Arbeitszeit: Verlängern? Verkürzen? Flexibilisieren?
Standen in früheren Jahren erst die Verkürzung der Arbeitszeit und dann die Arbeitszeitverlängerung im Zentrum der Debatten, ist nun eine flexible Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit der Wunsch von Unternehmen und vielen Beschäftigten. Die Politik fragt vor diesem Hintergrund: wie kann Arbeitszeitpolitik die Schaffung neuer Arbeitsplätze und die Sicherung vorhandener Arbeitsplätze unterstützen?
Die Infoplattform bietet weiterführende Informationen zu dieser Frage, zur Entwicklung der Arbeitszeiten in Deutschland auch im internationalen Vergleich, zur betrieblichen Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit und zu den Arbeitszeitwünschen der Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmern.
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
-
Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- flexible Arbeitszeitmodelle insgesamt
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonto
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
-
Literaturhinweis
Sources of fluctuations in hours worked for Canada, Germany, Japan and the U.S.: a sign restriction VAR approach (2019)
Huh, Hyeon-seung; Kim, David;Zitatform
Huh, Hyeon-seung & David Kim (2019): Sources of fluctuations in hours worked for Canada, Germany, Japan and the U.S. A sign restriction VAR approach. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 51, H. 15, S. 1634-1646. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2018.1528333
Abstract
"This study empirically examines the sources of fluctuations in hours worked in Canada, Germany, Japan and the U.S. It is particularly motivated by Galí's (1999) VAR study, which demonstrates that a positive technology shock reduces hours worked, at least in the short run. However, in the present study, a technology shock is identified without recourse to Galí's long-run restriction, which has been subject to active controversy. Furthermore, this study uncovers other important sources of fluctuations in hours worked to reflect the concern, raised by numerous studies, that technology shocks leave most variations in hours worked unexplained. Specifically, there are six shocks underlying our model, and they are identified using a set of sign restrictions. The empirical results confirm that in all four countries, a positive technology shock significantly reduces hours worked. This technology shock, along with labor supply and demand shocks, accounts for most of the short-term variations in hours worked. As the forecasting horizon increases, technology and demand shocks become less important, whereas labor supply shocks contribute to explaining the bulk of long-run variations in hours worked. Finally, the empirical relevance of Galí's long-run identification restriction is tested and the results are related to those obtained using the sign restriction model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Telework in the 21st Century: An Evolutionary Perspective (2019)
Messenger, Jon C.;Zitatform
Messenger, Jon C. (Hrsg.) (2019): Telework in the 21st Century. An Evolutionary Perspective. (The ILO Future of Work series), Cheltenham: Elgar, 352 S. DOI:10.4337/9781789903751
Abstract
"Technological developments have enabled a dramatic expansion and also an evolution of telework, broadly defined as using ICTs to perform work from outside of an employer’s premises. This volume offers a new conceptual framework explaining the evolution of telework over four decades. It reviews national experiences from Argentina, Brazil, India, Japan, the United States, and ten EU countries regarding the development of telework, its various forms and effects. It also analyses large-scale surveys and company case studies regarding the incidence of telework and its effects on working time, work-life balance, occupational health and well-being, and individual and organizational performance." (Author's abstract, © Edward Elgar Publishing) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Long working hours and the corporate gender divide in Japan (2013)
Nemoto, Kumiko;Zitatform
Nemoto, Kumiko (2013): Long working hours and the corporate gender divide in Japan. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 20, H. 5, S. 512-527. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2012.00599.x
Abstract
"While the workplace custom of working long hours has been known to exacerbate gender inequality, few have investigated the organizational mechanisms by which long working hours translate into and reinforce the power and status differences between men and women in the workplace. Drawing on 64 in-depth interviews with workers at financial and cosmetics companies in Japan, this article examines three circumstances in which a culture of long working hours is disadvantageous for women workers, and the consequences of those circumstances: (a) managers in Japanese firms, reinforcing gender stereotypes, prioritize work over personal and family lives; (b) non - career-track women experience depressed aspirations in relation to long working hours and young women express a wish to opt out due to the incompatibility of work with family life; and (c) workers who are mothers deal with extra unpaid family work, stress such as guilt from leaving work early, salary reduction and concerns over their limited chances for promotion. The article argues that the norm of working long hours not only exacerbates the structural inequality of gender but also shapes employed women's career paths into the dichotomized patterns of either emulating workplace masculinity or opting out." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Teleworking and changing workplaces (2013)
Sato, Akio;Zitatform
Sato, Akio (2013): Teleworking and changing workplaces. In: Japan labor review, Jg. 10, H. 3, S. 56-69.
Abstract
"There has been much expectation for teleworking, which has many potential uses as 'the flexible labor form without restriction of time and place.' However, the relationships between the three labor forms of teleworking (telecommuting, mobile-working, at-home working) and workplaces are changing rapidly in Tate years. The main inducement for firms to adopt telecommuting was the attainment of work-life balance. But, after the Tohoku Earthquake, it has been replaced with the Business Continuity Plan (BCP) and saving electricity. It has been assumed that the mobile-workers work outside their offices, but in many cases, they work in their own homes after working hours to cope with their increased workload, because the mobile-work has led to abolition of offices and clerical workers who dealt with the paperwork. The at-home workers who take on specialist jobs were paid a relatively good reward in the past. But the fees for at-home works mediated through the agents based on a bid system have been declining drastically. Recent teleworking is apparently becoming a way to achieve higher labor efficiency by allowing labor space to encroach on personal space. Further detailed studies are urgently needed to capture such changes in teleworking." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The era of the 24-hour society?: assessing changes in work timing using a Japanese time use survey (2012)
Kuroda, Sachiko; Yamamoto, Isamu;Zitatform
Kuroda, Sachiko & Isamu Yamamoto (2012): The era of the 24-hour society? Assessing changes in work timing using a Japanese time use survey. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 19, H. 11, S. 1035-1038. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2011.613740
Abstract
"Using data from a Japanese time use survey, we show a noteworthy increase in the share of employees working at unusual hours (late night and early morning) over a period of a decade since the mid-1990s. When controlling for changes in hours worked, however, we find that the notable increase in the fraction of people at work at unusual hours was for low-income nonregular employees (part-time, temporary and contract workers) while relatively higher income regular employees' work timing remains stable. These observations imply that there is a trend of diversification of work timing in Japan between regular and nonregular employees. A possible explanation is that the increase in the average hours worked per weekday by regular employees, possibly because of the spread of the 5-day workweek since the 1990s, increased services and goods demand at unusual hours as they returned home. An Oaxaca-Blinder type decomposition suggests that such an increase in the average hours worked by regular employees explains partially the rise in the employment rate of nonregular employees at unusual times." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
It's all about control: worker control over schedule and hours in cross-national context (2012)
Lyness, Karen S.; Stone, Pamela; Grotto, Angela R.; Gornick, Janet C.;Zitatform
Lyness, Karen S., Janet C. Gornick, Pamela Stone & Angela R. Grotto (2012): It's all about control: worker control over schedule and hours in cross-national context. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 77, H. 6, S. 1023-1049. DOI:10.1177/0003122412465331
Abstract
"Workers' ability to control their work schedules and hours varies significantly among industrialized countries. We integrate and extend prior research from a variety of literatures to examine antecedents of control and worker outcomes. Using hierarchical linear modeling and data for 21 countries from the 1997 ISSP Work Orientations Survey supplemented with national indicators developed from a variety of sources, we find that control is associated with country characteristics (affluence, welfare state generosity, union coverage, and working-time regulations), worker attributes (being male, being older, and being better educated), and job characteristics (working part-time, being self-employed, having higher earnings, and having more advancement opportunities). We also examine the relationship of control to job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and strain-based work-family conflict. Generally, low levels of control are linked to negative outcomes for workers, especially for women, an effect sometimes modulated by country-level policy measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Aggregate hours worked in OECD countries: new measurement and implications for business cycles (2012)
Zitatform
Ohanian, Lee E. & Andrea Raffo (2012): Aggregate hours worked in OECD countries. New measurement and implications for business cycles. In: Journal of monetary economics, Jg. 59, H. 1, S. 40-56. DOI:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2011.11.005
Abstract
"We build a dataset of quarterly hours worked for 14 OECD countries. We document that hours are as volatile as output, that a large fraction of labor adjustment takes place along the intensive margin, and that the volatility of hours relative to output has increased over time. We use these data to reassess the Great Recession and prior recessions. The Great Recession in many countries is a puzzle in that labor wedges are small, while those in the U.S. Great Recession - and those in previous European recessions - are much larger." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Working hours of white-collar workers in terms of work characteristics and personal characteristics (2011)
Ogura, Kazuya;Zitatform
Ogura, Kazuya (2011): Working hours of white-collar workers in terms of work characteristics and personal characteristics. In: Japan labor review, Jg. 8, H. 3, S. 138-154.
Abstract
"In order to explore factors causing long working hours, we conducted a survey by interview targeting white-collar workers and reanalyzed data obtained through the survey by questionnaire that we had conducted previously. The results of the interview suggest that the length of working hours vary depending on (i) work characteristics, such as ways of working and relationships with customers, (ii) management of the working stall of a company, such as the workforce and working hours, and (iii) personal characteristics of each worker, such as their willingness to work. We analyzed the factors (i) and (iii), which can be ascertained quantitatively by using surrogate indicators. As a result, we found out that work characteristics affect male workers to some extent, while personal characteristics have rather clear influences on both male and female workers. That is to say, the strength of one's work-oriented attitude affects the length of the total actual working hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Labor supply responses to the 1990s Japanese tax reforms (2011)
Zitatform
Yamada, Ken (2011): Labor supply responses to the 1990s Japanese tax reforms. In: Labour economics, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 539-546. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2010.11.011
Abstract
"The consumption-leisure choice model implies that an exogenous change in tax rates will induce a change in labor supply. This implication is expected to be important to labor supplied by secondary earners under a progressive tax system when spousal income alters effective marginal tax rates. This paper examines labor supply responses to the income tax changes associated with Japanese tax reforms during the 1990s. The results indicate that the hours-of-work elasticity with respect to the net-of-tax rate is 0.8 for married women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Research study on diversification of working places and working hours (2010)
Ogura, Kazuya;Zitatform
Ogura, Kazuya (2010): Research study on diversification of working places and working hours. In: Japan Labor Review, Jg. 7, H. 2, S. 97-114.
Abstract
"This paper investigates and discusses the reality and issues of the diversification of working places and working hours. I conducted a questionnaire survey involving approximately 6,400 regular employees and carried out interviews with companies that already put in place the home-based work system. In this study, I found the following: The apparent flexibility of working hours leads to longer hours of works. In Japan, the 'flexibility' of working hours contributes to longer working hours for many regular employees. In addition, a worker having more than one working place or a worker working at his/her own home tends to work longer. Many of those who work at home, in reality, perform, at their discretion, 'overtime work at home.' Measures to reduce such overtime work at home include the utilization of the home-based work system which allows workers to perform their jobs at their homes. Yet, in order to avoid lack of communication, to alleviate a sense of unfairness and to prevent long hours of works, the flexibility in designing and implementing the home-based work system will be of importance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
International comparisons of hours worked: an assessment of the statistics (2009)
Fleck, Susan E.;Zitatform
Fleck, Susan E. (2009): International comparisons of hours worked: an assessment of the statistics. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 132, H. 5, S. 3-31.
Abstract
"A study of 13 countries reveals that measures of hours worked based on administrative sources are relatively low while measures based on establishment and labor force surveys are relatively high; thus, although ever improving, these measures cannot yet be taken at face value and are useful only for broad comparisons." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Working time in the EU and other global economies: industrial relations in the EU and other global economies 2006-7 (2008)
Demetriades, Stavroula; Perdersini, Roberto;Zitatform
Demetriades, Stavroula & Roberto Perdersini (2008): Working time in the EU and other global economies. Industrial relations in the EU and other global economies 2006-7. Dublin, 66 S.
Abstract
"Globalisation is having a profound impact on economies and industrial relations systems all around the world. In the context of global competition, it is increasingly relevant to look at Europe's economic development in a wider perspective. This report explores the main industrial relations developments in the European Union, Japan and the US in the period 2006-2007. It charts the similarities and trends in industrial relations as well as the differences in basic structures and developments between these three major economies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Contesting time: International comparisons of employee control of working time (2004)
Zitatform
Berg, Peter, Eileen Appelbaum, Tom Bailey & Arne L. Kalleberg (2004): Contesting time: International comparisons of employee control of working time. In: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Jg. 57, H. 3, S. 331-349. DOI:10.1177/001979390405700301
Abstract
"The authors hypothesize that three broad factors affect the degree of workers' control over the timing and the total hours of their work: the institutional and regulatory environment within the country, labor market conditions, and management and labor union strategies. Drawing from their Interviews in 2000 with managers, public sector policy-makers and administrators, and union Leaders, as well as from previous literature, they illustrate how these factors actually affected working time and employee control over working time in the United States, Australia, Japan, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Their comparative analysis shows that in some countries, employers and labor unions negotiated contracts that increased employee control over working time and provided employers with greater flexibility; in others, employee control over working time remained unevenly distributed across the occupational spectrum." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Entwicklung und Stand der Arbeitszeitflexibilisierung in Deutschland: Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Große Anfrage der Fraktion der FDP (2002)
Zitatform
Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Sozialordnung (2002): Entwicklung und Stand der Arbeitszeitflexibilisierung in Deutschland. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Große Anfrage der Fraktion der FDP. (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 14/9177 (29.05.2002)), 53 S.
Abstract
In der Drucksache werden Fragen zur allgemeinen Entwicklung der Arbeitszeit, zur Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeit - auch im Vergleich zu anderen Ländern - und zur Regelung der Sonn- und Feiertagsarbeit beantwortet. (IAB)
-
Literaturhinweis
Arbeitszeit und Zeitwohlstand im internationalen Vergleich (2001)
Garhammer, Manfred;Zitatform
Garhammer, Manfred (2001): Arbeitszeit und Zeitwohlstand im internationalen Vergleich. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 54, H. 4, S. 231-241.
Abstract
"Der Beitrag vergleicht mit repräsentativen Daten die Lebensqualität von Berufstätigen in der EU, den USA und Japan. Immer mehr Menschen erleben ständig Zeitnot, immer mehr definieren ihre Lebensqualität nicht nur über Güter-, sondern auch über Zeitwohlstand. Zur Erfassung von Zeitwohlstand wird ein Indikatorensystem vorgeschlagen, das individuelle Zeitressourcen und kollektive Zeitinstitutionen umfasst. Multivariate Analysen von Daten aus Deutschland weisen auf den eminenten Beitrag langer und flexibler Arbeitszeiten für die Betroffenheit durch Zeitnot hin. Der anschließende internationale Vergleich untersucht Mehrarbeit und geringfügige Beschäftigung, tatsächliche und Wunscharbeitszeiten und Zeitinstitutionen (Feiertage, Urlaub, Wochenende) wie die Verteilung von Zeitwohlstand auf Frauen und Männer. Die nach einer Faktorenanalyse über 55 Indikatoren erhaltenen Cluster ähnlicher Nationen zeigen, wie wichtig verschiedene Wohlfahrtsregime für die internationale Variation der Lebensqualität sind, ebenso wie für eine noch vorhandene, wenn auch gefährdete westeuropäishce Identität im Vergleich zu den USA und Japan." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Partial retirement and pension policy in industrialized countries (2000)
Latulippe, Denis; Turner, John;Zitatform
Latulippe, Denis & John Turner (2000): Partial retirement and pension policy in industrialized countries. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 139, H. 2, S. 179-195.
Abstract
Die Autoren diskutieren Auswirkungen und Vor- und Nachteile der Altersteilzeit in Industrieländern und geben einen knappen Überblick über die einschlägigen Regelungen in acht Ländern (Deutschland, Frankreich, Belgien, Niederlande, Japan, USA, Norwegen, Schweden). (IAB)
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
-
Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- flexible Arbeitszeitmodelle insgesamt
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonto
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug