Arbeitszeit: Verlängern? Verkürzen? Flexibilisieren?
Standen in früheren Jahren erst die Verkürzung der Arbeitszeit und dann die Arbeitszeitverlängerung im Zentrum der Debatten, ist nun eine flexible Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit der Wunsch von Unternehmen und vielen Beschäftigten. Die Politik fragt vor diesem Hintergrund: wie kann Arbeitszeitpolitik die Schaffung neuer Arbeitsplätze und die Sicherung vorhandener Arbeitsplätze unterstützen?
Die Infoplattform bietet weiterführende Informationen zu dieser Frage, zur Entwicklung der Arbeitszeiten in Deutschland auch im internationalen Vergleich, zur betrieblichen Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit und zu den Arbeitszeitwünschen der Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmern.
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
-
Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- flexible Arbeitszeitmodelle insgesamt
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonto
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Flexible work arrangements for work-life balance: a cross-national policy evaluation from a capabilities perspective (2023)
Zitatform
Brega, Carla, Samuel Briones, Jana Javornik, Margarita León & Mara Yerkes (2023): Flexible work arrangements for work-life balance: a cross-national policy evaluation from a capabilities perspective. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 43, H. 13/14, S. 278-294. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-03-2023-0077
Abstract
"Purpose: This paper aims to assess the design of national-level flexible work arrangement (FWA) policies, evaluating their potential to serve as an effective resource for employees to work flexibly depending on how they set the stage for flexibility claims that will be subject to industrial and workplace dynamics. Design/methodology/approach Using a capability approach, the authors conceptualize and operationalize two aspects of FWA policy design, namely accessibility and availability. The authors' analysis allows for an understanding of how the availability and accessibility of national FWA policies explicitly and implicitly restrict or facilitate flexible working in a structural manner. The study focuses on countries with differing working time regimes and gender norms on work and care: the Netherlands, Spain and Slovenia. Findings The authors' findings highlight how FWA accessibility is broader when national policy is specified and FWA availability is not conditional to care. In Spain and Slovenia, access to FWAs depends on whether employees have care responsibilities, which reduces accessibility and reinforces gender imbalances in care provision. In contrast, the Netherlands provides FWAs universally, resulting in wider availability and accessibility of FWAs for employees regardless of their care responsibilities. Despite this universal provision, gender imbalances remain. Originality/value The originality of this paper lies in its conceptualization and operationalization of FWAs at the national level using a capability approach. The study adds to the existing literature on flexible working and provides insights for policymakers to design more effective FWAs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Motivational Drivers of Extensive Work Effort: Are Long Hours Always Detrimental to Well-being? (2020)
Zitatform
Avgoustaki, Argyro & Almudena Cañibano (2020): Motivational Drivers of Extensive Work Effort: Are Long Hours Always Detrimental to Well-being? In: Industrial Relations, Jg. 59, H. 3, S. 355-398. DOI:10.1111/irel.12263
Abstract
"Is extensive work effort always detrimental to professionals? well-being? We argue that the link between extensive work effort and well-being depends on the reasons why professionals work extended hours. Drawing on self-determination theory and data from an international consultancy firm, we show that extrinsically driven work effort is negatively related to well-being, while intrinsically driven work effort is positively related to well-being. A reinforcing effect seems to exist between the two types of motivators, revealing that intrinsically driven work effort has both a direct and an indirect link to well-being, mitigating the downsides of extrinsically driven work effort." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Eldercare hours, work hours and perceived filial obligations (2020)
Zitatform
Mazzotta, Fernanda, Francesca Bettio & Valentina Zigante (2020): Eldercare hours, work hours and perceived filial obligations. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 52, H. 21, S. 2219-2238. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2019.1687839
Abstract
"In this paper, we take a fresh look at the magnitude of the trade-off between caring informally for a parent and paid work. We adopt a simultaneous approach with a primary focus on how hours of care are influenced by hours of work rather than the other way round. We also investigate the role that filial obligations play in choices of caring versus working. Using the SHARE data (2004 and 2006) we find that the elasticity of informal care hours in response to working hours is between −0.17 in the caregivers sample and −0.19 in the women-only caregivers sample; small but not negligible. Moreover, we find that a 10%increase in the index measuring the strength of filial obligations increases weekly hours of care by about two and a half hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Desired hours worked over the business cycle: stylised facts for European countries (2020)
Tuda, Dora;Zitatform
Tuda, Dora (2020): Desired hours worked over the business cycle: stylised facts for European countries. (Trinity economics papers 1320), Dublin, 37 S.
Abstract
"This paper documents stylised facts on desired hours per employed worker in European countries and identifies the effect of recessions on desired hours. Actual hours worked are usually used to estimate preferences on the labour market. However, actual hours are constrained by labour demand and therefore measure hours worked in the general equilibrium. Descriptive statistics from EU Labour Force Survey show that desired hours are countercyclical and that the underemployment gap increases due to higher desired hours worked of employed individuals. I identify the effect of recessions on desired hours using variation in regional unemployment rates from 2000 to 2017. I find that a 1 percentage point higher unemployment rate increases desired hours, on average, by 2 - 8 hours on a yearly level (3 - 5 minutes in the reference week). The results offer a lower bound estimate for the whole sample period of booms and busts. To narrow the sample period, I use a panel of individuals from the French LFS (EEC) and find even bigger effects. In France, from 2007q4 to 2009q1, an increase in regional unemployment rate by 1 percentage point increases desired hours by 1.6 hours in the reference week. Bottom decile of the income distribution significantly increases desired hours in all countries, suggesting an income effect labour supply response in recessions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
'Women's work penalty' in access to flexible working arrangements across Europe (2019)
Zitatform
Chung, Heejung (2019): 'Women's work penalty' in access to flexible working arrangements across Europe. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 23-40. DOI:10.1177/0959680117752829
Abstract
"Many assume that women and workers in female-dominated workplaces will have better access to flexible working arrangements. Some use this as justification for the low wages found in these workplaces. Yet, empirical results are mixed. I explore this question by examining workers' access to schedule control across 27 European countries, and find no discernible gender differences in access to schedule control when individual and company-level characteristics are taken into account. However, working in female-dominated jobs and/or sectors significantly reduces access to schedule control for both men and women. This 'women's work penalty' in female-dominated sectors varies across Europe but nowhere was the access better compared to sectors where both genders are equally represented. This raises concerns regarding the lack of favourable working conditions, in addition to low pay found in female-dominated workplaces." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Why Spanish working fathers do not request the reconciliation measures available in their companies? (2018)
Belope-Nguema, Sabina; Andrés Fernández-Cornejo, José; Del Pozo-García, Eva; Escot, Lorenzo;Zitatform
Belope-Nguema, Sabina, José Andrés Fernández-Cornejo, Lorenzo Escot & Eva Del Pozo-García (2018): Why Spanish working fathers do not request the reconciliation measures available in their companies? In: Social Politics, Jg. 25, H. 2, S. 201-228. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxy010
Abstract
"Many working fathers would be potential users of the existing reconciliation measures but they do not request them. One barrier they encounter is the lack of sensitivity on the part of corporate culture to men who want to balance work and family life. We use a sample of Spanish wage-earner fathers and path analysis to analyze - following Sen's capability approach - how companies that support the use of reconciliation measures by fathers can reduce the gap between theoretical rights to and effective use of reconciliation measures, which leads to a decrease in levels of work - family conflict experienced by these working fathers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Hours worked in Europe and the US: new data, new answers (2016)
Zitatform
Bick, Alexander, Bettina Brüggemann & Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln (2016): Hours worked in Europe and the US. New data, new answers. (IZA discussion paper 10179), Bonn, 44 S.
Abstract
"We use national labor force surveys from 1983 through 2011 to construct hours worked per person on the aggregate level and for different demographic groups for 18 European countries and the US. We find that Europeans work 19% fewer hours than US citizens. Differences in weeks worked and in the educational composition each account for one third to one half of this gap. Lower hours per person than in the US are in addition driven by lower weekly hours worked in Scandinavia and Western Europe, but by lower employment rates in Eastern and Southern Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Long workweeks and strange hours (2015)
Zitatform
Hamermesh, Daniel S. & Elena Stancanelli (2015): Long workweeks and strange hours. In: ILR review, Jg. 68, H. 5, S. 1007-1018. DOI:10.1177/0019793915592375
Abstract
"U.S. workweeks are long compared to workweeks in other rich countries. Much less well-known is that Americans are more likely to work at night and on weekends. The authors examine the relationship between these two phenomena using the American Time Use Survey and time-diary data from France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Only small portions of the U.S. - European differences are attributable to observable characteristics. Adjusting for demographic and occupational differences, Americans' incidence of night and weekend work would drop by no more than 10% if the average European workweek prevailed. Even if no Americans worked long hours, the incidence of unusual work times in the United States would far exceed those in continental Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The gender informal care gap (2015)
Roit, Barbara Da; Hoogenboom, Marcel; Weicht, Bernhard;Zitatform
Roit, Barbara Da, Marcel Hoogenboom & Bernhard Weicht (2015): The gender informal care gap. In: European Societies, Jg. 17, H. 2, S. 199-218. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2015.1007153
Abstract
"This article investigates the relationship between the 'gender informal care gap' - the relative contributions of women to informal care for non-co-resident relatives and other members of social networks, compared to men - and public care policies, level of care needs, labour market position and gendered care attitudes. Since the literature suggests that none of these factors alone can explain the gender informal care gap, we develop a model based on fuzzy-set/qualitative comparative analysis in order to identify patterns in the relationship between the factors. The analysis conducted at the macro-national level in 13 European countries, suggests that at the macro-level, the availability of public care services is crucial to understanding the gender informal care gap, while women's labour market position, the presence or absence of gendered care attitudes and the level of care needs play no or a relatively minor role." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Women's part-time jobs: "Flexirisky" employment in five European countries (2014)
Blazquez-Cuesta, Maite; Moral Carcedo, Julian;Zitatform
Blazquez-Cuesta, Maite & Julian Moral Carcedo (2014): Women's part-time jobs: "Flexirisky" employment in five European countries. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 150, H. 2, S. 269-292. DOI:10.1111/j.1564-913X.2014.00204.x
Abstract
"European countries currently have segmented labour markets with flexible but insecure - 'flexirisky' - jobs, resulting in significant inequality between different categories of workers. Part-time jobs are one example: their flexibility may help workers reconcile work and family life, and increase women's labour force participation, but part-time employment can also result in new forms of inequality, thereby undermining EU equal opportunity policies. Empirically analysing labour market transitions in Denmark, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain, this article Shows part-timers - who are mostly women - to be at higher risk of unemployment. lt calls for strengthening equality between part-time and full-time workers in terms of employment stability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Long workweeks and strange hours (2014)
Zitatform
Hamermesh, Daniel S. & Elena Stancanelli (2014): Long workweeks and strange hours. (NBER working paper 20449), Cambridge, Mass., 14 S. DOI:10.3386/w20449
Abstract
"American workweeks are long compared to other rich countries'. Much less well-known is that Americans are more likely to work at night and on weekends. We examine the relationship between these two phenomena using the American Time Use Survey and time-diary data from 5 other countries. Adjusting for demographic differences, Americans' incidence of night and weekend work would drop by about 10 percent if European workweeks prevailed. Even if no Americans worked long hours, the incidence of unusual work times in the U.S. would far exceed those in continental Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work and well-being of informal caregivers in Europe (2014)
Heger, Dörte;Zitatform
Heger, Dörte (2014): Work and well-being of informal caregivers in Europe. (Ruhr economic papers 512), Essen, 55 S. DOI:10.4419/86788587
Abstract
"Informelle Pflegerinnen und Pfleger leisten einen wertvollen Beitrag zu der Pflege älterer Menschen. Welche Folgen die Erbringung von Pflege auf die pflegende Person hat, ist jedoch noch nicht vollständig bekannt. Diese Studie verdeutlicht den Zusammenhang zwischen Pflegeerbringung, Arbeit, kognitiven Fähigkeiten und Gesundheit in einem theoretischen Modell und schätzt die Auswirkung von Pflegeerbringung anhand von Längsschnittdaten aus 13 europäischen Ländern. Dabei wird insbesondere der Einfluss institutioneller Faktoren auf die Auswirkungen von Pflegeerbringung analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Pflegeerbringung die Erwerbstätigkeit in Ländern mit einem geringeren professionellen Pflegeangebot stark reduziert. Dagegen leiden in allen Ländern pflegende Personen häufiger an depressiven Symptomen. Die Ergebnisse für kognitive Fähigkeiten und Gesundheit sind gemischt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Employment, late-life work, retirement, and well-being in Europe and the United States (2014)
Zitatform
Nikolova, Milena & Carol Graham (2014): Employment, late-life work, retirement, and well-being in Europe and the United States. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 3, S. 1-30. DOI:10.1186/2193-9012-3-5
Abstract
"Flexible work arrangements and retirement options provide one solution for the challenges of unemployment and underemployment, aging populations, and unsustainable public pension systems in welfare states around the world. We examine the relationships between well-being and job satisfaction on the one hand and employment status and retirement, on the other, using Gallup World Poll data for several European countries and the United States. We find that voluntary part-time workers are happier, experience less stress and anger, and have higher job satisfaction than other employees. Using statistical matching, we show that late-life workers under voluntary part-time or full-time arrangements have higher well-being than retirees. There is no well-being premium for involuntary late-life work and self-employment compared to retirement, however. Our findings inform ongoing debates about the optimal retirement age and the fiscal burdens of public pension systems." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Management und Teilzeitarbeit: Wunsch und Wirklichkeit (2013)
Zitatform
Hipp, Lena & Stefan Stuth (2013): Management und Teilzeitarbeit. Wunsch und Wirklichkeit. (WZBrief Arbeit 15), Berlin, 6 S.
Abstract
"Manager und Managerinnen arbeiten in Europa selten Teilzeit. Auch auf Führungsebene ist Teilzeit 'Frauendomäne'. Teilzeitarbeit im Management wird stark von der Arbeitszeit- und Geschlechterkultur in den Ländern beeinflusst." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Working-week flexibility: implications for employment and productivity (2013)
Osuna, Victoria;Zitatform
Osuna, Victoria (2013): Working-week flexibility. Implications for employment and productivity. (Economics. Discussion papers 2013-27), Kiel, 21 S.
Abstract
"This paper evaluates the implications for employment, productivity and wages of allowing for more flexibility in weekly hours worked introduced in the recent Spanish labour market reform ('the 2012 reform'). A crucial aspect of the model will be the extent to which firms will be able to choose the workweek when subject to demand shocks. The model is calibrated so that it reproduces the cross-sectional distribution of workweeks across plants and households and some features of the Spanish economy. The author compares the status quo steady-state, where a 40 hour workweek is imposed and no flexibility is allowed, with the steady state of economies with a higher degree of flexibility in weekly hours: the 2012 Reform, the Work sharing and the Full flexibility scenarios. She finds that the 2012 reform preserves employment and generates a 1.72% increase in productivity. In the work sharing scenario, the increase in employment (1.86%) comes at the expense of a lower productivity increase (1.31%) and a decrease in weekly hours worked (4%). Finally, the full flexibility scenario preserves employment and generates a substantial increase in productivity (2.6%) by allowing firms to completely adapt to changing economic conditions, by expanding or contracting the working week." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The motherhood penalty in cross-national perspective: the importance of work-family policies and cultural attitudes (2012)
Zitatform
Budig, Michelle J., Joya Misra & Irene Boeckmann (2012): The motherhood penalty in cross-national perspective. The importance of work-family policies and cultural attitudes. In: Social Politics, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 163-193. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxs006
Abstract
"Mothers' employment and earnings partly depend on social policies and cultural norms supporting women's paid and unpaid work. Previous research suggests that work-family policies are deeply shaped by their cultural context. We examine country variation in the associations between motherhood and earnings, in cultural attitudes surrounding women's employment, and in childcare and parental leave policies. We model how cultural attitudes moderate the impact of policies on women's earnings across countries. Parental leaves and public childcare are associated with higher earnings for mothers when cultural support for maternal employment is high, but have less positive or even negative relationships with earnings where cultural attitudes support the male breadwinner/female caregiver model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Self-employed mothers and the work-family conflict (2012)
Zitatform
Gimenez-Nadal, Jose Ignacio, Jose Alberto Molina & Raquel Ortega (2012): Self-employed mothers and the work-family conflict. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 44, H. 17, S. 2133-2147. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2011.558486
Abstract
"We analyse how self-employed and employed mothers allocate their time throughout the day in order to balance their work and family responsibilities. To that end, we use time diary information from Spain, a country with a low level of women's participation in the labour market (Spanish Time Use Survey (STUS), 2002-2003). We find that self-employed mothers devote less time to market work, and more time to tertiary (e.g. sleeping, eating) and leisure activities, than employed mothers in a working day. We also find differences between employed and self-employed mothers in the timing of market work, child care and housework throughout the day, and we find complementarities between the timing of market work of working mothers and the timing of child care of their male partners. Our results on timing are consistent with the hypothesis that self-employment stands as a possible way for mothers to have greater control over the timing of work (flexible hours), and that they may therefore be able to work odd shifts, when the spouse is available to care for the children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
It's all about control: worker control over schedule and hours in cross-national context (2012)
Lyness, Karen S.; Stone, Pamela; Grotto, Angela R.; Gornick, Janet C.;Zitatform
Lyness, Karen S., Janet C. Gornick, Pamela Stone & Angela R. Grotto (2012): It's all about control: worker control over schedule and hours in cross-national context. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 77, H. 6, S. 1023-1049. DOI:10.1177/0003122412465331
Abstract
"Workers' ability to control their work schedules and hours varies significantly among industrialized countries. We integrate and extend prior research from a variety of literatures to examine antecedents of control and worker outcomes. Using hierarchical linear modeling and data for 21 countries from the 1997 ISSP Work Orientations Survey supplemented with national indicators developed from a variety of sources, we find that control is associated with country characteristics (affluence, welfare state generosity, union coverage, and working-time regulations), worker attributes (being male, being older, and being better educated), and job characteristics (working part-time, being self-employed, having higher earnings, and having more advancement opportunities). We also examine the relationship of control to job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and strain-based work-family conflict. Generally, low levels of control are linked to negative outcomes for workers, especially for women, an effect sometimes modulated by country-level policy measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Tensions between work and home: job quality and working conditions in the institutional contexts of Germany and Spain (2011)
Drobnic, Sonja; Rodríguez, Ana M. Guillén;Zitatform
Drobnic, Sonja & Ana M. Guillén Rodríguez (2011): Tensions between work and home. Job quality and working conditions in the institutional contexts of Germany and Spain. In: Social Politics, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 232-268. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxr008
Abstract
"Good jobs can generate capabilities that allow employees to avoid tensions between work and family/home. Following the conceptual framework of Amartya Sen, we examine how job-related demands and resources are related to the level of interference, as well as satisfaction with managing work and home in Spanish and German employees, using three different large-scale European surveys: European Quality of Life Survey and two waves of the European Social Survey. We find that long working hours systematically increase tensions between work and home, as do time pressure, job-related stress, and working hard. Job control or autonomy at work, which is hypothesized to expand individuals' capabilities and agency, tends to increase work - home interference rather than alleviate it. Family responsibilities and household demands do not seem relevant to the tensions employees experience at the work - home interface. This also holds true for women, which is a surprising result in view of the 'double burden' hypothesis. Employed mothers in Germany and Spain are a select group of women, as combining employment with raising children in conservative - corporatist and conservative - familialist states may be particularly problematic. Thus while the institutional contexts of Germany and Spain curtail women's ability to reconcile employment and parenthood, the mothers (and fathers) who are employed do not experience significantly higher levels of work - family/home tensions than nonparents." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working time management and SME performance in Europe (2010)
Smith, Mark; Zagelmeyer, Stefan;Zitatform
Smith, Mark & Stefan Zagelmeyer (2010): Working time management and SME performance in Europe. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 31, H. 4, S. 392-409. DOI:10.1108/01437721011056994
Abstract
"This paper aims to explore the management of working time flexibility and firm performance, measured by operating hours, in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Europe.
Design/methodology/approach: The paper analyses the European Capital Operating time, Work and Employment Survey (EUCOWE), designed to collect workplace information on operating hours. With data on more than 17,000 establishments in six European countries - France, Germany, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the UK - the paper analyses working time patterns and operating hours.
Findings: The authors show the positive relationship between company size and operating times and how SMEs make more limited use of more advanced forms of working-time organisation that may allow them to extend their operating hours. The use of less complex working time measures such as overtime does not have the same positive association with operating hours. However, the results also highlight that smaller establishments can still benefit from the adoption of certain working time practices. The results suggest that the influence of the regulatory environment on the use of working practices or the duration of operating hours is not straightforward, and as such the impact of national regulatory frameworks cannot be discounted in the country-specific differences identified.
Originality/value: The paper uses the first comparable data on operating hours and working patterns to demonstrate the limitations on SME operating times across European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
-
Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- flexible Arbeitszeitmodelle insgesamt
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonto
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug