Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Ältere
Die Förderung der Beschäftigung Älterer steht wieder auf der politischen Agenda. Wir benötigten angesichts des demografischen Wandels eine Arbeitsmarktpolitik, die der Arbeitskräfteknappheit in den Betrieben entgegenwirkt.
Das Themendossier geht auf die arbeitsmarkt- und beschäftigungspolitischen Aspekte der Entwicklung des Arbeitsmarktes für Ältere ein.
- Erwerbstätigkeit und Arbeitslosigkeit Älterer
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Arbeitsmarkt- und beschäftigungspolitische Maßnahmen
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Initiativen und Kampagnen gegen Altersdiskriminierung
- Vermittlung und Beratung, Coaching
- Arbeitsbedingungen und Gesundheitsschutz
- Qualifizierung
- Subventionierung von Beschäftigung
- Lohnersatzleistungen, Bürgergeld, Arbeitslosengeld I und II
- Berufsausstieg, Übergang in Rente
- Arbeits- und Sozialrecht
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
The Extension of Late Working Life in Germany: Trends, Inequalities, and the East–West Divide (2023)
Zitatform
Dudel, Christian, Elke Loichinger, Sebastian Klüsener, Harun Sulak & Mikko Myrskylä (2023): The Extension of Late Working Life in Germany. Trends, Inequalities, and the East–West Divide. In: Demography, Jg. 60, H. 4, S. 1115–1137. DOI:10.1215/00703370-10850040
Abstract
"The extension of late working life has been proposed as a potential remedy for the challenges of aging societies. For Germany, surprisingly little is known about trends and social inequalities in the length of late working life. We use data from the German Microcensus to estimate working life expectancy from age 55 onward for the 1941‒1955 birth cohorts. We adjust our calculations of working life expectancy for working hours and present results for western and eastern Germany by gender, education, and occupation. While working life expectancy has increased across cohorts, we find strong regional and socioeconomic disparities. Decomposition analyses show that among males, socioeconomic differences are predominantly driven by variation in employment rates; among women, variation in both employment rates and working hours are highly relevant. Older eastern German women have longer working lives than older western German women, which is likely attributable to the German Democratic Republic legacy of high female employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Priming or learning? The influence of pension policy information on individual preferences in Germany, Spain and the United States (2023)
Zitatform
Fernández, Juan J., Gema García-Albacete, Antonio M. Jaime-Castillo & Jonas Radl (2023): Priming or learning? The influence of pension policy information on individual preferences in Germany, Spain and the United States. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 337-352. DOI:10.1177/09589287231164347
Abstract
"A promising approach to pension policy preferences focuses on the influence of policy related information. We advance this research programme by examining the impact of information about future pension benefits, including whether information effects occur through priming, learning or both. Drawing on a novel, split-sample survey experiment in the US, Germany and Spain, we examine the impact of information on forecasted pension replacement rates for 2040 on pension policy attitudes. Findings indicate that the information treatment increases support for the two outcomes considered: (i) increases in the pensionable age and (ii) greater spending on pensions relative to other social programmes. Analyses of heterogeneous treatment effects accounting for prior beliefs of participants show that information effects occur both through priming and learning. The study concludes that hard, non-partisan information increases support for reforms that foster the financial sustainability of pension systems, although the scope of information effects depends on contextual conditions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Der starke Anstieg der Erwerbstätigkeit von Älteren ist ganz überwiegend dem Wachstum der sozialversicherungspflichtigen Beschäftigung geschuldet (Serie "Arbeitskräftesicherung") (2023)
Zitatform
Fitzenberger, Bernd, Christian Hutter & Doris Söhnlein (2023): Der starke Anstieg der Erwerbstätigkeit von Älteren ist ganz überwiegend dem Wachstum der sozialversicherungspflichtigen Beschäftigung geschuldet (Serie "Arbeitskräftesicherung"). In: IAB-Forum H. 02.05.2023 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20230502.01
Abstract
"Die Erwerbstätigkeit von Älteren, also in der Altersgruppe ab 50 Jahre, nimmt seit Mitte der 2000er Jahre deutlich zu. Dabei dominiert der Anstieg der sozialversicherungspflichtigen Beschäftigung, insbesondere bei den 60- bis 64-Jährigen. Auch der Anteil Selbstständiger in dieser Altersgruppe stieg in diesem Zeitraum an, zumindest bis zur Corona-Krise. Im Gegensatz dazu geht der Anteil ausschließlich geringfügig Beschäftigter bei Älteren seit den 2010er Jahren – mit Ausnahme der Personen ab 65 – zurück." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The value of pension reforms for late working life: evidence from Sweden (2023)
Zitatform
Focacci, Chiara Natalie, Gülin Öylü, Andreas Motel-Klingebiel & Susanne Kelfve (2023): The value of pension reforms for late working life: evidence from Sweden. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 43, H. 13/14, S. 79-89. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-02-2023-0038
Abstract
"Purpose: Driven by the aim to increase the participation of older people in the labor force and to extend people's working lives, the Swedish Parliament passed a bill in 1998 to increase the pension eligibility age from 60 to 61 years and establish a notional defined-contribution (NDC) plan. In this article, the authors investigate the impacts towards the prolongation of working lives expected from such an intervention. Design/methodology/approach The authors apply a multinomial probabilistic model based on Swedish registry data on the birth cohorts 1937–1938 (n = 102,826) and observe differences in exit behaviour between eligible and non-eligible individuals. Findings: The authors find that the cohorts eligible to the pension reform exit the labor market at a later age compared to non-eligible cohorts at the 61-years cut-off. The authors also find that the effect persists in the long term. Furthermore, the authors find that both men and women are equally struck by the reform. Originality/value While there exist many descriptive reports and theoretical analyses on the costs and benefits of pension reforms, this study is the first one to empirically analyse the effect of the first European NDC pay-as-you go pension plan on the potential exclusion of old-aged workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Productivity of Unemployment and the Temporality of Employment-to-Come: Older Disadvantaged Job Seekers (2023)
Zitatform
Gerrard, Jessica & Juliet Watson (2023): The Productivity of Unemployment and the Temporality of Employment-to-Come: Older Disadvantaged Job Seekers. In: Sociological research online, Jg. 28, H. 1, S. 21-36. DOI:10.1177/13607804211009534
Abstract
"This article demonstrates how unemployment is made productive through workfare activities for older disadvantaged job seekers. We suggest that the requirement to look for work, engage in education and training, and participate in voluntary work blurs the boundaries between employment and unemployment. Drawing on in-depth qualitative research with older disadvantaged job seekers, we demonstrate how this obligatory productivity is lived and felt, characterised by shame and frustration and framed by the temporality of waiting and searching for work. We suggest that this experience of ‘productive’ unemployment can be described as a dissonant state of ‘transitional stasis’, whereby job seekers are expected to transition out of unemployment and poverty while experiencing the long-term and ongoing effects of immobility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Erwerbsminderungsrente: Weiterer Reformbedarf (2023)
Zitatform
Geyer, Johannes (2023): Erwerbsminderungsrente: Weiterer Reformbedarf. In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 103, H. 5, S. 290. DOI:10.2478/wd-2023-0089
Abstract
"Der Verlust der Erwerbsfähigkeit ist ein unterschätztes Einkommensrisiko. Erwerbsminderung ist für die überwiegende Mehrheit gleichbedeutend mit dem Wegfall ihrer wichtigsten Einkommensquelle, ihrem Lohn. Der Konsum wird dann aus einer Erwerbsminderungsrente, Transferleistungen, dem Einkommen anderer Haushaltsmitglieder, eigener Erwerbstätigkeit in geringem Stundenumfang und, falls vorhanden, Erspartem bestritten. Immerhin gehen rund 160.000 Menschen jährlich in eine Erwerbsminderungsrente. Im Rentenbestand sind es 1,8 Mio. Menschen, hinzu kommen etwa 2,7 Mio. Menschen, die inzwischen eine Altersrente beziehen. Bezogen auf alle Alters- und Erwerbsminderungsrenten liegt der Anteil der ursprünglich Erwerbsgeminderten bei immerhin 22 %." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
When Institutions Interact: How the Effects of Unemployment Insurance are Shaped by Retirement Policies (2023)
Zitatform
Gudgeon, Matthew, Pablo Guzman, Johannes F. Schmieder, Simon Trenkle & Han Ye (2023): When Institutions Interact: How the Effects of Unemployment Insurance are Shaped by Retirement Policies. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31807), Cambridge, Mass, 62 S.
Abstract
"This paper shows empirically that the non-employment effects of unemployment insurance (UI) for older workers depend in a first-order way on the structure of retirement policies. Using German data, we first present reduced-form evidence of these interactions, documenting large bunching in UI inflows at the age that allows workers to claim their pension following UI expiration. We then estimate a dynamic life-cycle model and use it to directly quantify how the effects of UI vary with retirement policies. Accounting for interactions across UI and retirement institutions also helps explain otherwise difficult-to-explain trends in the unemployment rate of older German workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Age-specific entrepreneurship and PAYG: Public pensions in Germany (2023)
Zitatform
Heer, Burkhard & Mark Trede (2023): Age-specific entrepreneurship and PAYG: Public pensions in Germany. In: Journal of macroeconomics, Jg. 75. DOI:10.1016/j.jmacro.2022.103488
Abstract
"We present new empirical evidence on the distribution of earnings, income and wealth among entrepreneurs in Germany. We document that both earnings and income are more concentrated among entrepreneurs than among workers and describe a large-scale overlapping-generations model that replicates the age-earnings profiles of these two household types. As an application, we compute the equilibrium effects of a reform of the German pay-as-you-go pension system in which entrepreneurs must also contribute and receive a pension. We show that in the presence of mobility between workers and entrepreneurs, the expected lifetime utility of all newborn households unanimously declines due to the general equilibrium effects of lower aggregate savings, and welfare losses amount to approximately 0.7% of total consumption. In addition, the integration of self-employed workers into the social security system in Germany does not help to improve its fiscal sustainability, and only an increase in the retirement age to 70 years will help to finance pensions at the present level beyond the year 2050." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Ageing and labor productivity (2023)
Zitatform
Hernaes, Erik, Tom Kornstad, Simen Markussen & Knut Røed (2023): Ageing and labor productivity. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 82. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102347
Abstract
"We exploit a policy-induced shift in the labor supply of elderly (age 63–67) workers in Norway to explore how aging of the workforce within existing firms is likely to affect labor productivity and the demand for younger workers. Our results are imprecise, but indicate that a higher share of age 63–67 workers increases total wage costs and has a small positive effect on labor productivity in the short run. Postponed retirement of existing elderly workers leads to a significant decline in the hiring of younger (below age 30) workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Access to employer-provided paid leave and eldercare provision for older workers (2023)
Zitatform
Kim, Soohyun (2023): Access to employer-provided paid leave and eldercare provision for older workers. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 26, H. 3, S. 285-291. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2021.1885346
Abstract
"Paid leave for family and medical reasons is an important workplace benefit for older workers with eldercare responsibilities by offering time off from work to deal with the need for caregiving, but little is known about its effects on eldercare provision. I study the association between employer-provided paid leave and eldercare provision among workers aged 45 or over, using the 2011 and 2017–18 American Time Use Survey and its Leave Modules. Among various types of leave, paid leave for eldercare was the only type of leave associated with an increase in any care provision by six percentage points. The positive relationship was stronger for care provided less than daily than care provided daily. The significant, but small, increase in care provision associated with paid leave for eldercare suggests the role of paid leave in facilitating care for older adults among middle- and old-aged workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Pension Reforms and Couples' Labour Supply Decisions (2023)
Zitatform
Moghadam, Hamed Markazi, Patrick A. Puhani & Joanna Tyrowicz (2023): Pension Reforms and Couples' Labour Supply Decisions. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16039), Bonn, 43 S.
Abstract
"To determine how wives' and husbands' retirement options affect their spouses' (and their own) labour supply decisions, we exploit (early) retirement cutoffs by way of a regression discontinuity design. Several German pension reforms since the early 1990s have gradually raised women's retirement age from 60 to 65, but also increased ages for several early retirement pathways affecting both sexes. We use German Socio-Economic Panel data for a sample of couples aged 50 to 69 whose retirement eligibility occurred (i) prior to the reforms, (ii) during the transition years, and (iii) after the major set of reforms. We find that, prior to the reforms, when several retirement options were available to both husbands and wives, both react almost symmetrically to their spouse reaching an early retirement age, that is both husband and wife decrease their labour supply by about 5 percentage points when the spouse reaches age 60). This speaks in favour of leisure complementarities. However, after the set of reforms, when retiring early was much more difficult, we find no more significant labour supply reaction to the spouse reaching a retirement age, whereas reaching one's own retirement age still triggers a significant reaction in labour supply. Our results may explain some of the diverse findings in the literature on asymmetric reactions between husbands and wives to their spouse reaching a retirement age: such reactions may in large parts depend on how flexibly workers are able to retire." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Graying and Staying on the Job: The Welfare Implications of Employment Protection for Older Workers (2023)
Zitatform
Morris, Todd & Benoit Dostie (2023): Graying and Staying on the Job: The Welfare Implications of Employment Protection for Older Workers. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16430), Bonn, 44 S.
Abstract
"We study the welfare implications of employment protection for older workers, exploiting recent bans on mandatory retirement across Canadian provinces. Using linked employer- employee tax data, we show that the bans cause large and similar reductions in job separation rates and retirement hazards at age 65, with further reductions at higher ages. The effects vary substantially across industries and firms, and around two-fifths of the adjustments occur between ban announcement and implementation dates. We find no evidence that the demand for older workers falls, but the welfare effects are mediated by spillovers on savings behavior, workplace injuries, and spousal retirement timing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Are active labour market policies effective for the older unemployed? A meta-evaluation (2023)
Zitatform
Orfao, Guillermo & Miguel Ángel Malo (2023): Are active labour market policies effective for the older unemployed? A meta-evaluation. In: Ageing & Society, Jg. 43, S. 1617-1637. DOI:10.1017/S0144686X21001288
Abstract
"We present a meta-evaluation of the literature on the impacts of active labour market policies for unemployed people over 50, extracting 82 impacts for analysis. The meta-evaluation includes only impact evaluations that examine both a group of beneficiaries and a control group of comparable non-beneficiaries. On average, we find that active policies have a slightly negative effect (−0.8 percentage points) on the probability of unemployed people over 50 finding a job and that this negative effect disappears 24 months after policy implementation. However, this effect is very different when disaggregated by policy type. Direct job creation policies have a clear negative effect (−3.9 percentage points), and training policies have a positive average effect, either in isolation (2.4 percentage points) or when combined with search assistance or counselling (1.7 percentage points). We also find slight differences by gender, with the effect of active policies being greater for women than for men. These results have important implications, given that the European Commission and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development have made active policies the cornerstone of their efforts to improve the re-employment of older people. Our results support training policies, either in isolation or in combination with search assistance and counselling. The greatest impacts are obtained after 12 months of policy implementation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Pathways of participation in paid and unpaid work in mid to later life in the United Kingdom (2023)
Zitatform
Sacco, Lawrence B., Laurie M. Corna, Debora Price & Karen Glaser (2023): Pathways of participation in paid and unpaid work in mid to later life in the United Kingdom. In: Ageing & Society, Jg. 43, H. 9, S. 2067-2094. DOI:10.1017/S0144686X21001537
Abstract
"Policy responses to population ageing have focused on lengthening working lives, overlooking inequalities in older adults’ participation in unpaid activities. This paper examines participation in paid and unpaid activities between the ages of 55 and 70 to answer two questions: how do people navigate pathways of paid work, informal care, volunteering, civic participation and housework in mid to later life?; and how do these pathways relate to gender, socio-economic and health inequalities? Two-staged latent class analysis was used to identify activity pathways using data from the British Household Panel Survey (1996–2008). Multinomial logistic models assessed associations between latent pathways and socio-demographic and health characteristics. Three pathways were observed: full-time work to low activity (49%), part-time and in-home work (34%) and multiple activities (16%). Aside from retirement from full-time work, the pathways of participation in paid and unpaid activities were characterised by continuity; substitution between different forms of paid and unpaid work was not observed. Participation in multiple paid and unpaid activities was more common for respondents in better health and of higher socio-economic status. Since the promotion of paid work and volunteering in later life may mainly benefit individuals in advantaged circumstances, policies should avoid taking a blanket approach to encouraging participation in multiple activities, a key component of active ageing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The perceived fair duration of unemployment benefits for older workers. The role of lifetime achievements in the labour market (2023)
Zitatform
Senghaas, Monika, Christopher Osiander, Gesine Stephan, Olaf Struck & Richard Wolff (2023): The perceived fair duration of unemployment benefits for older workers. The role of lifetime achievements in the labour market. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 164-177., 2022-08-03. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12558
Abstract
"The welfare state regulates social policies and reallocates scarce resources. For the social legitimacy of the welfare state, it is important that the public supports the principles underlying this reallocation. This article examines the impact of different activities during the life course on public deservingness perceptions of older unemployed people. In a factorial survey experiment conducted among a random sample of individuals drawn from German administrative employment records, we examine the maximum duration of benefit receipt which is perceived as fair for older unemployed persons with different biographies. The results indicate strong public support for a nexus between previous contributions and benefit entitlements. Besides financial contributions to unemployment insurance, parenting and further training are considered to be ‘lifetime achievements’ which justify longer unemployment benefit receipt. We interpret these findings as an expression of a generalised form of reciprocity which guides perceptions of deservingness regarding older unemployed persons." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Wiley) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Effect of Pension Wealth on Employment (2022)
Zitatform
Becker, Sebastian, Hermann Buslei, Johannes Geyer & Peter Haan (2022): The Effect of Pension Wealth on Employment. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 15836), Bonn, 49 S.
Abstract
"This study provides novel evidence about the pension wealth elasticity of employment. For the identification we exploit reform-induced variation of pension wealth that is related to the number of children but which does not affect the implicit tax rate of employment. We use a difference-in-differences estimator based on administrative data from the German pension insurance and find that, on average, the negative employment effect of pension wealth is significant and economically important. Heterogeneity analyses document a strong age pattern showing that the employment effects are driven by behavioral responses of women close to retirement. The age pattern is partly explained by the positive effect of pension wealth on disability pensions after the age of 60." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Altersrenten und sozialer Ausgleich in Deutschland und Österreich – ein Vergleich anhand von Modellrechnungen (2022)
Zitatform
Blank, Florian & Erik Türk (2022): Altersrenten und sozialer Ausgleich in Deutschland und Österreich – ein Vergleich anhand von Modellrechnungen. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 71, H. 2, S. 139-163. DOI:10.3790/sfo.71.2.139
Abstract
"Die Gegenüberstellung der Rentenansprüche für einheitliche, idealtypische Biografien ermöglicht den Vergleich von Unterschieden der Rentensysteme selbst. Die von der OECD erstellten Modellbiografien mit durchgehenden Erwerbsverläufen, abschlagsfreiem Renteneintritt und stabilen Einkommenspositionen bilden den Ausgangspunkt für den Vergleich der Rentenversicherungen Deutschlands und Österreichs. Die Vorgehensweise der OECD wird dargestellt, sofern erforderlich korrigiert, aktualisiert und weiterentwickelt. Zusätzlich werden Arbeitslosigkeit, vorzeitiger Renteneintritt sowie Kindererziehungszeiten berücksichtigt. Durch diese Ergänzungen werden eine höhere Realitätsanbindung erreicht und Elemente des sozialen Ausgleichs einbezogen. Es zeigt sich, dass die österreichische Pensionsversicherung in jeder Konstellation deutlich höhere Leistungen gewährt, die Elemente des sozialen Ausgleichs den Abstand teils vergrößern, teils verringern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Job search requirements for older unemployed workers: Search requirements for the older unemployed affect their re-employment rates and their flows into states of inactivity (2022)
Bloemen, Hans;Zitatform
Bloemen, Hans (2022): Job search requirements for older unemployed workers. Search requirements for the older unemployed affect their re-employment rates and their flows into states of inactivity. (IZA world of labor 235,2), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.235.v2
Abstract
"Politische Maßnahmen zur Aktivierung älterer Arbeitnehmer sind in vielen OECD-Länder mit rasch alternden Bevölkerungen von großer Bedeutung. Forschungsergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Integration Älterer in die allgemein an Arbeitslose gestellten Suchanforderungen zu einem verstärkten Übergang in Beschäftigung führen kann. Als negativer Begleiteffekt ist allerdings eine Zunahme von Inaktivität, etwa durch Berufsunfähigkeit, zu berücksichtigen. Insgesamt kann eine Strategie, die konkrete Suchanforderungen an ältere Arbeitslose stellt und mit einem Monitoringverfahren verbindet, die Wiederbeschäftigung von Älteren deutlich stärken." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
deutsche Kurzfassung -
Literaturhinweis
Population ageing and its consequences in health, labour market and gender policies (2022)
Davare, Ramani; Scheitlin, Amara; Kreis, Felix;Zitatform
Davare, Ramani, Felix Kreis & Amara Scheitlin (2022): Population ageing and its consequences in health, labour market and gender policies. (European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research. Policy brief 2022,03), Wien, 23 S.
Abstract
"Population ageing in the next few decades will result in a higher fraction of older people in European societies. In 2050, there will be close to half a million centenarians and approximately 130 million people over the age of 65 living in the EU with important consequences for economic growth, labour markets and social security. Still, European states have implemented international initiatives and recommendations rather poorly and to different extents. This policy brief analyses the current limitations in ageing-related health, labour market and gender policies in Hungary, Estonia, Germany and the Netherlands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Old-Age Unemployment and Labor Supply: An Application to Belgium (2022)
Zitatform
De Brouwer, Octave & Ilan Tojerow (2022): Old-Age Unemployment and Labor Supply: An Application to Belgium. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 15628), Bonn, 47 S.
Abstract
"Over the last two decades, most OECD countries have reformed their social security in order to make early departures from the labor market increasingly difficult. Despite the fiscal gains that are expected from these reforms, it is likely that these gains from longer careers will be partly offset by increasing expenses on other social security programs. This article sheds light on this issue by exploring the consequences of postponing access to an old-age unemployment program from age 58 to 60. The program provides laid-off workers with a combination of unemployment benefits and a monthly supplement paid by the employer until the full retirement age. Exploiting a rich set of administrative data, we study the effect of this reform on workers' employment and various social security benefits (i.e. unemployment, disability, early retirement and compensated working time reductions), using a triple difference method as identification strategy. Our results show that, for men, the reform had a positive effect on employment, with a small positive effect on a program called Time-Credit, i.e., a social security program that facilitates working time reductions at the end of the career. For women, we find no significant effect on employment but instead a large spillover effect on unemployment. We find that gender differences in job characteristics can help to explain this difference, since women are more likely to work in part-time, low-wage and blue-collar occupations than men, and no significant employment effects are found for these groups of workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
- Erwerbstätigkeit und Arbeitslosigkeit Älterer
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Arbeitsmarkt- und beschäftigungspolitische Maßnahmen
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Initiativen und Kampagnen gegen Altersdiskriminierung
- Vermittlung und Beratung, Coaching
- Arbeitsbedingungen und Gesundheitsschutz
- Qualifizierung
- Subventionierung von Beschäftigung
- Lohnersatzleistungen, Bürgergeld, Arbeitslosengeld I und II
- Berufsausstieg, Übergang in Rente
- Arbeits- und Sozialrecht
- geografischer Bezug