in richer economies; limited effectiveness of work-organization reforms in poor regions; patterns of non-work at work. The model is calibrated to match the large joint shift in hours and work intensity in the United States during the first half of the twentieth century. It shows that cross-country differences in intensity matter for welfare as much as differences in hours and suggests that accounting for intensity would significantly narrow measured welfare differences between rich and poor countries. The analysis identifies a key mechanism underlying the reorganization of work and leisure during the transition from poor traditional economies to affluent industrial ones." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fostering Employment and Total Hours Worked: Perspectives for France and Germany: Joint statement (2025)
Bozio, Antoine ; Schnitzer, Monika ; Simon, Lenard; Runschke, Benedikt; Lapeyre, Alice; Werding, Martin ; Weber, Enzo ;Zitatform
Bozio, Antoine, Alice Lapeyre, Enzo Weber, Benedikt Runschke, Monika Schnitzer, Lenard Simon & Martin Werding (2025): Fostering Employment and Total Hours Worked: Perspectives for France and Germany. Joint statement. 12 S.
Abstract
"France and Germany are both confronted with labour market bottlenecks that limit the total volume of work in the economy. While they face similar challenges - such as boosting labour force participation and improving job quality - their labour markets differ in key structural dimensions, leading to divergent policy priorities. To achieve higher employment of better quality, each country will need to implement a tailored mix of policies, targeting its specific weaknesses. In some cases, the policy levers required are similar; in others, they differ significantly due to institutional and demographic differences. This policy brief rests on a systematic comparison of labour market participation between France and Germany to identify the most relevant margins for reform and the levers that could support convergence towards stronger employment outcomes in both countries. This policy brief presents the key stylized facts and policy recommendations that can be drawn for France and Germany. Our analyses build on extensive work by Bozio et al. (2025),* who updated previous work by Blundell et al. (2011, 2013). Using harmonized survey data, the authors examine employment and hours worked over the past 55 years in France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. They provide detailed analyses of employment patterns and working hours across sub-groups of workers - by gender, age, and education level - over time. Their work identifies room to increase hours worked in both countries, along with relevant policies to achieve this, and contributes to the reflection on the gradual harmonisation of labour markets in both countries" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Labor Market Impacts of Fair Work Legislation (2025)
Zitatform
Gruber, Anja (2025): The Labor Market Impacts of Fair Work Legislation. In: ILR review, S. 1-32. DOI:10.1177/00197939251355234
Abstract
"Fair Workweek (FWW) ordinances, which typically require employers to provide workers with advance notice of their schedules and extra pay for last-minute changes, have become an increasingly debated policy tool to address the unpredictability of low-wage work in the United States. In this article, the author studies the labor market impacts of the Oregon FWW law using data on treated workers from the Quarterly Workforce Indicators and American Community Survey, and a variety of empirical approaches that address the factors complicating such a labor market analysis. Taken together, the evidence points to limited effects on the average labor market outcomes of workers covered by the legislation. However, findings indicate increased employment and hours worked for men, and decreased employment and hours worked for women. Also, results show consistent evidence of decreased average monthly earnings for newly hired women at treated employers. Despite the ability of employers to bypass compensation requirements through voluntary standby lists, this study identifies compositional effects on the workforce resulting from FWW legislation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Optimal Redistribution with Labor Supply Dependent Productivity (2025)
Zitatform
Gürer, Eren & Alfons Weichenrieder (2025): Optimal Redistribution with Labor Supply Dependent Productivity. (CESifo working paper 11866), München, 29 S.
Abstract
"This study examines optimal government redistribution in a Mirrleesian framework, accounting for a negative effect of longer working hours on productivity. A government ignoring this effect perceives labor supply as insufficient and sets lower marginal income taxes to encourage work. In contrast, a government recognizing the endogenous relationship between productivity and labor supply redistributes more. However, the resulting marginal taxes are still lower than those predicted by standard models where productivity is independent of working hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Parental Exposure to Work Schedule Instability and Child Sleep Quality (2025)
Zitatform
Logan, Allison & Daniel Schneider (2025): Parental Exposure to Work Schedule Instability and Child Sleep Quality. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 39, H. 1, S. 64-90. DOI:10.1177/09500170241235863
Abstract
"Recent scholarship has documented the effects of unstable scheduling practices on worker health and well-being, but there has been less research examining the intergenerational consequences of work schedule instability. This study investigates the relationship between parental exposure to unstable and unpredictable work schedules and child sleep quality. We find evidence of significant and large associations between parental exposure to each of five different types of unstable and unpredictable work scheduling practices and child sleep quality, including sleep duration, variability and daytime sleepiness. We are also able to mediate 35 –50% of this relationship with measures of work–life conflict, parental stress and well-being, material hardship, and child behaviour. These findings suggest that the effects of the temporal dimensions of job quality extend beyond workers to their children, with implications for the mechanisms by which social inequality is reproduced and for social policies intended to regulate precarious and unequal employment conditions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The gender gap in working from home after the onset of COVID-19 (2025)
Zitatform
Marcén, Miriam & Marina Morales (2025): The gender gap in working from home after the onset of COVID-19. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 23, H. 4, S. 1459-1486. DOI:10.1007/s11150-025-09809-x
Abstract
"This study examines changes in the gender gap in the take up and intensity of working from home following the unexpected onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using data from the American Time Use Survey, we find that working from home became more prevalent among women than men, thus widening the gender gap. Job characteristics played a crucial role in this trend, particularly among private sector workers. The gender gap widened most significantly among young, highly educated individuals and those living with dependents. Moreover, our results suggest that social distancing measures increased working from home time for men but did not have the same effect on women. We also extend our analysis to other work-related outcomes, finding that women experienced less favorable outcomes, particularly an increase in unpredictable or non-standard schedules. Overall, this shift in the gender gap is statistically significant over time and remains robust." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The efficiency scope of work from home: A multidimensional approach and the significance of real estate (2024)
Bachtal, Yassien Nico;Zitatform
Bachtal, Yassien Nico (2024): The efficiency scope of work from home: A multidimensional approach and the significance of real estate. (Publications of Darmstadt Technical University, Institute for Business Studies (BWL) 144916), Darmstadt: Darmstadt Technical University, Department of Business Administration, Economics and Law, Institute for Business Studies (BWL), 176 S.
Abstract
"Die Arbeitswelten und insbesondere die physische Organisation der Arbeit befinden sich in einem tiefgreifenden Transformationsprozess. Ursächlich für diesen Transformationsprozess sind technologische Innovationen, organisatorische Veränderungen und die zunehmende Pluralisierung der Anforderungen von Arbeitnehmenden. Auch wenn dieser Transformationsprozess der physischen Organisation der Arbeit schon vor einigen Jahren eingesetzt hat, hat die COVID-19 Pandemie die Transformationsgeschwindigkeit signifikant erhöht. Work from Home, als eine Maßnahme zur Eindämmung der COVID-19 Pandemie, ermöglichte es Büroarbeitenden weltweit Erfahrungen mit der Arbeit zu Hause zu sammeln. Work from Home beschreibt dabei das regelmäßige Arbeiten von zu Hause, das durch die Nutzung von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien ermöglicht wird. Arbeitnehmende haben dadurch den direkten Vergleich zwischen dem Arbeiten im Büro und dem Work from Home und wägen ihren Arbeitsort in Abhängigkeit der Arbeitstätigkeiten zielgerichteter ab. Die flächendeckende Einführung von Work from Home beeinflusst das Leben und Arbeiten auf mehreren Ebenen. Auf individueller Ebene stellt sich die Frage, welche Arbeitnehmenden grundsätzlich für das Work from Home geeignet sind. Auf der Ebene der Arbeitsumwelt fehlt es an Erkenntnissen, inwiefern Work from Home einen Einfluss auf die digitale Ausstattung von Wohnimmobilien hat. Weiterhin bleibt offen, wie sich das Zusammenspiel aus den Arbeitnehmenden (person) und der Arbeitsumwelt (environment) im Work from Home auf den individuellen Arbeitserfolg (fit) auswirkt. Diesen Forschungsfragen geht die vorliegende Dissertation mithilfe von insgesamt fünf Forschungsartikeln nach. Der erste Artikel ordnet Work from Home in eine hybride Arbeitswelt ein und nutzt dazu einen internationalen Vergleich zwischen den Vereinigten Staaten und Deutschland. Hybrides Arbeiten definiert sich über die Verteilung der Arbeitszeit auf das Büro, das Work from Home und dritte Arbeitsorte und beschreibt eine Kombination dieser Arbeitsorte. Der Artikel zeigt, dass WFH in einer hybriden Arbeitswelt für viele Arbeitnehmende einen hohen Stellenwert einnimmt. Während die Arbeitszeit im Büro mit rund einem Drittel in beiden Ländern nahezu identisch ist, zeigt sich, dass vor allem dritte Arbeitsorte (z. B. Coworking Spaces) für Arbeitnehmende in den Vereinigten Staaten einen höheren Stellenwert als in Deutschland einnehmen. Der Artikel zeigt, dass diese Divergenz vor allem kulturell begründet ist. In der Summe zeigt dieser Artikel, dass Arbeitnehmende dem WFH in einer hybriden Arbeitswelt international einen hohen Stellenwert einräumen. Der zweite Artikel greift den hohen Stellenwert des Work from Home in einer hybriden Arbeitswelt auf und untersucht in einer Vorstudie, welche Aspekte erfolgreiches Arbeiten zu Hause ermöglichen. Die Ergebnisse des Artikels zeigen, dass korrelative Zusammenhänge zwischen räumlichen, personenbezogenen und arbeitsbezogenen Merkmalen auf der einen Seite und der Zufriedenheit und Produktivität auf der anderen Seite existieren. Konsequenterweise ist erfolgreiches Arbeiten zu Hause nur durch positive Voraussetzungen aller drei Dimensionen möglich. Dieser Artikel gibt einen ersten Hinweis darauf, dass tatsächlich nur rund 25 % der Arbeitnehmenden, die die Möglichkeit haben von zu Hause zu arbeiten, dort auch erfolgreich sind. Im dritten Forschungsartikel werden die Ergebnisse aus der zweiten Studie aufgegriffen. So ist das Ziel, diese 25 % der erfolgreich von zu Hause arbeitenden Arbeitnehmenden, näher zu betrachten. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass insbesondere berufserfahrenere Arbeitnehmende, die in gut ausgestatteten Wohnimmobilien leben und eine hohe Arbeitsautonomie haben im Work from Home erfolgreich arbeiten können. Weniger erfolgreich im Work from Home sind vor allem Berufseinsteiger, die häufig in Immobilien wohnen, die nicht für das Work from Home geeignet sind. Der vierte Artikel widmet sich konkret der Frage, welchen Einfluss die immobilienwirtschaftlichen Merkmale auf die Zufriedenheit und die Produktivität im Work from Home haben. Des Weiteren wird die relative Bedeutung der immobilienwirtschaftlichen Merkmale im Verhältnis zu arbeitsbezogenen und sozial-psychologischen Merkmalen gesetzt. Es zeigt sich, dass die immobilienwirtschaftlichen Merkmale im Work from Home einen hohen Einfluss auf die Zufriedenheit und die Produktivität haben. Im Vergleich zu arbeitsbezogenen und sozial-psychologischen Merkmalen haben die immobilienwirtschaftlichen Merkmale sogar die größte Bedeutung. Der fünfte Forschungsartikel untersucht, welche Aspekte die Kaufabsicht von Smart Homes beeinflussen und welche Rolle die gestiegene Technikaffinität, ausgelöst durch die COVID-19 Pandemie und insbesondere durch Work from Home, einnimmt. Die Kaufabsicht von Smart Homes wird vor allem durch das soziale Umfeld begünstigt. Die Ergebnisse machen aber auch deutlich, dass die gestiegene Technikaffinität die Einstellung gegenüber solchen Wohnimmobilien verbessert, was wiederum zu einer höheren Kaufabsicht führt. Mit diesen Erkenntnissen erweitert die vorliegende Dissertation die Forschung rund um das Thema Work from Home. Work from Home bietet sowohl für die Unternehmen als auch für die Gesellschaft Potentiale. Gleichzeitig zeigt die Dissertation auch Risiken, die mit dem Arbeiten von zu Hause verbunden sind. Nur durch die individuelle Betrachtung der Workforce einer Organisation und durch die Kombination des Büros, Work from Home und dritte Arbeitsorte lassen sich diese Potentiale realisieren. Die Dissertation bietet eine theoretisch-konzeptionelle Einordnung in den aktuellen Stand der Forschung und liefert mit den Ergebnissen Implikationen für die Praxis, um den Herausforderungen im Transformationsprozess der physischen Organisation der Arbeit gerecht zu werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Varieties of the rat race: working hours in the age of abundance (2024)
Zitatform
Behringer, Jan, Martin Gonzalez-Granda & Till van Treeck (2024): Varieties of the rat race: working hours in the age of abundance. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 22, H. 1, S. 141-168. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwac067
Abstract
"We ask why working hours in the rich world have not declined more sharply or even risen at times since the early 1980s, despite a steady increase in productivity, and why they vary so much across rich countries. We use an internationally comparable database on working hours (Bick et al., 2019) and conduct panel data estimations for a sample of 17 European countries and the USA over the period 1983–2019. We find that high or increasing top-end income inequality, decentralized labor relations, and limited government provision of education and other in-kind services contribute to long working hours. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that upward-looking status comparisons in positional consumption (‘Veblen effects’) contribute to a ‘rat race’ of long working hours that is more or less pronounced in different varieties of capitalism." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Mismeasurement of Work Time: Implications for Wage Discrimination and Inequality (2024)
Zitatform
Borjas, George J. & Daniel S. Hamermesh (2024): The Mismeasurement of Work Time: Implications for Wage Discrimination and Inequality. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 32025), Cambridge, Mass, 44 S.
Abstract
"Comparing measures of work time in the recall CPS-ASEC data with contemporaneous measures reveals many logical inconsistencies and probable errors. About 8 percent of ASEC respondents report weeks worked last year that contradict their current work histories in the Basic monthly interviews; the error rate is over 50 percent among workers who move in and out of the workforce. Over 20 percent give contradictory information about whether they usually work a full-time weekly schedule. Part of the inconsistency arises because an increasing fraction of ASEC respondents (over 20 percent by 2018) consists of people whose record was fully imputed. The levels and trends of the errors differ by gender and race, and they affect measured wage differentials between 1978 to 2018. Adjusting for the errors and imputations, gender wage gaps among all workers narrowed by 4 log points more than is commonly reported, and residual wage inequality decreased by 6 log points more. In a very carefully defined sample of full-time year-round workers, gender and racial wage differentials narrowed slightly less than previously estimated using ASEC data, but much more than indicated by commonly used estimates from CPS Outgoing Rotation Groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Quality hours: Measuring labor input (2024)
Braun, Christine; Kydland, Finn; Rupert, Peter;Zitatform
Braun, Christine, Finn Kydland & Peter Rupert (2024): Quality hours: Measuring labor input. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 88. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102504
Abstract
"We construct an aggregate labor input series from 1979 to 2019 to adjust for changes in the experience and education levels of the workforce using the Current Population Survey’s Outgoing Rotation Groups. We compare the cyclical behavior of labor input to aggregate hours — finding that labor input is about 9% less volatile over the business cycle and that the quality of the workforce is countercyclical. We show that the decrease in labor productivity beginning in 2004, the ‘‘productivity slowdown,’’ is understated by 12 percentage points when using aggregate hours instead of labor input to calculate productivity, as compared to the 1990–2003 growth rate. Moreover, 39% of the average quarterly growth rate of labor productivity can be attributed to increases in education and experience since 2004." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work Hours Volatility and Child Poverty: The Potential Mitigating Role of Safety Net Programs (2024)
Cai, Julie;Zitatform
Cai, Julie (2024): Work Hours Volatility and Child Poverty: The Potential Mitigating Role of Safety Net Programs. In: Social forces, Jg. 102, H. 3, S. 902-925. DOI:10.1093/sf/soad109
Abstract
"Despite established links among persistent unemployment, low wages, and children’s economic well-being, social scientists have yet to document how variability in work hours is linked to child poverty. Our knowledge of the safety net’s heterogeneous responses to work-hour instability is also limited. This is of critical importance for scholars and policymakers. Using nationally representative data collected every 4 months, this paper examines how intra-year work-hour volatility is related to child poverty, measured through both the official poverty measure (OPM) and the supplemental poverty measure (SPM). It further assesses varying degrees of buffering effects of cash, in-kind benefits, and tax transfers on income in the context of work-hour volatility. Results indicate that more than one in four households (26%) facing the greatest volatility lived under the poverty line. Black and Hispanic children, as well as those living with unpartnered single mothers, faced substantially higher variability in household market hours worked. Hispanic children experienced not only greater volatility in their caregivers’ work hours but also higher poverty level, even after taking government programs into account. In-kind benefits are more effective in buffering household income declines resulting from unstable work hours, followed by tax transfers and cash benefits. The effectiveness of near-cash benefits is particularly salient among Black children and children of single mothers. These results provide new evidence to inform policy discussions surrounding the best ways to help socioeconomically disadvantaged families to retain benefits and smooth their income in the face of frequent variation in work hours and, thus, earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Overwork and the use of paid leave and flexible work policies in U.S. workplaces (2024)
Zitatform
Cha, Youngjoo & Rebecca K. Grady (2024): Overwork and the use of paid leave and flexible work policies in U.S. workplaces. In: Social science research, Jg. 121. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103006
Abstract
"Employees in today’s workplace express strong desire for policies allowing for temporal flexibility (e.g., paid time off, schedule change, working from home), yet these policies are underutilized even when employees have them. We argue that an occupational norm that emphasizes long work hours is a key to understanding this puzzle. Using individual-level data from the Leave Module of the 2011 American Time Use Survey (supplemented with the 2017–2018 version), matched with occupation-level data constructed from O*NET and the American Community Surveys, we show that individuals working in occupations with higher prevalence of “overwork” (defined by working 50 or more hours per week) are less likely to use paid leave. For flexible work policies, the same pattern is found for childless men, fathers, and childless women, but mothers are more likely to use them in occupations with higher prevalence of overwork. Our decomposition analysis shows that widespread overwork in professional and managerial occupations offsets much of what makes them amenable to the use of leave and flexible work policies, relative to other occupations. These findings suggest that even when policies are available, the success of flexible work policies largely depends on how organizations tackle the overwork norm." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How Work Hour Variability Matters for Work-to-Family Conflict (2024)
Zitatform
Cho, Hyojin, Susan J. Lambert, Emily Ellis & Julia R. Henly (2024): How Work Hour Variability Matters for Work-to-Family Conflict. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 38, H. 6, S. 1611-1635. DOI:10.1177/09500170231218191
Abstract
"Variable work hours are an understudied source of work-to-family conflict (WFC). We examine the relationships between the magnitude and direction of work hour variability and WFC and whether work hour control and schedule predictability moderate these relationships. We estimate a series of linear regressions using the 2016 US General Social Survey, examining women and men workers separately and together. Findings indicate that as the magnitude of work hour variability increases, so does WFC, controlling for the usual number of hours worked. Work hour control helps to protect workers, especially women, from WFC when work hour variability is high and hours surge. Although schedule predictability tempers the relationship between work hour variability and WFC, its potency diminishes as variability increases. Our study emphasizes the potential benefit to workers and families of government policies and employer practices that promote work hour stability, schedule predictability, and equity in employee work hour control." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Time use, college attainment, and the working-from-home revolution (2024)
Cowan, Benjamin;Zitatform
Cowan, Benjamin (2024): Time use, college attainment, and the working-from-home revolution. In: Journal of Population Economics, Jg. 37. DOI:10.1007/s00148-024-01036-5
Abstract
"I demonstrate that the profound change in working from home (WFH) in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic is concentrated among individuals with college degrees. Relative to 2015–2019, the number of minutes worked from home on “post-pandemic” (August 2021–December 2022) weekdays increased by 78 min for college graduates; for non-graduates, the increase was 22 min. The share of work done at home (for those who worked at all) increased by 22% for graduates and 7% for non-graduates. I examine how time-use patterns change for college graduates relative to non-graduates over the same period. Average minutes worked changed little for either group. Daily time spent traveling (e.g., commuting) fell by 21 min for college graduates and 6 min for non-graduates. College graduates experience a relative shift from eating out to eating at home, an increase in free time, and an increase in time spent with children, with the latter effect concentrated among fathers. Thus, while the gender gap in childcare among college graduates may be diminished by the WFH revolution, gaps in children's outcomes by parents' college attainment may be exacerbated by it." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor Market Effects of Workweek Restrictions: Evidence from the Great Depression (2024)
Zitatform
Fishback, Price, Chris Vickers & Nicolas L. Ziebarth (2024): Labor Market Effects of Workweek Restrictions: Evidence from the Great Depression. In: American Economic Journal. Macroeconomics, Jg. 16, H. 4, S. 77-113. DOI:10.1257/mac.20220188
Abstract
"We study the effects of restrictions on the length of the workweek under the President’s Reemployment Agreement (PRA)of July 1933 and the National Industrial Recovery Act. We construct a model in which the equilibrium without such a workweek restriction has an inefficiently low level of employment. We find that employment rose by about 24 percent in the month following the imposition of the workweek restriction. Industries with longer workweeks pre-PRA experienced 9.4 percent faster growth in hourly earnings post-PRA, but this increase was not sufficient to prevent a relative fall in weekly earnings in these industries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Hidden Demand for Flexibility: a Theory for Gendered Employment Dynamics (2024)
Frech, Maria; Maideu-Morera, Gerard;Zitatform
Frech, Maria & Gerard Maideu-Morera (2024): The Hidden Demand for Flexibility: a Theory for Gendered Employment Dynamics. (Working papers / Toulouse School of Economics 2024-1588), Toulouse, 67 S.
Abstract
"Empirical evidence highlights women's demand for flexible working hours as a critical cause of the persistent gender disparities in the labor market. We propose a theory of how hidden demand for flexibility drives gendered employment dynamics. We develop a dynamic contracting model between an employer and an employee whose time availability is stochastic and unverifiable. We model men and women only to differ in their probability of having low time availability, which we measure in the ATUS. We explore contracts designed specifically for each gender (gender-tailored) and the polar case where a male-tailored contract is given to both men and women. For the latter, we show that contracting frictions endogenously give rise to well-documented gendered labor market outcomes: (i) the divergence and non-convergence of gender earnings differentials over the life-cycle, and (ii) women's shorter job duration and weaker labor force attachment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gendered Change: 150 Years of Transformation in US Hours (2024)
Ngai, L. Rachel; Olivetti, Claudia; Petrongolo, Barbara;Zitatform
Ngai, L. Rachel, Claudia Olivetti & Barbara Petrongolo (2024): Gendered Change: 150 Years of Transformation in US Hours. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 32475), Cambridge, Mass, 54 S.
Abstract
"Women's contribution to the economy has been markedly underestimated in predominantly agricultural societies, due to their widespread involvement in unpaid agricultural work. Combining data from the US Census and several early sources, we create a consistent measure of male and female employment and hours for the US for 1870-2019, including paid work and unpaid work in family farms and non-farm businesses. The resulting measure of hours traces a U-shape for women, with a modest decline up to mid-20th century followed by a sustained increase, and a monotonic decline for men. We propose a multisector economy with uneven productivity growth, income effects, and consumption complementarity across sectoral outputs. During early development stages, declining agriculture leads to rising services -- both in the market and the home -- and leisure, reducing market work for both genders. In later stages, structural transformation reallocates labor from manufacturing into services, while marketization reallocates labor from home to market services. Given gender comparative advantages, the first channel is more relevant for men, reducing male hours, while the second channel is more relevant for women, increasing female hours. Our quantitative illustration suggests that structural transformation and marketization can account for the overall decline in market hours from 1880-1950, and one quarter of the rise and decline, respectively, in female and male market hours from 1950-2019." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Adapting or compounding? The effects of recurring labour shocks on stated and revealed preferences for redistribution (2023)
Zitatform
Cotofan, Maria & Konstantinos Matakos (2023): Adapting or compounding? The effects of recurring labour shocks on stated and revealed preferences for redistribution. (CEP discussion paper / Centre for Economic Performance 1957), London, 34 S.
Abstract
"The evidence on the impact of employment shocks on preferences for redistribution is mixed on stated outcomes and sparse on revealed ones. We conduct a survey of US workers to measure the impact of repeated labour market shocks on both stated and revealed redistributive preferences. We measure the former by support on seven different policies and the latter through donations. We look at experiences of both mild shocks (having to reduce working hours) and hard shocks (unemployment), as well as past unemployment during formative years. We find evidence of adaptation to unemployment on policy preferences and compounding for milder shocks on donations, suggesting that the effects of repeated shocks on preferences for redistribution are not independent. Our results show that unemployment impacts preferences in a self-interested way, while milder shocks lead to broader support for redistribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employer Wage Subsidy Caps and Part-Time Work (2023)
Zitatform
Elvery, Joel A., C. Lockwood Reynolds & Shawn M. Rohlin (2023): Employer Wage Subsidy Caps and Part-Time Work. In: ILR review, Jg. 76, H. 1, S. 189-209. DOI:10.1177/00197939221102865
Abstract
"Using tract-level US Census data and triple-difference estimators, the authors test whether firms increase their use of part-time workers when faced with capped wage subsidies. By limiting the maximum subsidy per worker, such subsidies create incentives for firms to increase the share of their payroll that is eligible for the subsidy by increasing use of part-time or low-wage workers. Results suggest that firms located in federal Empowerment Zones in the United States responded to the program’s capped wage subsidies by expanding their use of part-time workers, particularly in locations where the subsidy cap is likely to bind. Results also show a shift toward hiring lower-skill workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does work time reduction improve workers' well-being? Evidence from global four-day workweek trials (2023)
Zitatform
Fan, Wen, Juliet Schor, Orla Kelly & Guolin Gu (2023): Does work time reduction improve workers' well-being? Evidence from global four-day workweek trials. (SocArXiv papers), 46 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/7ucy9
Abstract
"Time spent on the job is a fundamental aspect of working conditions that influences many aspects of individuals’ lives. In this ground-breaking research, we study how an organization-wide four-day workweek Intervention - with no reduction in pay - affects workers’ well-being. Participating organizations undergo pre-trial work reorganisation to improve efficiency and collaboration, followed by a six-month four-day workweek trial. Based on data collected from 2,134 employees in 123 organizations before and after the trial, we find that the trial leads to improvements in multiple measures of subjective well-being, including burnout, job satisfaction, positive affect, mental health, and physical health. Larger reductions in individuals' weekly hours predict greater gains in well-being outcomes. Mediation analysis indicates that three factors significantly contribute to the relationship between reduced working hours and increased well-being: improvements in self-reported work ability, reductions in sleep problems, and decreased levels of fatigue." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
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Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug