Arbeitszeit: Verlängern? Verkürzen? Flexibilisieren?
Standen in früheren Jahren erst die Verkürzung der Arbeitszeit und dann die Arbeitszeitverlängerung im Zentrum der Debatten, ist nun eine flexible Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit der Wunsch von Unternehmen und vielen Beschäftigten. Die Politik fragt vor diesem Hintergrund: wie kann Arbeitszeitpolitik die Schaffung neuer Arbeitsplätze und die Sicherung vorhandener Arbeitsplätze unterstützen?
Die Infoplattform bietet weiterführende Informationen zu dieser Frage, zur Entwicklung der Arbeitszeiten in Deutschland auch im internationalen Vergleich, zur betrieblichen Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit und zu den Arbeitszeitwünschen der Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmern.
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
-
Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- flexible Arbeitszeitmodelle insgesamt
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonto
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
The Employment Effects of Working Time Reductions: Sector-Level Evidence from European Reforms (2023)
Zitatform
Batut, Cyprien, Andrea Garnero & Alessandro Tondini (2023): The Employment Effects of Working Time Reductions: Sector-Level Evidence from European Reforms. In: Industrial Relations, Jg. 62, H. 3, S. 217-232. DOI:10.1111/irel.12323
Abstract
"In this paper, we exploit a panel of industry-level data in European countries to study the economic impact of national reductions in usual weekly working hours between 1995 and 2007. Our identification strategy relies on the five national reforms that took place over this period and on initial differences across sectors in the share of workers exposed to the reforms. On average, the number of hours worked in more affected sectors fell, hourly wages rose, while employment did not increase. The effect on value added per hour worked appears to be positive but non-significant." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Employment Effects of Working Time Reductions: Sector-Level Evidence from European Reforms (2022)
Zitatform
Batut, Cyprien, Andrea Garnero & Alessandro Tondini (2022): The Employment Effects of Working Time Reductions: Sector-Level Evidence from European Reforms. (FBK-IRVAPP working paper / Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Research Institute for the Evaluation of Public Policies 2022-04), Trient, 37 S.
Abstract
"Working time legislation is a key labour market regulation and the subject of heated and recurrent debates. A first-order concern is how this legislation may impact employment. In this paper, we exploit a panel of industry-level data in European countries to study the economic impact of national reductions in usual weekly working hours between 1995 and 2007. Our identification strategy relies on the five national reforms that took place over this period and on initial differences across sectors in the share of workers exposed to the reforms. We show that, on average, the number of hours worked in more affected sectors fell relative to less affected sectors but employment did not increase, while the impact on wages and value-added per hour worked appears to be positive but insignificant." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Narrowing women's time and income gaps: an assessment of the synergies between working time reduction and universal income schemes (2022)
Cieplinski, André; D'Alessandro, Simone; Guarnieri, Pietro; Dwarkasing, Chandni;Zitatform
Cieplinski, André, Simone D'Alessandro, Chandni Dwarkasing & Pietro Guarnieri (2022): Narrowing women's time and income gaps: an assessment of the synergies between working time reduction and universal income schemes. (Working papers / SOAS University of London 250), London, 34 S.
Abstract
"The COVID-19 crisis re-opened a discussion on the gendered nature of time-poverty and income inequality. We compare two policy combinations that assess the synergies between working time reduction and two universal income schemes: basic income and care income programmes. While the former provides every individual with an equal monetary benefit, the latter ties monetary benefits to the amount of unpaid and care work performed by individuals. We assess the impact of these policy combinations applying Eurogreen, a macrosimulation model tailored to Italy. Results suggest that while working time reduction directly improves the distribution of unpaid work and alleviates time-poverty, its impact on income inequality is limited. By contrast, the universal income schemes promote a similar and significant reduction of income inequality but differ in terms of gender equality outcomes. When it comes to improvements in women’s employment, labour force participation and real wages, working time reduction in combination with basic income outperforms care income. Meanwhile, care income outperforms basic income in terms of women’s income gap. Finally, regarding time-use, the adverse labour market effects of a care income on women’s participation rates compromises the redistribution of unpaid work from women to men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The employment effects of working time reductions in Europe (2022)
Zitatform
Garnero, Andrea, Alessandro Tondini & Cyprien Batut (2022): The employment effects of working time reductions in Europe. (VoxEU columns / Centre for Economic Policy Research), London, 8 S.
Abstract
"The implementation of shorter working hours is intended to create jobs by redistributing available work. But this is based on the assumption that there is a fixed amount of work to be done. This column studies the work-hour reforms in Belgium, France, Italy, Portugal, and Slovenia in the late 1990s and early 2000s under the EU Working Time Directive. The reforms did reduce the hours worked per employee, but firms did not substitute lower hours for more workers. Since employee salaries did not go down, a shorter working week or day could potentially increase wellbeing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Gender Gap in Time Allocation in Europe (2020)
Zitatform
Gimenez-Nadal, J. Ignacio & José Alberto Molina (2020): The Gender Gap in Time Allocation in Europe. (IZA discussion paper 13461), 42 S.
Abstract
"This article explores the gender gap in time allocation in Europe, offering up-to-date statistics and information on several factors that may help to explain these differences. Prior research has identified several factors affecting the time individuals devote to paid work, unpaid work, and child care, and the gender gaps in these activities, but most research refers to single countries, and general patterns are rarely explored. Cross-country evidence on gender gaps in paid work, unpaid work, and child care is offered, and explanations based on education, earnings, and household structure are presented, using data from the EUROSTAT and the Multinational Time Use Surveys. There are large cross-country differences in the gender gaps in paid work, unpaid work, and child care, which remain after controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, although the gender gap in paid work dissipates when the differential gendered relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and paid work is taken into account. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of gender gaps in Europe, helping to focus recent debates on how to tackle inequality in Europe, and clarifying the factors that contribute to gender inequalities in the uses of time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Eldercare hours, work hours and perceived filial obligations (2020)
Zitatform
Mazzotta, Fernanda, Francesca Bettio & Valentina Zigante (2020): Eldercare hours, work hours and perceived filial obligations. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 52, H. 21, S. 2219-2238. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2019.1687839
Abstract
"In this paper, we take a fresh look at the magnitude of the trade-off between caring informally for a parent and paid work. We adopt a simultaneous approach with a primary focus on how hours of care are influenced by hours of work rather than the other way round. We also investigate the role that filial obligations play in choices of caring versus working. Using the SHARE data (2004 and 2006) we find that the elasticity of informal care hours in response to working hours is between −0.17 in the caregivers sample and −0.19 in the women-only caregivers sample; small but not negligible. Moreover, we find that a 10%increase in the index measuring the strength of filial obligations increases weekly hours of care by about two and a half hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Auszeiten – Rauszeiten: Erfahrungen mit (Kurzzeit-)Sabbaticals und Vorschläge für ihre zukünftige Gestaltung (2020)
Pfahl, Svenja; Reuyß, Stefan; Mader, Esther;Zitatform
Pfahl, Svenja, Stefan Reuyß & Esther Mader (2020): Auszeiten – Rauszeiten. Erfahrungen mit (Kurzzeit-)Sabbaticals und Vorschläge für ihre zukünftige Gestaltung. (Hans-Böckler-Stiftung. Working paper Forschungsförderung 170), Düsseldorf, 105 S.
Abstract
"Welche Rolle (Kurzzeit-)Sabbaticals, also Auszeiten zwischen 4 Wochen und 12 Monaten, im Kontext von Arbeit 4.0 einnehmen, welche Möglichkeiten sie den Beschäftigten bieten, wie sie gestaltet sein müssen und welche Erfahrungen mit solchen Auszeiten in Deutschland und anderen Ländern vorliegen, darauf gibt die Expertise Antworten und skizziert vier auf die Zukunft ausgerichtete Grundmodel-le von (Kurzzeit-)Sabbaticals." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
'Women's work penalty' in access to flexible working arrangements across Europe (2019)
Zitatform
Chung, Heejung (2019): 'Women's work penalty' in access to flexible working arrangements across Europe. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 23-40. DOI:10.1177/0959680117752829
Abstract
"Many assume that women and workers in female-dominated workplaces will have better access to flexible working arrangements. Some use this as justification for the low wages found in these workplaces. Yet, empirical results are mixed. I explore this question by examining workers' access to schedule control across 27 European countries, and find no discernible gender differences in access to schedule control when individual and company-level characteristics are taken into account. However, working in female-dominated jobs and/or sectors significantly reduces access to schedule control for both men and women. This 'women's work penalty' in female-dominated sectors varies across Europe but nowhere was the access better compared to sectors where both genders are equally represented. This raises concerns regarding the lack of favourable working conditions, in addition to low pay found in female-dominated workplaces." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Impact of care responsibilities on women's employment: a comparison between European and East Asian welfare states (2017)
Zitatform
Chou, Yueh-Ching, Birgit Pfau-Effinger, Teppo Kröger & Costanzo Ranci (2017): Impact of care responsibilities on women's employment. A comparison between European and East Asian welfare states. In: European Societies, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 157-177. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2016.1268702
Abstract
"Women with care responsibilities tend to reduce their labour market activity and to work part time, even if there are cross-national differences. Empirical research often analyses this separately for childcare and elderly care, and studies are usually limited to Western societies. This article aims to explore to what extent women's care responsibilities for children and older people impact on women's labour market integration and how this impact differs in the context of different welfare states in Europe and Asia. The analysis is based on data from a new comparative survey for four cities (Jyväskylä, Hamburg, Bologna and Hsinchu) in four countries (Finland, Germany, Italy and Taiwan). While socio-economic and demographic factors (age, education, marital status, health, financial difficulty and cultural orientation) are considered, multinomial regression reveals that, concerning childcare, the differences are greater within Europe than between the European countries and the Asian welfare state included in the study. Moreover, it turns out that there is no association between caring for older relatives and female employment in any of the four societies. This study demonstrates that the impact of different types of care responsibilities on women's employment shows different directions and conditions in the context of different welfare states." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Paths towards family-friendly working time arrangements: comparing workplaces in different countries and industries (2017)
Wiß, Tobias;Zitatform
Wiß, Tobias (2017): Paths towards family-friendly working time arrangements. Comparing workplaces in different countries and industries. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 51, H. 7, S. 1406-1430. DOI:10.1111/spol.12270
Abstract
"Although studies have examined the distribution and conditions of employer-provided work - family arrangements, we still lack a systematic investigation of how these vary for different countries and industries. Based on the European Working Conditions Survey 2010, this study examines the conditions under which firms provide family-friendly working time arrangements and what the differences are across four countries (Austria, Denmark, Italy and the UK) and four industries. The impact of employee representatives, employee involvement, manager support and female managers varies across countries and industries because of the institutional environment (prevailing family model, industrial relations) and workforce composition (gender). The impact of employee representatives depends on their co-determination rights, and the direction of their effect on the prevailing family model (e.g. negative in conservative countries such as Austria) and the gender composition of the workforce (negative in male-dominated production, but positive in services). Employee involvement in the work organization is significantly positive in Austria and Denmark (both with co-operative industrial relations), while manager support has the strongest effect in the UK (liberal regime). At the industry level, female supervisors are positively associated with family-friendly working time arrangements only in the male-dominated production industry. These findings suggest that the effects of agency variables and their direction vary depending on the institutional context." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Hours worked in Europe and the US: new data, new answers (2016)
Zitatform
Bick, Alexander, Bettina Brüggemann & Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln (2016): Hours worked in Europe and the US. New data, new answers. (IZA discussion paper 10179), Bonn, 44 S.
Abstract
"We use national labor force surveys from 1983 through 2011 to construct hours worked per person on the aggregate level and for different demographic groups for 18 European countries and the US. We find that Europeans work 19% fewer hours than US citizens. Differences in weeks worked and in the educational composition each account for one third to one half of this gap. Lower hours per person than in the US are in addition driven by lower weekly hours worked in Scandinavia and Western Europe, but by lower employment rates in Eastern and Southern Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A cross-country comparison of gender differences in job-related training: the role of working hours and the household context (2016)
Zitatform
Boll, Christina & Elisabeth Bublitz (2016): A cross-country comparison of gender differences in job-related training. The role of working hours and the household context. (HWWI research paper 172), Hamburg, 54 S.
Abstract
"Regarding gender differences, theory suggests that in a partnership the individual with the lower working hours and earnings position should exhibit lower training participation rates. Since women are more likely to match this description, we investigate whether systematic group differences explain gender variation. Across all countries, male workers are not affected by their earnings position. For female workers in Germany, but not Italy or the Netherlands, working part-time instead of full-time corresponds with a decrease in course length by 5.5 hours. Also, regarding German part-time employed women, single earners train 5.6 hours more than secondary earners. The findings of our study hold at the extensive and the intensive margin, suggesting that Germany faces particular household-related obstacles regarding gender differences in job-related training." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen in: BJIR, online first (2018) -
Literaturhinweis
Which are the benefits of having more female leaders?: evidence from the use of part-time work in Italy (2016)
Zitatform
Devicienti, Francesco, Elena Grinza, Alessandro Manello & Davide Vannoni (2016): Which are the benefits of having more female leaders? Evidence from the use of part-time work in Italy. (IZA discussion paper 10314), Bonn, 28 S.
Abstract
"Using three waves of a uniquely rich survey on Italian private firms, we explore the impact of female managers on the use of part-time work. Building on a literature arguing that female leaders are more sensitive to their employees' needs and more self-transcendent than their male counterparts, we assess whether such attitudes manifest themselves also in relation to working time arrangements. Results indicate that female managers are indeed more responsive to their employees' needs: they heavily limit the employment of involuntary part-time work, correspondingly increasing full-time employment, and concede more part-time arrangements to employees asking for them. All in all, our results show that there are some hitherto unexplored benefits from increasing the number of female leaders: on the one hand, they strongly contain the widespread phenomenon of involuntary part-time employment and, on the other hand, they enhance the work-life balance of workers engaged in child care or elderly care activities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Flexiblework and immigration in Europe (2015)
Raess, Damian; Burgoon, Brian;Zitatform
Raess, Damian & Brian Burgoon (2015): Flexiblework and immigration in Europe. In: BJIR, Jg. 53, H. 1, S. 94-111. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12022
Abstract
"Immigration has risen substantially in many European economies, with farreaching if still uncertain implications for labour markets and industrial relations. This article investigates such implications, focusing on employment flexibility, involving both 'external flexibility' (fixed-term or temporary agency and/or involuntary part-time work) and 'internal flexibility' (overtime and/or balancing-time accounts). The article identifies reasons why immigration should generally increase the incidence of such flexibility, and why external flexibility should rise more than internal flexibility. The article supports these claims using a dataset of establishments in 16 European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
"Somebody is thinking about it": women as household managers in dual-earner families (2014)
Alby, Francesca; Fatigante, Marilena; Zucchermaglio, Cristina;Zitatform
Alby, Francesca, Marilena Fatigante & Cristina Zucchermaglio (2014): "Somebody is thinking about it": women as household managers in dual-earner families. In: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, Jg. 26, H. 1, S. 29-48.
Abstract
"In dieser Arbeit nehmen wir mithilfe eines Multimethodenansatzes die Managementpraxis erwerbstätiger Mütter, die diese zur Bewältigung komplexer Zeitpläne und der Bedürfnisse der Familie anwenden, in den Blick. Aus vorausgegangenen Studien wissen wir, dass Doppelverdienerfamilien einer grundlegenden Umgestaltung des häuslichen Familienlebens gegenüberstehen, wobei bisher kaum darüber geforscht wurde, wie eine solche Reorganisation innerhalb der Familien erreicht wird. Die Erkenntnisse beruhen auf verschiedenen Datensätzen (Fokusgruppen, Zeitverwendungstagebücher, Aufzeichnung von Alltagsgesprächen) und verweisen auf die zentrale Bedeutung dieser Managementpraktiken im häuslichen Alltagsleben dieser Familien. Die Ergebnisse zeigen zudem, dass die Hausarbeit eine Arena praktischer Überlegungen und Denkmuster ist. Mithilfe einer detaillierten Analyse der sequentiellen Handlungsabfolgen in der Hausarbeit werden die Managementpraktiken sichtbar, die die Mütter nutzen, um unterschiedliche und miteinander in Wettstreit stehende Aktivitäten für sich zu verwerten und zu koordinieren. Abschließend schlagen wir vor, dass diese Managementpraktiken eine Form von Care- Arbeit darstellt, durch die Mütter das Wohlergehen der Familienmitglieder sicherstellen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Women's part-time jobs: "Flexirisky" employment in five European countries (2014)
Blazquez-Cuesta, Maite; Moral Carcedo, Julian;Zitatform
Blazquez-Cuesta, Maite & Julian Moral Carcedo (2014): Women's part-time jobs: "Flexirisky" employment in five European countries. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 150, H. 2, S. 269-292. DOI:10.1111/j.1564-913X.2014.00204.x
Abstract
"European countries currently have segmented labour markets with flexible but insecure - 'flexirisky' - jobs, resulting in significant inequality between different categories of workers. Part-time jobs are one example: their flexibility may help workers reconcile work and family life, and increase women's labour force participation, but part-time employment can also result in new forms of inequality, thereby undermining EU equal opportunity policies. Empirically analysing labour market transitions in Denmark, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain, this article Shows part-timers - who are mostly women - to be at higher risk of unemployment. lt calls for strengthening equality between part-time and full-time workers in terms of employment stability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work and well-being of informal caregivers in Europe (2014)
Heger, Dörte;Zitatform
Heger, Dörte (2014): Work and well-being of informal caregivers in Europe. (Ruhr economic papers 512), Essen, 55 S. DOI:10.4419/86788587
Abstract
"Informelle Pflegerinnen und Pfleger leisten einen wertvollen Beitrag zu der Pflege älterer Menschen. Welche Folgen die Erbringung von Pflege auf die pflegende Person hat, ist jedoch noch nicht vollständig bekannt. Diese Studie verdeutlicht den Zusammenhang zwischen Pflegeerbringung, Arbeit, kognitiven Fähigkeiten und Gesundheit in einem theoretischen Modell und schätzt die Auswirkung von Pflegeerbringung anhand von Längsschnittdaten aus 13 europäischen Ländern. Dabei wird insbesondere der Einfluss institutioneller Faktoren auf die Auswirkungen von Pflegeerbringung analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Pflegeerbringung die Erwerbstätigkeit in Ländern mit einem geringeren professionellen Pflegeangebot stark reduziert. Dagegen leiden in allen Ländern pflegende Personen häufiger an depressiven Symptomen. Die Ergebnisse für kognitive Fähigkeiten und Gesundheit sind gemischt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Part-time wage penalties for women in prime age: a matter of selection or segregation? evidence from four European countries (2014)
Zitatform
Matteazzi, Eleonora, Ariane Pailhe & Anne Solaz (2014): Part-time wage penalties for women in prime age. A matter of selection or segregation? evidence from four European countries. In: ILR review, Jg. 67, H. 3, S. 955-985. DOI:10.1177/0019793914537457
Abstract
"Using the European Union Statistics an Income and Living Conditions data for the year 2009, the authors evaluate how vertical and horizontal job segregation explains the differential between fulltime and part-time pay for prime-age women in four European countries: Austria, Italy, Poland, and the United Kingdom. The selected countries are representative of different welfare state regimes, Labor market regulations, and extents and forms of parttime employment. Full-time hourly wages exceed part-time hourly wages, especially in market-oriented economies, such as Poland and the United Kingdom. Results using the Neuman-Oaxaca decomposition methods show that most of the full-time -- part-time wage gap is driven by job segregation, especially its vertical dimension. Vertical segregation explains an especially large Part of the pay gap in Poland and die United Kingdom, where, more than elsewhere, part-timers are concentrated in low-skilled occupations and the wage disparities across occupations are quite large." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does caring for the elderly affect midlife women's employment?: differences across regimes (2014)
Zitatform
Naldini, Manuela, Emmanuele Pavolini & Cristina Solera (2014): Does caring for the elderly affect midlife women's employment? Differences across regimes. (Carlo Alberto notebooks 368), Turin, 14 S.
Abstract
"Does caring for an elderly person affect mid-life women's employment? What is the role of the institutional and cultural context? This study draws on Eurobarometer micro data, which have been integrated with institutional country-level datasets, and by means of cluster analysis and multilevel analysis across 21 European countries it analyses the main micro and macro factors that influence decisions to give up or reduce (or not) paid work when having to care for a frail elderly parent. The results show that living in a 'care-work regime', different in terms of care policies, care and family cultures and overall women's activity rates, matters. In Scandinavian countries - the most de-familialised ones - women rarely change their labour market participation for elderly caregiving. Conversely, where service coverage is lower and intergenerational family care obligations higher, as in Southern and Eastern European countries, mid-life women's employment is discouraged." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employment, late-life work, retirement, and well-being in Europe and the United States (2014)
Zitatform
Nikolova, Milena & Carol Graham (2014): Employment, late-life work, retirement, and well-being in Europe and the United States. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 3, S. 1-30. DOI:10.1186/2193-9012-3-5
Abstract
"Flexible work arrangements and retirement options provide one solution for the challenges of unemployment and underemployment, aging populations, and unsustainable public pension systems in welfare states around the world. We examine the relationships between well-being and job satisfaction on the one hand and employment status and retirement, on the other, using Gallup World Poll data for several European countries and the United States. We find that voluntary part-time workers are happier, experience less stress and anger, and have higher job satisfaction than other employees. Using statistical matching, we show that late-life workers under voluntary part-time or full-time arrangements have higher well-being than retirees. There is no well-being premium for involuntary late-life work and self-employment compared to retirement, however. Our findings inform ongoing debates about the optimal retirement age and the fiscal burdens of public pension systems." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
-
Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- flexible Arbeitszeitmodelle insgesamt
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonto
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug