Arbeitszeit: Verlängern? Verkürzen? Flexibilisieren?
Standen in früheren Jahren erst die Verkürzung der Arbeitszeit und dann die Arbeitszeitverlängerung im Zentrum der Debatten, ist nun eine flexible Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit der Wunsch von Unternehmen und vielen Beschäftigten. Die Politik fragt vor diesem Hintergrund: wie kann Arbeitszeitpolitik die Schaffung neuer Arbeitsplätze und die Sicherung vorhandener Arbeitsplätze unterstützen?
Die Infoplattform bietet weiterführende Informationen zu dieser Frage, zur Entwicklung der Arbeitszeiten in Deutschland auch im internationalen Vergleich, zur betrieblichen Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit und zu den Arbeitszeitwünschen der Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmern.
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
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Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- flexible Arbeitszeitmodelle insgesamt
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonto
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Dissecting the Decline in Average Hours Worked in Europe (2024)
Astinova, Diva; Toscani, Mr. Frederik G.; Duval, Mr. Romain A.; Park, Ben; Hansen, Mr. Niels-Jakob H.; Shibata, Mr. Ippei;Zitatform
Astinova, Diva, Mr. Romain A. Duval, Mr. Niels-Jakob H. Hansen, Ben Park, Mr. Ippei Shibata & Mr. Frederik G. Toscani (2024): Dissecting the Decline in Average Hours Worked in Europe. (IMF working papers / International Monetary Fund 2024,02), Washington, DC, 44 S.
Abstract
"Three years after the COVID-19 crisis, employment and total hours worked in Europe fully recovered, but average hours per worker did not. We analyze the decline in average hours worked across European countries and find that (i) it is not cyclical but predominantly structural, extending a long-term trend that predates COVID-19, (ii) it mainly reflects reduced hours within worker groups, not a compositional shift towards lower-hours jobs and workers, (iii) men—particularly those with young children—and youth drive this drop, (iv) declines in actual hours match declines in desired hours. Policy reforms could help involuntary parttimers and women with young children raise their actual hours towards desired levels, but the aggregate impact on average hours would be limited to 0.5 to 1.5 percent. Overall, there is scant evidence of slack at the intensive margin in European labor markets, and the trend fall in average hours worked seems unlikely to reverse." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Mismeasurement of Work Time: Implications for Wage Discrimination and Inequality (2024)
Zitatform
Borjas, George J. & Daniel S. Hamermesh (2024): The Mismeasurement of Work Time: Implications for Wage Discrimination and Inequality. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 32025), Cambridge, Mass, 44 S.
Abstract
"Comparing measures of work time in the recall CPS-ASEC data with contemporaneous measures reveals many logical inconsistencies and probable errors. About 8 percent of ASEC respondents report weeks worked last year that contradict their current work histories in the Basic monthly interviews; the error rate is over 50 percent among workers who move in and out of the workforce. Over 20 percent give contradictory information about whether they usually work a full-time weekly schedule. Part of the inconsistency arises because an increasing fraction of ASEC respondents (over 20 percent by 2018) consists of people whose record was fully imputed. The levels and trends of the errors differ by gender and race, and they affect measured wage differentials between 1978 to 2018. Adjusting for the errors and imputations, gender wage gaps among all workers narrowed by 4 log points more than is commonly reported, and residual wage inequality decreased by 6 log points more. In a very carefully defined sample of full-time year-round workers, gender and racial wage differentials narrowed slightly less than previously estimated using ASEC data, but much more than indicated by commonly used estimates from CPS Outgoing Rotation Groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work Hours Volatility and Child Poverty: The Potential Mitigating Role of Safety Net Programs (2024)
Cai, Julie;Zitatform
Cai, Julie (2024): Work Hours Volatility and Child Poverty: The Potential Mitigating Role of Safety Net Programs. In: Social forces, Jg. 102, H. 3, S. 902-925. DOI:10.1093/sf/soad109
Abstract
"Despite established links among persistent unemployment, low wages, and children’s economic well-being, social scientists have yet to document how variability in work hours is linked to child poverty. Our knowledge of the safety net’s heterogeneous responses to work-hour instability is also limited. This is of critical importance for scholars and policymakers. Using nationally representative data collected every 4 months, this paper examines how intra-year work-hour volatility is related to child poverty, measured through both the official poverty measure (OPM) and the supplemental poverty measure (SPM). It further assesses varying degrees of buffering effects of cash, in-kind benefits, and tax transfers on income in the context of work-hour volatility. Results indicate that more than one in four households (26%) facing the greatest volatility lived under the poverty line. Black and Hispanic children, as well as those living with unpartnered single mothers, faced substantially higher variability in household market hours worked. Hispanic children experienced not only greater volatility in their caregivers’ work hours but also higher poverty level, even after taking government programs into account. In-kind benefits are more effective in buffering household income declines resulting from unstable work hours, followed by tax transfers and cash benefits. The effectiveness of near-cash benefits is particularly salient among Black children and children of single mothers. These results provide new evidence to inform policy discussions surrounding the best ways to help socioeconomically disadvantaged families to retain benefits and smooth their income in the face of frequent variation in work hours and, thus, earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How Work Hour Variability Matters for Work-to-Family Conflict (2024)
Zitatform
Cho, Hyojin, Susan J. Lambert, Emily Ellis & Julia R. Henly (2024): How Work Hour Variability Matters for Work-to-Family Conflict. In: Work, Employment and Society online erschienen am 09.01.2024, S. 1-25. DOI:10.1177/09500170231218191
Abstract
"Variable work hours are an understudied source of work-to-family conflict (WFC). We examine the relationships between the magnitude and direction of work hour variability and WFC and whether work hour control and schedule predictability moderate these relationships. We estimate a series of linear regressions using the 2016 US General Social Survey, examining women and men workers separately and together. Findings indicate that as the magnitude of work hour variability increases, so does WFC, controlling for the usual number of hours worked. Work hour control helps to protect workers, especially women, from WFC when work hour variability is high and hours surge. Although schedule predictability tempers the relationship between work hour variability and WFC, its potency diminishes as variability increases. Our study emphasizes the potential benefit to workers and families of government policies and employer practices that promote work hour stability, schedule predictability, and equity in employee work hour control." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How to Enhance Time Wealth? Insights from Changes in Time Use and Working Conditions During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Germany (2024)
Zitatform
Gerold, Stefanie, Johannes Buhl & Sonja M. Geiger (2024): How to Enhance Time Wealth? Insights from Changes in Time Use and Working Conditions During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Germany. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 171, H. 1, S. 349-371. DOI:10.1007/s11205-023-03252-0
Abstract
"This paper investigates the changes in time use, working conditions and subjective time wealth during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Our analysis draws on panel data collected before and during the first lockdown among 786 employees. It employs a recently developed scale on time wealth which has been suggested as a comprehensive measure to capture the subjective experience of time. We provide separate analyses according to gender and essential occupation. First-difference regressions are applied to examine how changes in time use and changes in working conditions during the lockdown affected subjective time wealth. Our results show a general growth in time wealth during the lockdown which is, among other factors, driven by a decline in work hours and an increase in sleep duration. We also find positive effects on time wealth from decreased time pressure at work, more autonomy in organising one’s working day, and an improved reconciliation of work and private life. This study contributes to existing research by identifying key aspects how to improve time wealth among employees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Flexibility for equality: Examining the impact of flexible working time arrangements on women's convergence in working hours (2024)
Zitatform
Maraziotis, Filippos (2024): Flexibility for equality: Examining the impact of flexible working time arrangements on women's convergence in working hours. In: BJIR, Jg. 62, H. 2, S. 410-445. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12787
Abstract
"Despite the rise in women's education and their increased participation in the workforce, there is still a lack of gender convergence in working hours. This study explores how flexible working time arrangements (FWTA) affect the convergence of women's working hours to those of men with similar job‐related characteristics. Using the German Socio‐Economic Panel and innovative methods to address endogeneity, the analysis suggests that FWTA, compared to fixed schedules, positively influence women's convergence. This is particularly pronounced among those working full‐time, the more educated, and those aged between 30 and 45. Transitioning to FWTA is associated with increased overtime and childcare hours but it is not related to more housework." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Dreams versus reality: wishes, expectations and perceived reality for the use of extra non-work time in a 30-hour work week experiment (2024)
Zitatform
Mullens, Francisca & Ignace Glorieux (2024): Dreams versus reality: wishes, expectations and perceived reality for the use of extra non-work time in a 30-hour work week experiment. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 27, H. 2, S. 225-251. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2022.2092452
Abstract
"In 2019, a Belgian women’s organisation experimented with a 30-hour work week for all of their full-time employees. This work time reduction was an excellent opportunity to study these female employees’ wishes, expectations and experienced reality concerning their extra non-work time. Their wishes and expectations – as well as how these relate to their perceived reality – was studied through longitudinal questionnaires, in-depth interviews and focus groups. The women wished for more time for themselves and their intimate relationships. However, their wishes reflected an ideal situation. Their expectations reflected their wishes but were slightly more realistic. The perceived reality did not fulfil all of their wishes. The ‘me-time’ that they wished for prior to the experiment did not always emerge to be the ‘me-time’ that they had. Some women appropriated a less conventional form of ‘me-time’, such as housework, which helped them to ease their mind and relax. Others felt unable to fulfil their wishes through (social) context factors such as the embeddedness of time structures, time schedules and the rhythms of family and friends. This paper reflects on the gendered norms and values and inequalities in time use that can help to explain the discrepancies between preferences and experienced reality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Experienced versus decision utility: large-scale comparison for income–leisure preferences (2023)
Zitatform
Akay, Alpaslan, Olivier B. Bargain & H. Xavier Jara (2023): Experienced versus decision utility: large-scale comparison for income–leisure preferences. In: The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Jg. 125, H. 4, S. 823-859. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12538
Abstract
"Subjective well‐being (SWB) data are increasingly used to perform welfare analysis. Interpreted as “experienced utility”, it has recently been compared to “decision utility” using small‐scale experiments most often based on stated preferences. We transpose this comparison to the framework of non‐experimental and large‐scale data commonly used for policy analysis, focusing on the income–leisure domain where redistributive policies operate. Using the British Household Panel Survey, we suggest a “deviation” measure, which is simply the difference between actual working hours and SWB‐maximizing hours. We show that about three‐quarters of individuals make decisions that are not inconsistent with maximizing their SWB. We discuss the potential channels that explain the lack of optimization when deviations are significantly large. We find proxies for a number of individual and external constraints, and show that constraints alone can explain more than half of the deviations. In our context, deviations partly reflect the inability of the revealed preference approach to account for labor market rigidities, so the actual and SWB‐maximizing hours should be used in a complementary manner. The suggested approach based on our deviation metric could help identify labor market frictions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Entwicklung von Arbeitszeit und Beschäftigung in Österreich (2023)
Angel, Stefan; Mahringer, Helmut; Huemer, Ulrike; Ederer, Stefan;Zitatform
Angel, Stefan, Stefan Ederer, Ulrike Huemer & Helmut Mahringer (2023): Entwicklung von Arbeitszeit und Beschäftigung in Österreich. (Materialien zu Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft 246), Wien, 71 S.
Abstract
"In den beiden großen Krisen der letzten 12 Jahre (Finanzmarkt- und Wirtschaftskrise, COVID-19-Krise) schlug sich der drastische Einbruch von Produktion und Wertschöpfung nur deutlich abgeschwächt auf dem Arbeitsmarkt nieder. Dies geht wesentlich auf eine Reduktion der geleisteten Arbeitszeit pro Beschäftigten zurück. Die Inanspruchnahme der Kurzarbeit trug zu diesem Arbeitszeitrückgang zwar bei, war aber – vor allem während der Finanzmarkt- und Wirtschaftskrise – keinesfalls dessen alleinige Ursache. Die vorliegende Studie greift auf Daten zur makroökonomischen Entwicklung, zur Entwicklung der Arbeitszeit und zum Einsatz der Kurzarbeit zurück. Sie geht den Fragen nach, ob, in welchen Konjunkturphasen und in welchem Ausmaß Arbeitszeitveränderungen den Zusammenhang zwischen Wirtschaftswachstum und Beschäftigung beeinflussen und inwieweit sich die Entwicklung dieser beiden Größen voneinander entkoppelt hat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitszeitreport Deutschland: Ergebnisse der BAuA-Arbeitszeitbefragung 2021 (2023)
Backhaus, Nils; Nold, Johanna; Lück, Marcel; Vieten, Laura ; Kaboth, Arthur ; Brenscheid, Frank; Stein, Louisa-Katharina; Michel, Alexandra ; Wöhrmann, Anne Marit ; Richter, Götz; Tisch, Anita; Fähnrich, Julia; Entgelmeier, Ines;Zitatform
Lück, Marcel, Arthur Kaboth, Frank Brenscheid, Louisa-Katharina Stein, Alexandra Michel, Anne Marit Wöhrmann, Götz Richter & Julia Fähnrich, Backhaus, Nils, Johanna Nold, Laura Vieten, Ines Entgelmeier & Anita Tisch (Hrsg.) Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin Lück, Marcel, Arthur Kaboth, Frank Brenscheid, Louisa-Katharina Stein, Alexandra Michel, Anne Marit Wöhrmann, Götz Richter & Julia Fähnrich (sonst. bet. Pers.) (2023): Arbeitszeitreport Deutschland. Ergebnisse der BAuA-Arbeitszeitbefragung 2021. (baua: Bericht Forschung Projekt F 2507), Dortmund, 220 S. DOI:10.21934/baua:bericht20230526
Abstract
"Die Arbeitszeit ist nicht nur ein Schlüsselfaktor für die Sicherheit und Gesundheit bei der Arbeit, sondern bestimmt auch zu großen Teilen, wann und wie viel Zeit wir für Erholung, Freizeit und das Privatleben zur Verfügung haben. Aufgrund des Wandels in der Arbeitswelt, nicht zuletzt beschleunigt durch die SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie, steht die Arbeitszeitgestaltung wiederholt im Fokus politischer, wirtschaftlicher und gesellschaftlicher Debatten. Um diese zu versachlichen, hat die Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA) bereits im Jahr 2015 das Projekt „Arbeitszeitberichterstattung für Deutschland“ etabliert, in dessen Zentrum die BAuA-Arbeitszeitbefragung steht. Im Jahr 2016 wurde der erste Arbeitszeitreport veröffentlicht. Im vorliegenden Arbeitszeitreport Deutschland werfen wir erneut einen umfassenden Blick auf die Arbeitszeitrealität in Deutschland. Das betrachtete Jahr 2021 war geprägt von der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie, die auch Einfluss auf die Arbeitszeiten vieler Beschäftigter hatte. Datenbasis für diesen Report ist die BAuA-Arbeitszeitbefragung 2021, in der etwa 20 000 Erwerbstätige in Deutschland befragt wurden, die mindestens 10 Stunden pro Woche in ihrer Haupterwerbstätigkeit arbeiten. Der aktuelle Arbeitszeitreport Deutschland liefert einen Überblick über die Verbreitung und Verteilung verschiedener Arbeitszeitdimensionen in Deutschland. Ein Fokus liegt auf der Länge, Lage und Flexibilität von Arbeitszeiten (Teil I). In weiteren Kapiteln (Teil II) werden zudem verschiedene Erwerbsgruppen betrachtet. Dabei stehen Beschäftigte, die von zuhause arbeiten, (Solo-)Selbstständige, Mehrfachbeschäftigte, Beschäftigte in Basisarbeit, Erwerbstätige im Ruhestandsalter (Silver Worker) und Beschäftigte in versorgungsrelevanten Berufen im Zentrum. In den Analysen zu den einzelnen Arbeitszeitdimensionen werden verschiedene soziodemografische und wirtschaftsstrukturelle Merkmale berücksichtigt. Weiterhin wird auch das gleichzeitige Auftreten arbeitszeitlicher Anforderungen mit weiteren Tätigkeitsmerkmalen untersucht, von denen angenommen wird, dass sie mit der Arbeitszeitgestaltung zusammenhängen. Letztlich werden die gesundheitliche Situation der Beschäftigten sowie ihre Zufriedenheit mit der Work-Life-Balance in Abhängigkeit von den Dimensionen der Arbeitszeitgestaltung analysiert. In Ergänzung dazu wird die Veränderung der Arbeitszeitmerkmale während der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie gesondert betrachtet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass verschiedene Beschäftigtengruppen unterschiedlich von Arbeitszeitanforderungen betroffen sind. Hohe Arbeitszeitanforderungen gehen dabei häufig mit schlechterer Gesundheit und geringerer Zufriedenheit mit der Work-Life-Balance einher. Der Arbeitszeitreport Deutschland liefert damit Hinweise zur Bedeutung verschiedener Arbeitszeitdimensionen und ihrer Rolle für die gesundheitliche Situation von Beschäftigten. Die Ergebnisse sind Ausgangspunkt für weitere Veröffentlichungen, in denen detaillierte Auswertungen zu einzelnen Arbeitszeitdimensionen sowie bestimmten Beschäftigtengruppen oder Tätigkeitsbereichen dargestellt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitswissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zu Arbeitszeit und gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen (2023)
Backhaus, Nils; Nold, Johanna; Entgelmeier, Ines; Brenscheidt, Frank; Tisch, Anita;Zitatform
Backhaus, Nils, Johanna Nold, Ines Entgelmeier, Frank Brenscheidt & Anita Tisch (2023): Arbeitswissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zu Arbeitszeit und gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen. (baua: Fokus), Dortmund, 44 S. DOI:10.21934/baua:fokus20230807
Abstract
"Aus arbeitswissenschaftlicher Sicht ist das Ziel gesetzlicher Regelungen zur Arbeitszeit, dass Erwerbstätige über lange Zeit leistungsfähig, belastbar und zufrieden mit ihrer Arbeit sind. Die gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen stellen aus Sicht des Arbeitsschutzes einen (Mindest-)Standard für eine gesunde und sichere Gestaltung der Arbeit dar. Flexible Arbeitszeiten bieten eine Chance für Betriebe und Beschäftigte, wenn sie die Grenzen der Leistungsfähigkeit der Beschäftigten unter der Bedingung einer Arbeits- und Lebenswelt mit hoher Intensität berücksichtigen und hinreichend Erholungszeiten ermöglichen. Der baua: Fokus basiert auf einer Stellungnahme der BAuA im Rahmen einer Anhörung im Ausschuss für Arbeit und Soziales des Schleswig-Holsteinischen Landtags." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Causal misperceptions of the part-time pay gap (2023)
Zitatform
Backhaus, Teresa, Clara Schäper & Annekatrin Schrenker (2023): Causal misperceptions of the part-time pay gap. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 83. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102396
Abstract
"This paper studies if workers infer from correlation about causal effects in the context of the part-time wage penalty. Differences in hourly pay between full-time and part-time workers are strongly driven by worker selection and systematic sorting. Ignoring these selection effects can lead to biased expectations about the consequences of working part-time on wages (‘selection neglect bias’). Based on representative survey data from Germany, we document substantial misperceptions of the part-time wage gap. Workers strongly overestimate how much part-time workers in their occupation earn per hour, whereas they are approximately informed of mean full-time wage rates. Consistent with selection neglect, those who perceive large hourly pay differences between full-time and part-time workers also predict large changes in hourly wages when a given worker switches between full-time and part-time employment. Causal analyses using a survey experiment reveal that providing information about the raw part-time pay gap increases expectations about the full-time wage premium by factor 1.7, suggesting that individuals draw causal conclusions from observed correlations. De-biasing respondents by informing them about the influence of worker characteristics on observed pay gaps mitigates selection neglect. Subjective beliefs about the part-time/full-time wage gap are predictive of planned and actual transitions between full-time and part-time employment, necessitating the prevention of causal misperceptions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Zusammenstellung aktueller gesicherter arbeitswissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse zu Nachtarbeit und Dauernachtarbeit (2023)
Zitatform
Backhaus, Nils, Laura Vieten, Frank Brenscheidt & Anita Tisch (2023): Zusammenstellung aktueller gesicherter arbeitswissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse zu Nachtarbeit und Dauernachtarbeit. (baua: Fokus), Dortmund, 14 S. DOI:10.21934/baua:fokus20231103
Abstract
"Nachtarbeit hat negative Auswirkungen auf den biologischen Rhythmus, den Schlaf und die sozialen Beziehungen von Beschäftigten. Sie erhöht daher das Risiko für chronische Krankheiten, Unfälle und psychische Erkrankungen und birgt somit ähnliche Gefährdungen wie rotierende Nachtschichten. Um die negativen Auswirkungen auf Beschäftigte zu minimieren und Gesundheit, Sicherheit und Produktivität zu erhalten, sollten arbeitswissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zur Gestaltung von Nacht- und Schichtarbeit berücksichtigt werden. Arbeitswissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse empfehlen höchstens drei aufeinanderfolgende Nachtschichten und die Vermeidung von Dauernachtarbeit. Dieser baua: Fokus basiert auf einer schriftlichen Stellungnahme der Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA) für die Arbeitsgruppe 5 "Sozialer Arbeitsschutz" des Länderausschusses für Arbeitsschutz und Sicherheitstechnik (LASI-A G 5)." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitszeitreport Deutschland - Länge, Lage und Flexibilität der Arbeitszeit im Überblick (2023)
Zitatform
Backhaus, Nils, Johanna Nold & Laura Vieten (2023): Arbeitszeitreport Deutschland - Länge, Lage und Flexibilität der Arbeitszeit im Überblick. (baua: Bericht kompakt), Dortmund, 3 S. DOI:10.21934/baua:berichtkompakt20230116
Abstract
"Durchschnittlich arbeiten abhängig Beschäftigte 38,4 Stunden pro Woche. Die Mehrheit der Beschäftigten möchte ihre Arbeitszeit verkürzen, etwa die Hälfte der Beschäftigten will zudem weniger als 5 Tage in der Woche arbeiten. 39 Prozent der Beschäftigten arbeiten regelmäßig am Wochenende. Gleichzeitig haben für viele Beschäftigte die Möglichkeiten, Arbeitszeiten flexibel zu gestalten, deutlich zugenommen. Diese und weitere Ergebnisse der BAuA-Arbeitszeitbefragung 2021 werden im aktuellen Arbeitszeitreport Deutschland vorgestellt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The Employment Effects of Working Time Reductions: Sector-Level Evidence from European Reforms (2023)
Zitatform
Batut, Cyprien, Andrea Garnero & Alessandro Tondini (2023): The Employment Effects of Working Time Reductions: Sector-Level Evidence from European Reforms. In: Industrial Relations, Jg. 62, H. 3, S. 217-232. DOI:10.1111/irel.12323
Abstract
"In this paper, we exploit a panel of industry-level data in European countries to study the economic impact of national reductions in usual weekly working hours between 1995 and 2007. Our identification strategy relies on the five national reforms that took place over this period and on initial differences across sectors in the share of workers exposed to the reforms. On average, the number of hours worked in more affected sectors fell, hourly wages rose, while employment did not increase. The effect on value added per hour worked appears to be positive but non-significant." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor Force Participation and Hours Worked Recovery: U.S. vs. Europe (2023)
Zitatform
Bick, Alexander & Kevin Bloodworth II (2023): Labor Force Participation and Hours Worked Recovery: U.S. vs. Europe. In: On the Economy Blog / Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis H. 21.12.2023.
Abstract
"The labor force participation rate in the U.S. had returned to its pre-pandemic level by 2023:Q2, but hours worked per person had not. What about in European countries?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Flexible work arrangements for work-life balance: a cross-national policy evaluation from a capabilities perspective (2023)
Zitatform
Brega, Carla, Samuel Briones, Jana Javornik, Margarita León & Mara Yerkes (2023): Flexible work arrangements for work-life balance: a cross-national policy evaluation from a capabilities perspective. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 43, H. 13/14, S. 278-294. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-03-2023-0077
Abstract
"Purpose: This paper aims to assess the design of national-level flexible work arrangement (FWA) policies, evaluating their potential to serve as an effective resource for employees to work flexibly depending on how they set the stage for flexibility claims that will be subject to industrial and workplace dynamics. Design/methodology/approach Using a capability approach, the authors conceptualize and operationalize two aspects of FWA policy design, namely accessibility and availability. The authors' analysis allows for an understanding of how the availability and accessibility of national FWA policies explicitly and implicitly restrict or facilitate flexible working in a structural manner. The study focuses on countries with differing working time regimes and gender norms on work and care: the Netherlands, Spain and Slovenia. Findings The authors' findings highlight how FWA accessibility is broader when national policy is specified and FWA availability is not conditional to care. In Spain and Slovenia, access to FWAs depends on whether employees have care responsibilities, which reduces accessibility and reinforces gender imbalances in care provision. In contrast, the Netherlands provides FWAs universally, resulting in wider availability and accessibility of FWAs for employees regardless of their care responsibilities. Despite this universal provision, gender imbalances remain. Originality/value The originality of this paper lies in its conceptualization and operationalization of FWAs at the national level using a capability approach. The study adds to the existing literature on flexible working and provides insights for policymakers to design more effective FWAs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employees' perceptions of co-workers' internal promotion penalties: the role of gender, parenthood and part-time (2023)
Zitatform
Brüggemann, Ole (2023): Employees' perceptions of co-workers' internal promotion penalties: the role of gender, parenthood and part-time. In: European Societies online erschienen am 26.10.2023, S. 1-29. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2023.2270049
Abstract
"Much research has focused on penalties by gender, parenthood and part-time work for hiring processes or wages, but their role for promotions is less clear. This study analyzes perceived chances for internal promotion, using a factorial survey design. Employees in 540 larger German (>100 employees) firms were asked to rate the likelihood of internal promotion for vignettes describing fictitious co-workers who varied in terms of gender, parenthood, working hours as well as age, earnings, qualification, tenure and job performance. Results show that promotion chances are perceived as significantly lower for co-workers who are women (gender penalty), mothers (motherhood penalty) and part-time workers (part-time penalty). Fathers and childless men (co-workers) are not evaluated differently (no fatherhood premium or penalty), and neither does part-time employment seem to be perceived as a double penalty for male co-workers. All three perceived promotion penalties are more pronounced among female employees, mothers and part-time employees. These findings show that employees perceive differential promotion chances for co-workers which indicate actual differences due to discrimination, selective applications or structural dead-ends. Either way, perceived promotion penalties are likely consequential in guiding employee's application behavior and hence can contribute to the persistence of vertical gender segregation in the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Preferences for collective working-time reduction policies: a factorial survey experiment (2023)
Castro, Damaris; Bleys, Brent;Zitatform
Castro, Damaris & Brent Bleys (2023): Preferences for collective working-time reduction policies: a factorial survey experiment. (Working paper / Ghent University. Faculty of Economics and Business Administration 2023,1076), Gent, 26 S.
Abstract
"Collective working-time reduction (WTR) policies, organized by companies, organizations, sectors or governments, can yield benefits across diverse domains including productivity and well-being. Despite an increasing number of WTR trials, the attractiveness of such policies remains relatively underexplored in literature. In this study, a factorial survey experiment investigates employees' preferences for collective WTR policies with pay reduction that vary along five dimensions. Findings reveal that employees favour policies that minimize pay reduction, that reduce working time moderately rather than extensively, and that establish a high degree of flexibility for taking up the additional leisure time. Moreover, the uptake amongst significant others matters: participation of colleagues as well as of close friends and family positively influences WTR attractiveness, although the latter primarily matter in WTR-supportive company cultures. Our findings provide valuable guidance for companies, organizations and policymakers when devising collective WTR policies and underline the importance of societal participation to enhance WTR attractiveness." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Adapting or compounding? The effects of recurring labour shocks on stated and revealed preferences for redistribution (2023)
Cotofan, Maria; Matakos, Konstantinos;Zitatform
Cotofan, Maria & Konstantinos Matakos (2023): Adapting or compounding? The effects of recurring labour shocks on stated and revealed preferences for redistribution. (CEP discussion paper / Centre for Economic Performance 1957), London, 34 S.
Abstract
"The evidence on the impact of employment shocks on preferences for redistribution is mixed on stated outcomes and sparse on revealed ones. We conduct a survey of US workers to measure the impact of repeated labour market shocks on both stated and revealed redistributive preferences. We measure the former by support on seven different policies and the latter through donations. We look at experiences of both mild shocks (having to reduce working hours) and hard shocks (unemployment), as well as past unemployment during formative years. We find evidence of adaptation to unemployment on policy preferences and compounding for milder shocks on donations, suggesting that the effects of repeated shocks on preferences for redistribution are not independent. Our results show that unemployment impacts preferences in a self-interested way, while milder shocks lead to broader support for redistribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
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Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- flexible Arbeitszeitmodelle insgesamt
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonto
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug