Arbeitszeit: Verlängern? Verkürzen? Flexibilisieren?
Standen in früheren Jahren erst die Verkürzung der Arbeitszeit und dann die Arbeitszeitverlängerung im Zentrum der Debatten, ist nun eine flexible Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit der Wunsch von Unternehmen und vielen Beschäftigten. Die Politik fragt vor diesem Hintergrund: wie kann Arbeitszeitpolitik die Schaffung neuer Arbeitsplätze und die Sicherung vorhandener Arbeitsplätze unterstützen?
Die Infoplattform bietet weiterführende Informationen zu dieser Frage, zur Entwicklung der Arbeitszeiten in Deutschland auch im internationalen Vergleich, zur betrieblichen Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit und zu den Arbeitszeitwünschen der Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmern.
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
-
Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- flexible Arbeitszeitmodelle insgesamt
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonto
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
-
Literaturhinweis
Dissecting the Decline in Average Hours Worked in Europe (2024)
Astinova, Diva; Toscani, Mr. Frederik G.; Duval, Mr. Romain A.; Park, Ben; Hansen, Mr. Niels-Jakob H.; Shibata, Mr. Ippei;Zitatform
Astinova, Diva, Mr. Romain A. Duval, Mr. Niels-Jakob H. Hansen, Ben Park, Mr. Ippei Shibata & Mr. Frederik G. Toscani (2024): Dissecting the Decline in Average Hours Worked in Europe. (IMF working papers / International Monetary Fund 2024,02), Washington, DC, 44 S.
Abstract
"Three years after the COVID-19 crisis, employment and total hours worked in Europe fully recovered, but average hours per worker did not. We analyze the decline in average hours worked across European countries and find that (i) it is not cyclical but predominantly structural, extending a long-term trend that predates COVID-19, (ii) it mainly reflects reduced hours within worker groups, not a compositional shift towards lower-hours jobs and workers, (iii) men—particularly those with young children—and youth drive this drop, (iv) declines in actual hours match declines in desired hours. Policy reforms could help involuntary parttimers and women with young children raise their actual hours towards desired levels, but the aggregate impact on average hours would be limited to 0.5 to 1.5 percent. Overall, there is scant evidence of slack at the intensive margin in European labor markets, and the trend fall in average hours worked seems unlikely to reverse." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Labor Force Participation and Hours Worked Recovery: U.S. vs. Europe (2023)
Zitatform
Bick, Alexander & Kevin Bloodworth II (2023): Labor Force Participation and Hours Worked Recovery: U.S. vs. Europe. In: On the Economy Blog / Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis H. 21.12.2023.
Abstract
"The labor force participation rate in the U.S. had returned to its pre-pandemic level by 2023:Q2, but hours worked per person had not. What about in European countries?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Flexible work arrangements for work-life balance: a cross-national policy evaluation from a capabilities perspective (2023)
Zitatform
Brega, Carla, Samuel Briones, Jana Javornik, Margarita León & Mara Yerkes (2023): Flexible work arrangements for work-life balance: a cross-national policy evaluation from a capabilities perspective. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 43, H. 13/14, S. 278-294. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-03-2023-0077
Abstract
"Purpose: This paper aims to assess the design of national-level flexible work arrangement (FWA) policies, evaluating their potential to serve as an effective resource for employees to work flexibly depending on how they set the stage for flexibility claims that will be subject to industrial and workplace dynamics. Design/methodology/approach Using a capability approach, the authors conceptualize and operationalize two aspects of FWA policy design, namely accessibility and availability. The authors' analysis allows for an understanding of how the availability and accessibility of national FWA policies explicitly and implicitly restrict or facilitate flexible working in a structural manner. The study focuses on countries with differing working time regimes and gender norms on work and care: the Netherlands, Spain and Slovenia. Findings The authors' findings highlight how FWA accessibility is broader when national policy is specified and FWA availability is not conditional to care. In Spain and Slovenia, access to FWAs depends on whether employees have care responsibilities, which reduces accessibility and reinforces gender imbalances in care provision. In contrast, the Netherlands provides FWAs universally, resulting in wider availability and accessibility of FWAs for employees regardless of their care responsibilities. Despite this universal provision, gender imbalances remain. Originality/value The originality of this paper lies in its conceptualization and operationalization of FWAs at the national level using a capability approach. The study adds to the existing literature on flexible working and provides insights for policymakers to design more effective FWAs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Working time in 2021–2022: Industrial relations and social dialogue (2023)
Guerrero, Maria Cantero; Cabrita, Jorge;Zitatform
Guerrero, Maria Cantero & Jorge Cabrita (2023): Working time in 2021–2022. Industrial relations and social dialogue. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 46 S. DOI:10.2806/677895
Abstract
"The most important changes in the regulation of working time in Europe in 2021 and 2022 were related to the transposition of two European directives: the Work–life Balance Directive and the Transparent and Predictable Working Conditions Directive. The reduction of working time and more specifically the four-day working week have been increasingly debated in many EU Member States. In 2022, the average collectively agreed working week in the EU stood at 38.1 hours. Of the sectors analysed, agreed working hours were shortest in public administration, at around 37.7 hours – still longer than the overall average – and longest in the retail sector, at 38.5 hours. The average collectively agreed paid annual leave entitlement stood at 24.3 days in the EU, and was higher in the Member States that were part of the EU prior to its 2004 enlargement (EU14), at 25.3 days, than in the other Member States, at only 20.9 days. If working collectively agreed hours, full-time workers in the EU27 would have worked, on average, 1,726 hours in 2022, with an average of 1,698 hours in the EU14 and 1,822 hours in the other Member States." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Do childcare policies and schedule control enhance variable time workers' work–life balance? A gender analysis across European countries (2023)
Zitatform
Kim, Ji Hyun & Young Jun Choi (2023): Do childcare policies and schedule control enhance variable time workers' work–life balance? A gender analysis across European countries. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 32, H. 3, S. 369-382. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12587
Abstract
"Variable time work is no longer abnormal in the post-industrial economy and is accelerating due to digitisation and the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous studies have revealed a causal relationship between working time variability and work–life balance at the individual level; however, there has been less discussion of the role of the institutional context. This study examines the interplay among childcare policy, schedule control, and its relationship with work–life balance. We conducted a multilevel analysis using the European Working Conditions Survey. The analyses revealed that childcare policy has a U-shaped relationship with work–life balance for female variable time workers without schedule control. In contrast, workers with schedule control and male workers did not have a curvilinear relationship with the outcome. Our analyses imply that sufficient childcare intervention and its interaction with schedule control are necessary to offset the negative effect of childcare services on work–life balance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Kinderbetreuung und Vereinbarkeit im internationalen Vergleich: Update des EcoAustria Scoreboard-Indikators (2023)
Köppl-Turyna, Monika; Graf, Nikolaus;Zitatform
Köppl-Turyna, Monika & Nikolaus Graf (2023): Kinderbetreuung und Vereinbarkeit im internationalen Vergleich: Update des EcoAustria Scoreboard-Indikators. (Policy note / EcoAustria - Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung 54), Wien, 21 S.
Abstract
"Die Verfügbarkeit qualitativ hochwertiger, örtlich erreichbarer, zeitlich flexibler Kinderbetreuung stellt eine Grundvoraussetzung der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie dar. Österreich weist eine überdurchschnittliche Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern auf, zugleich findet diese Erwerbsbeteiligung sehr häufig in Form von Teilzeitbeschäftigung statt. Teilzeitbeschäftigung stellt wieder mit, eine Ursache für geschlechtsspezifische Ungleichheiten am Arbeitsmarkt dar. Institutionelle Kinderbetreuung kann die Arbeitsmarktteilnahme von Müttern befördern und zu einer Ausweitung der Arbeitszeit führen. Zugleich gehen von Kinderbetreuung positive Effekte auf die Bildungsergebnisse und auf die schulische Integration bildungsbenachteiligter Kinder aus. In Anbetracht der aktuellen Arbeitskräfteknappheit kann eine Ausweitung der Erwerbsintegration von Müttern eine Option darstellen, die Nachfrage nach Arbeitskräften zu decken. Kurzum: Von Kinderbetreuung gehen viele positive, gesellschaftlich und politisch erwünschte Effekte aus. Dennoch: Trotz der in der jüngeren Vergangenheit erzielten Fortschritte sind etwa bei der Betreuung von Kleinkindern unter drei Jahren und im Hinblick auf verlängerte flexible Öffnungszeiten am Tagesrand sowie Schließtage während den Ferien Aufholpotenziale insbesondere in ländlichen Regionen gegeben. [...]" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Worker Satisfaction and Worker Representation: The Jury Is Still Out (2022)
Zitatform
Addison, John T. & Paulino Teixeira (2022): Worker Satisfaction and Worker Representation: The Jury Is Still Out. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 15809), Bonn, 32 S.
Abstract
"This paper investigates the relationship between worker job satisfaction and workplace representation, to include works councils as well as local union agencies. The paper marks a clear shift away from the traditional focus on union membership per se because its sample of EU nations have industrial relations systems that diverge markedly from those of Anglophone countries. Our dataset comprises two waves of the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS). Pooled cross-section data indicate that workers in establishments with workplace representation have less job satisfaction than their counterparts in plants without formal representation. We proceed to upgrade these findings of conditional correlation by constructing a pseudo-panel with cohort fixed effects to take account of unobserved worker heterogeneity. Causality issues are directly tackled using an endogenous treatment effects model to address the possible endogeneity of worker representation. A persistence of our central finding leads us to conclude that, despite the recent evidence of a turnaround in the association between job satisfaction and unionism, it would be premature to conclude that this result can be generalized to continental European nations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: CESifo working paper -
Literaturhinweis
Varieties of the rat race: Working hours in the age of abundance (2022)
Zitatform
Behringer, Jan, Martin Gonzalez Granda & Till van Treeck (2022): Varieties of the rat race: Working hours in the age of abundance. (ifso working paper 17), Duisburg, 33 S.
Abstract
"We ask why working hours in the rich world have not declined more sharply or even risen at times since the early 1980s, despite a steady increase in productivity, and why they vary so much across rich countries. We use an internationally comparable database on working hours (Bick et al., 2019) and conduct panel data estimations for a sample of 17 European countries and the United States over the period 1983-2019. We find that high or increasing top-end income inequality, decentralized labor relations, and limited government provision of education and other in-kind services contribute to long working hours. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that upward-looking status comparisons in positional consumption ("Veblen effects") contribute to a "rat race" of long working hours that is more or less pronounced in different varieties of capitalism." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Homeoffice nach fast zwei Jahren Pandemie: Ein Rück- und Ausblick über die Verbreitung und Struktur der räumlichen und zeitlichen Flexibilisierung von Arbeit in Deutschland, Europa und den USA (2022)
Flüter-Hoffmann, Christiane; Stettes, Oliver;Zitatform
Flüter-Hoffmann, Christiane & Oliver Stettes (2022): Homeoffice nach fast zwei Jahren Pandemie. Ein Rück- und Ausblick über die Verbreitung und Struktur der räumlichen und zeitlichen Flexibilisierung von Arbeit in Deutschland, Europa und den USA. (IW-Report / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2022,02), Köln, 56 S.
Abstract
"Die hier vorliegende Studie zeigt einen Rück- und Ausblick über die Verbreitung und Struktur der räumlichen und zeitlichen Flexibilisierung von Arbeit in Deutschland, Europa und den USA." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Live longer, retire later? Developments of healthy life expectancies and working life expectancies between age 50–59 and age 60–69 in Europe (2022)
Zitatform
Weber, Daniela & Elke Loichinger (2022): Live longer, retire later? Developments of healthy life expectancies and working life expectancies between age 50–59 and age 60–69 in Europe. In: European Journal of Ageing, Jg. 19, H. 1, S. 75-93. DOI:10.1007/s10433-020-00592-5
Abstract
"Europe's population is ageing. Statutory retirement ages are commonly raised to account for continuous increases in life expectancy. In order to estimate the potential to increase statutory and consequently effective retirement ages further, in this study, we investigate the relationship between partial working life expectancy (WLE) and three health expectancies that represent health aspects important for work ability and employability between ages 50 and 59 as well as 60 and 69 for women and men in Europe. We also explore the association between these four indicators and the highest level of educational attainment. We apply Sullivan's method to estimate WLE and three selected measures that capture general, physical, and cognitive health status of older adults for 26 European countries since 2004. Over time, WLEs increased significantly in the younger age group for women and in the older age group for both sexes. The expected number of years in good physical health have continuously been higher than any of the other three indicators, while the expected number of years in good cognitive health have shown a noticeable increase over time. The investigation of the relationship between education and each life expectancy confirms the well-established positive correlation between education and economic activity as well as good health. Our results indicate potential to extend working lives beyond current levels. However, significant differences in the expected number of years in good health between persons with different levels of education require policies that account for this heterogeneity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Nonstandard work schedules in 29 European countries, 2005-15: differences by education, gender, and parental status (2021)
Zitatform
Gracia, Pablo, Wen Jui-Han & Jianghong Li (2021): Nonstandard work schedules in 29 European countries, 2005-15: differences by education, gender, and parental status. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 144, H. July. DOI:10.21916/mlr.2021.17
Abstract
"Data from the European Working Conditions Surveys from 2005 to 2015 for 29 European countries show that the prevalence of nonstandard work schedules (evenings, nights, weekends, and rotating shifts) differs markedly across European regions with different public policies. Working nonstandard schedules also differs by education, gender, and parental status across Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Do flexible working hours amplify or stabilize unemployment fluctuations? (2021)
Kolasa, Marcin; Walerych, Małgorzata; Rubaszek, Michal;Zitatform
Kolasa, Marcin, Michal Rubaszek & Małgorzata Walerych (2021): Do flexible working hours amplify or stabilize unemployment fluctuations? In: European Economic Review, Jg. 131. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103605
Abstract
"In this paper we challenge the conventional view that increasing working time flexibility limits the amplitude of unemployment fluctuations. We start by showing that hours per worker in European countries are much less procyclical than in the US, and even co-move negatively with output in selected economies. This is confirmed by the results from a structural VAR model for the euro area, in which hours per worker increase after a contractionary monetary shock, exacerbating the upward pressure on unemployment. To understand these counterintuitive results, we develop a structural search and matching macroeconomic model with endogenous job separations that resemble layoffs. We show that this feature is key to generating a countercyclical response of hours per worker. When we augment the model with frictions in working hours adjustment and estimate it using euro area time series, we find that increasing flexibility of working time amplifies cyclical movements in unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2021 Elsevier) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Flexibility of Working Time Arrangements and Female Labor Market Outcome (2021)
Zitatform
Magda, Iga & Katarzyna Lipowska (2021): Flexibility of Working Time Arrangements and Female Labor Market Outcome. (IZA discussion paper 14812), Bonn, 18 S.
Abstract
"We use data from the 2019 EU Labor Force Survey to study gender and parenthood gaps in two dimensions of flexibility in working time arrangements in 25 European countries. We find that overall in Europe, there is no statistically significant gender difference in access to flexible work arrangements. However, women are less likely than men to have flexible working hours in the Central-Eastern and Southern European countries, whereas this gender gap is reversed in Continental Europe. At the same time, women are less likely than men to face demands from their employers that they work flexible hours. We also find that both mothers and fathers are more likely than their childless colleagues to have access to flexible working hours, but that fathers' workplaces are more likely than mothers' workplaces to demand temporal flexibility from employees. In addition, we find that working in a female-dominated occupation decreases the probability of having access to flexible work arrangements, and that this effect is stronger for women than for men. At the same time, we observe that both men and women who work in female-dominated occupations are less exposed to flexibility demands from employers than their counterparts who work in male-dominated or gender-neutral occupations. Finally, we find that compared to employers in other Europeans countries, employers in the Central and Eastern European countries are less likely to offer flexible working hours, especially to women, and with no additional flexibility being offered to parents; whereas employers in Continental and Nordic countries are more likely to offer flexible work arrangements, and with no gender gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Extreme work hours in Western Europe and North America: diverging trends since the 1970s (2020)
Burger, Anna S.;Zitatform
Burger, Anna S. (2020): Extreme work hours in Western Europe and North America: diverging trends since the 1970s. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 1065-1087. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwy020
Abstract
"This article presents a political economy analysis of extreme work hours in 18 advanced Western economies since the 1970s. Empirically, it shows that the culture of long work hours has gained significance not only in the Anglo-Saxon but also in most Continental European welfare states. Theoretically, it provides an institutionalist argument against the neoclassical, or supply-side, point of view on the drivers of long work hours in post-industrial labour markets. It demonstrates that the choice to work long hours is not entirely, or even mainly, left to the preference of the individual. Instead, individual choices are constrained by labour market policies, collective bargaining institutions and new labour market structures, the pattern and trends of which do not necessarily follow the contours of the regime typology. Data on extreme work hours was compiled from the Luxembourg Income Study and the Multinational Time Use Study micro-data collections." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Non-standard Schedules, Work–Family Conflict, and the Moderating Role of National Labour Context: Evidence from 32 European Countries (2020)
Zitatform
Taiji, Riley & Melinda C. Mills (2020): Non-standard Schedules, Work–Family Conflict, and the Moderating Role of National Labour Context. Evidence from 32 European Countries. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 36, H. 2, S. 179-197. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcz048
Abstract
"A wide body of research over the past 30 years links non-standard work schedules to increased work–family conflict (WFC), but often only within single country contexts. A relatively under-explored question is the extent to which the effects of non-standard schedules on family life might vary by country or be buffered by institutional context. Building on past research, this study uses multilevel modelling techniques on 2004 and 2010 European Social Survey data to explore whether the effects of non-standard schedules on WFC vary across 32 countries in Europe, and if so, whether this contextual variation can be explained by labour regulations and industrial relations characteristics measured at the country level. Findings show that while non-standard work hours and days are associated with increased WFC across the majority of sampled countries, the strength of this association varies significantly between countries. The strongest factor shaping the social consequences of non-standard schedules is the degree to which workers are covered under collective bargaining agreements in a country, which explains as much as 17% of the observed between-country variation in the effects of non-standard schedules on WFC. These findings highlight collective agreements as one of the central mechanisms through which family-friendly regulations on working times and conditions are generated for non-standard schedule workers across Europe. More broadly, findings suggest that when studying the social consequences of non-standard schedules, these arrangements must be contextualized in the broader institutional frameworks within which they are organized and regulated." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Work-life imbalance in extended working lives: domestic divisions of labour and partners' perceptions of job pressures of non-retiring older workers (2019)
Zitatform
Cebulla, Andreas, Nathan Hudson-Sharp, Lucy Stokes & David Wilkinson (2019): Work-life imbalance in extended working lives. Domestic divisions of labour and partners' perceptions of job pressures of non-retiring older workers. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 68, H. 4, S. 289-311. DOI:10.3790/sfo.68.4.289
Abstract
"Die Verlängerung des Arbeitslebens verschiebt auch die bestehende Arbeitszeit- oder das Familienleben zu späteren Zeitpunkten im Leben. Die Analyse der Daten des European Social Survey zeigt, dass sich die ungleiche Arbeitsteilung in Haushalten mit Arbeitnehmern, die über das Renteneintrittsalter hinaus beschäftigt sind, ausweitet. Wir untersuchen, wie Partner den Arbeitsdruck älterer Arbeitnehmer, die kurz vor oder nach Erreichen des typischen Renteneintrittsalter stehen, wahrnehmen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Besorgnis der Partner älterer Beschäftigter über die Verantwortung und den Druck nicht unmittelbar mit einer ungleichen Verteilung von Hausarbeit verbunden ist, sondern mit dem Ausmaß, in dem die Arbeitenden ihren Arbeitstag selbst organisieren können und insbesondere auch mit der Müdigkeit nach der Arbeit. In dem Papier wird argumentiert, dass diese Bedenken zur Kenntnis genommen werden sollten, insoweit sie auf ein Risiko von Stress innerhalb der Beziehung hindeuten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Hours worked across the world: facts and driving forces (2019)
Zitatform
Fuchs-Schündeln, Nicola (2019): Hours worked across the world. Facts and driving forces. In: National Institute Economic Review, Jg. 247, H. 1, S. R3-R9. DOI:10.1177/002795011924700110
Abstract
"I summarise new facts on hours worked differences across countries and their driving forces. The facts are derived from a comprehensive analysis of micro data sets. First, hours worked are substantially higher in poor than in rich countries. Second, lower hours worked in Europe than in the US can partly be explained by differences in vacation weeks and partly by differences in the demographic structure. Moreover, employment rates tend to be higher and weekly hours worked lower in Western Europe and Scandinavia than in the US, with the opposite being true in Eastern and Southern Europe. Last, among core-aged individuals, married women form the group that exhibits the largest differences in hours worked across countries. International differences in taxation, and especially in the tax treatment of married couples, are an important driver of these differences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Telework in the 21st Century: An Evolutionary Perspective (2019)
Messenger, Jon C.;Zitatform
Messenger, Jon C. (Hrsg.) (2019): Telework in the 21st Century. An Evolutionary Perspective. (The ILO Future of Work series), Cheltenham: Elgar, 352 S. DOI:10.4337/9781789903751
Abstract
"Technological developments have enabled a dramatic expansion and also an evolution of telework, broadly defined as using ICTs to perform work from outside of an employer’s premises. This volume offers a new conceptual framework explaining the evolution of telework over four decades. It reviews national experiences from Argentina, Brazil, India, Japan, the United States, and ten EU countries regarding the development of telework, its various forms and effects. It also analyses large-scale surveys and company case studies regarding the incidence of telework and its effects on working time, work-life balance, occupational health and well-being, and individual and organizational performance." (Author's abstract, © Edward Elgar Publishing) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Variabilität der Arbeitszeit und Unfallrisiko (2019)
Nachreiner, Friedhelm; Arlinghaus, Anna; Greubel, Jana;Zitatform
Nachreiner, Friedhelm, Anna Arlinghaus & Jana Greubel (2019): Variabilität der Arbeitszeit und Unfallrisiko. In: Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft, Jg. 73, H. 4, S. 369-379. DOI:10.1007/s41449-019-00172-z
Abstract
"In der letzten Zeit werden Forderungen nach mehr Flexibilität und größerer Anpassbarkeit der Arbeitszeiten, insbesondere an die betrieblichen Anforderungen aber auch an die Anforderungen der Beschäftigten, immer deutlicher und zwar deutlich weitergehend, als das derzeitige Arbeitszeitgesetz in der BRD zulässt. Konfligierend damit legen erste Studien einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Variabilität der Arbeitszeit und dem Unfallrisiko nahe. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde im Rahmen einer Analyse vorliegenden Datenmaterials einer europäischen Umfrage (European Working Conditions Survey 2010) mit Hilfe statistisch den vorzufindenen Verteilungen angemessener logistischer Regressionsansätze der Steigerung des Unfallrisikos und des Risikos von unfallbedingten Ausfalltagen nachgegangen. Die Variabilität der Arbeitszeitsysteme wurde dabei mit Hilfe eines faktorenanalytisch gewonnenen Indizes abgebildet, ebenso wie die Kontrollvariablen zur körperlichen und zur psychischen Belastung wie zur Autonomie bei der Gestaltung der Arbeitsbedingungen. Die Autonomie bei der Gestaltung der eigenen Arbeitszeit wurde durch eine eigene, separate Frage abgebildet.
Die Ergebnisse belegen eine signifikante und deutliche Steigerung des Unfallrisikos durch variable Arbeitszeiten, mit Odds-Ratios im Bereich um 1,25 und damit rund 25 %, und zwar unter Kontrolle potentiell konfundierender Bedingungen wie der berichteten Belastung, dem a priori Risiko der Tätigkeit, der Dauer der Arbeitszeit, Schichtarbeit, sowie weiterer Variablen. Autonomie in der Gestaltung der eigenen Arbeitszeiten senkt das Risiko leicht, allerdings nicht substantiell. Im Prinzip erweist sich damit die Variabilität der Arbeitszeit als bedeutsamer Risiko-Faktor, unabhängig davon, wer sie verursacht oder von wem sie ausgeht.
Grund für diese Risikosteigerung könnte eine Desynchronisierung (oder Anstöße dazu) mit biologischen oder sozialen Rhythmen sein. Aus arbeitswissenschaftlicher Sicht erscheint daher bei der Erhöhung der Flexibilität und damit der Variabilität der Arbeitszeiten erhebliche Vorsicht geboten. Dies gilt auch für Veränderungen der normativen Regelungen zur Gestaltung der Arbeitszeiten.
Praktische Relevanz Die Variabilität der Arbeitszeit, insbesondere bei flexiblen Arbeitszeiten, sollte trotz weitergehender Forderungen nach größerer Flexibilisierung auf ein erträgliches Maß begrenzt werden. So können variabilitätsbedingte Anstöße zur Desynchronisation von biologischen und sozialen Rhythmen und darüber ausgelöste Beeinträchtigungen, wie etwa ein erhöhtes Unfallrisiko, vermieden werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
Underemployment in the US and Europe (2018)
Zitatform
Bell, David N.F. & David G. Blanchflower (2018): Underemployment in the US and Europe. (NBER working paper 24927), Cambrige, Mass., 44 S. DOI:10.3386/w24927
Abstract
"Large numbers of part-time workers around the world, both those who choose to be part-time and those who are there involuntarily and would prefer a full-time job report they want more hours. Full-timers who say they want to change their hours mostly say they want to reduce them. When recession hit in most countries the number of hours of those who said they wanted more hours, rose sharply and there was a fall in the number of hours that full-timers wanted their hours reduced by. Even though the unemployment rate has returned to its pre-recession levels in many advanced countries, underemployment in most has not.
We produce estimates for a new, and better, underemployment rate for twenty-five European countries. In most underemployment remains elevated. We provide evidence for the UK and the US as well as some international evidence that underemployment rather than unemployment lowers pay in the years after the Great Recession. We also find evidence for the US that falls in the home ownership rate have helped to keep wage pressure in check. Underemployment replaces unemployment as the main influence on wages in the years since the Great Recession." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
-
Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- flexible Arbeitszeitmodelle insgesamt
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonto
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug