Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Ältere
Die Förderung der Beschäftigung Älterer steht wieder auf der politischen Agenda. Wir benötigten angesichts des demografischen Wandels eine Arbeitsmarktpolitik, die der Arbeitskräfteknappheit in den Betrieben entgegenwirkt.
Das Themendossier geht auf die arbeitsmarkt- und beschäftigungspolitischen Aspekte der Entwicklung des Arbeitsmarktes für Ältere ein.
- Erwerbstätigkeit und Arbeitslosigkeit Älterer
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Arbeitsmarkt- und beschäftigungspolitische Maßnahmen
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Initiativen und Kampagnen gegen Altersdiskriminierung
- Vermittlung und Beratung, Coaching
- Arbeitsbedingungen und Gesundheitsschutz
- Qualifizierung
- Subventionierung von Beschäftigung
- Lohnersatzleistungen, Bürgergeld, Arbeitslosengeld I und II
- Berufsausstieg, Übergang in Rente
- Arbeits- und Sozialrecht
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Älterenbeschäftigungsquoten bis 2030 (2025)
Zitatform
Horvath, Thomas, Helmut Mahringer & Christine Mayrhuber (2025): Älterenbeschäftigungsquoten bis 2030. (WIFO Research Briefs 2025,11), Wien, 11 S.
Abstract
"Das Älterenbeschäftigungspaket der Bundesregierung zielt darauf ab, bis 2030 durch eine Erhöhung der Beschäftigungsquote älterer Erwerbspersonen maßgeblich zur Budgetkonsolidierung beizutragen. Die durchgeführten Simulationen mit microDEMS zeigen, dass sich der Anteil der aktiv Beschäftigten in der Altersgruppe der 60- bis 64-jährigen Frauen ohne die geplanten Maßnahmen nahezu verdoppelt und im Jahr 2030 bei 39,9% liegen würde. Bei den Männern dieser Altersgruppe sollte der Anstieg 2,5 Prozentpunkte auf 48,1% betragen. Die angestrebte Kostendämpfung im Pensionsbereich in Höhe von 2,7 Mrd. € bis 2030 setzt allerdings höhere Steigerungen der Beschäftigungsquoten in dieser Altersgruppe voraus als berechnet und erfordert eine konsequente Umsetzung der vorgesehenen arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Labor Force Transitions at Older Ages: Burnout, Recovery, and Reverse Retirement (2025)
Zitatform
Jacobs, Lindsay & Suphanit Piyapromdee (2025): Labor Force Transitions at Older Ages: Burnout, Recovery, and Reverse Retirement. (CEPR discussion paper / Centre for Economic Policy Research 20616), London, 54 S.
Abstract
"Partial and reverse retirement are two key behaviors characterizing labor force dynamics for individuals at older ages, with half working part-time and over a third leaving and later re-entering the labor force at some point. The high rate of exit and re-entry is especially puzzling when considering the flat and declining wage profiles observed at older ages and uncertainty about future re-employment. Using Health and Retirement Study (HRS) data, we document the timing and prevalence of these behaviors and show that reverse retirees resemble permanent retirees across many observables, but differ notably in reported job stress and polygenic scores linked to stress sensitivity. To understand what drives these behaviors, we develop and estimate a dynamic model of retirement that incorporates uncertainty in wages and health, along with a novel “burnout-recovery” process representing the accumulation and dissipation of work-related stress. The model replicates key patterns in the data, accounting for over two-thirds of reverse retirement and 40 percent of transitions to part-time work—patterns that cannot be explained by health or wealth shocks alone. Our findings suggest that reverse retirement is largely a predictable response to recoverable stress rather than a reaction to shocks. Policy simulations show that part-time subsidies and sabbaticals enhance labor force attachment and welfare by reducing burnout, while eliminating the Retirement Earnings Test raises re-entry but also increases stress exposure. Together, these findings highlight the central role of stress dynamics in shaping retirement behavior and inform the design of policies to support work at older ages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Partial retirement opportunities and the labor supply of older individuals (2025)
Zitatform
Kantarcı, Tunga, Jim Been, Arthur van Soest & Daniël van Vuuren (2025): Partial retirement opportunities and the labor supply of older individuals. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 96. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102739
Abstract
"We evaluate partial retirement options as an instrument to increase labor participation among older individuals. In a stated choice experiment, Dutch survey respondents were asked to choose among early, late and partial retirement scenarios purged from restrictions on part-time work and gradual retirement. Retirement scenario characteristics were randomized, generating rich variation in the choice options. The stated choices are validated using revealed preference data on (planned) retirement decisions. Using the stated choice data, we estimate a model that makes the trade-offs between leisure and income over the life cycle explicit, and use the estimated model for counterfactual policy simulations. We find that, as expected, higher (full) pension eligibility ages make actuarially fair (abrupt) early retirement more attractive and make late retirement less attractive, while about one in three respondents prefer partial retirement irrespective of the eligibility age. Early retirement becomes more attractive than late retirement when individuals do not have the partial retirement option. Moreover, the partial retirement decision is sensitive to financial incentives so that subsidizing partial retirement with higher wages or with more than actuarially fair pension increases for delaying retirement increases total labor supply. These findings demonstrate the potential of partial retirement as a policy instrument to stimulate labor participation, especially when pension eligibility is delayed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
For older and poorer: the implications of self-employment among individuals over 50 (2025)
Zitatform
Patel, Pankaj C. (2025): For older and poorer: the implications of self-employment among individuals over 50. In: Applied Economics, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2025.2464818
Abstract
"Drawing on human capital theory and analysing data from the American Community Survey and Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we examine how economic policies influence late-career entrepreneurship. We find that older, economically vulnerable individuals are increasingly pushed into self-employment, often as a necessity rather than an opportunity. The association persists even when controlling for economic shocks and individual fixed effects. Notably, state-level policies such as minimum wage increases and Medicaid expansion show limited efficacy in altering these patterns or improving outcomes for this demographic. Our findings underscore the inadequacy of current broad-based economic policies in addressing the unique challenges faced by older workers in an evolving labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Breaking the Implicit Contract: Using Pension Freezes to Study Lifetime Labor Supply (2025)
Patki, Dhiren;Zitatform
Patki, Dhiren (2025): Breaking the Implicit Contract: Using Pension Freezes to Study Lifetime Labor Supply. In: Journal of Political Economy Macroeconomics, Jg. 3, H. 3, S. 305-342. DOI:10.1086/736925
Abstract
"This paper studies the elimination of defined benefit pensions and subsequent adoption of 401(k) plans by U.S. employers. Using matched employer-employee data linked to thousands of firm-level retirement plan changes, it shows that unexpected losses in future compensation engendered by pensions plan transitions induce premature retirement for some workers and delayed retirement for others. Heterogeneity in retirement behavior stems from differences in the relative strength of substitution and wealth effects. Exploiting treatment effects as estimation targets, it fits a model of retirement and uses the model to quantify welfare costs and labor supply effects of changes in workplace penstion structure." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Empowering older workers through self-regulation: how job crafting and leisure crafting enhance mindfulness and well-being at work (2025)
Zitatform
Xin, Xun, Lili Gao & Yuting He (2025): Empowering older workers through self-regulation: how job crafting and leisure crafting enhance mindfulness and well-being at work. In: Work, Aging and Retirement, Jg. 11, H. 3, S. 266-281. DOI:10.1093/workar/waae017
Abstract
"The capacity for self-regulation is crucial for older workers to maintain adaptability and well-being under aging-related challenges. Building on recent research suggesting that practices of self-regulation can enhance self-regulatory capacity, our study employs self-regulation theory to investigate how two distinct self-regulatory practices—job crafting (JC) and leisure crafting (LC)—support older workers in enhancing their work well-being through the lens of self-regulatory capacity, specifically mindfulness. Within this theoretical framework, we further explore the combined effects of JC and LC on adaptation to the aging process. A three-wave time-lagged survey was conducted among 227 older Chinese workers from science and technology enterprises. The results from latent structural equation modeling indicate that mindfulness at work mediates the relationship between crafting practices (both JC and LC) and work well-being. Moreover, JC and LC exhibit a compensatory relationship in facilitating mindfulness at work, which in turn promotes the work well-being of older workers. These findings offer a novel perspective grounded in self-regulation theory, highlighting how JC and LC contribute to successful aging by strengthening mindfulness capacity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Assessing the Labour Supply Effect of Harmonising Regular Retirement Age in Austria (2024)
Bittschi, Benjamin ; Warum, Philipp ; Mayrhuber, Christine; Spielauer, Martin ; Horvath, Thomas ; Mahringer, Helmut;Zitatform
Bittschi, Benjamin, Thomas Horvath, Helmut Mahringer, Christine Mayrhuber, Martin Spielauer & Philipp Warum (2024): Assessing the Labour Supply Effect of Harmonising Regular Retirement Age in Austria. (WIFO working papers 673), Wien, 26 S.
Abstract
"The aim of this study is to assess the impact of the ongoing harmonization of the retirement age for women with that for men on women's labor supply in Austria. According to the current legal framework, the standard retirement age for women will be gradually raised from 60 to 65 years from 2024 onwards, with the retirement age being raised by 6 months each year. The impact of the pension reform on women's labor supply is quantified using the dynamic microsimulation model microDEMS. This model integrates demographic changes in line with official population projections and detailed labor market modelling. According to our projections, the labour supply of women aged 60 to 64 increases by 87,000 in 2040 compared to a scenario in which the retirement age remains unchanged. We compare our results with two alternative approaches: the more stylised microWELT simulation model and a purely data-driven approach. While all methods produce very similar results in the long run, the detailed modelling in microDEMS provides more plausible results during the transition period when the reform is gradually implemented. This is because it allows for a realistic representation of pension paths, taking into account all relevant pension types and the corresponding eligibility criteria, such as sufficient accumulated insurance periods. In contrast to a purely data-driven approach, microDEMS modelling also has the advantage of explicitly representing and quantifying the components of the change in labour supply." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Pay-as-they-get-in: attitudes toward migrants and pension systems (2024)
Zitatform
Boeri, Tito, Matteo Gamalerio, Massimo Morelli & Margherita Negri (2024): Pay-as-they-get-in: attitudes toward migrants and pension systems. In: Journal of economic geography, Jg. 24, H. 1, S. 63-78. DOI:10.1093/jeg/lbad036
Abstract
"We study whether a better knowledge of the functioning of pay-as-you-go (PAYG) pension systems and recent demographic trends affects natives’ attitudes toward immigration. In two online experiments conducted in Italy and Spain, we randomly treated participants with a video explaining how, in PAYG systems, the payment of current pensions depends on the contributions paid by current workers. The video also informs participants about population aging trends in their countries. The treatment increases knowledge of PAYG systems and future demographic trends for all participants. However, it improves attitudes toward migrants only for treated participants who do not support populist and anti-immigrant parties." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does Bridge Employment Mitigate or Exacerbate Inequalities Later in Life? (2024)
Cahill, Kevin E.; Giandrea, Michael D.; Quinn, Joseph F. ; Platts, Loretta G. ; Sacco, Lawrence B. ;Zitatform
Cahill, Kevin E., Michael D. Giandrea, Joseph F. Quinn, Lawrence B. Sacco & Loretta G. Platts (2024): Does Bridge Employment Mitigate or Exacerbate Inequalities Later in Life? In: Work, Aging and Retirement, Jg. 10, H. 2, S. 77-99. DOI:10.1093/workar/waac020
Abstract
"Most older Americans with career employment change jobs at least once before retiring from the labor market. Much is known about the prevalence and determinants of these bridge jobs, yet relatively little is known about the implications of such job changes—compared to direct exits from a career job —upon economic disparities in later life. In this article, we use 26 years of longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study to document the various pathways that older Americans take when exiting the labor force, and examine how bridge employment affects nonhousing wealth and total wealth, including the present discounted value of Social Security benefits. We find that gradual retirement in the form of bridge employment neither exacerbates nor mitigates wealth inequalities among Americans who hold career jobs later in life. That said, we do find some evidence that wealth inequalities grow among the subset of older career workers who transition from career employment to bridge employment at older ages. One policy implication of our article is that it provides evidence that might allay concerns about the potential for disparate financial impacts associated with the gradual retirement process." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The subsidy trap: Explaining the unsatisfactory effectiveness of hiring subsidies for the senior unemployed (2024)
Zitatform
Dalle, Axana, Elsy Verhofstadt & Stijn Baert (2024): The subsidy trap: Explaining the unsatisfactory effectiveness of hiring subsidies for the senior unemployed. (Working paper / Ghent University. Faculty of Economics and Business Administration 2024/1082), Gent, 36 S.
Abstract
"To extend the labor market participation of seniors, numerous countries provide subsidies to incentivise their recruitment or employment. Prior research demonstrates that the effectiveness of such subsidies is rather unsatisfactory, although the reasons for this inadequacy remain unclear. Therefore, we examined negative employer perceptions triggered by eligibility for such subsidies that might explain this disappointing effectiveness. To this end, we set up a vignette experiment in which 292 genuine recruiters assessed fictitious candidates on their hireability and underlying productivity estimations. These candidates differed experimentally in their eligibility for a hiring subsidy targeted at the unemployed aged 58 or over. Our results indicate that the subsidy has a negative effect on their hiring outcomes. This adverse effect is explained by negative perceptions that counteract the financial incentive. Specifically, the subsidized candidates signal lower physical and technological skills along with an augmented difficulty in hiring and labor inspection." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The subsidy trap: Explaining the unsatisfactory effectiveness of hiring subsidies for the senior unemployed (2024)
Zitatform
Dalle, Axana, Elsy Verhofstadt & Stijn Baert (2024): The subsidy trap: Explaining the unsatisfactory effectiveness of hiring subsidies for the senior unemployed. In: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Jg. 227. DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106713
Abstract
"To extend the labour market participation of seniors, numerous countries provide subsidies to incentivise their recruitment or employment. Prior research demonstrates that the effectiveness of such subsidies is rather unsatisfactory, although the reasons for this inadequacy remain unclear. Therefore, we examined negative employer perceptions triggered by eligibility for such subsidies that might explain this disappointing effectiveness. To this end, we set up a vignette experiment in which 292 genuine recruiters assessed fictitious candidates on their hireability and underlying productivity estimations. These candidates differed experimentally in their eligibility for a hiring subsidy targeted at the unemployed aged 58 or over. Our results indicate that the subsidy has a negative effect on their hiring outcomes. This adverse effect is explained by negative perceptions that counteract the financial incentive. Specifically, the subsidised candidates signal lower physical and technological skills along with an augmented difficulty in hiring and labour inspection." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Old-age unemployment and labour supply: an application to Belgium (2024)
Zitatform
De Brouwer, Octave & Ilan Tojerow (2024): Old-age unemployment and labour supply: an application to Belgium. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 67, H. 1, S. 253-287. DOI:10.1007/s00181-023-02544-1
Abstract
"Over the last two decades, social security reforms in several European countries have turned early retirement routes for older workers increasingly difficult. The size of the effects of these reforms on labor supply and social security transfers, and how these effects interact with workers' characteristics have yet to be measured. This article sheds light on this issue by exploring the consequences of postponing access to an old-age unemployment program—from age 58 to 60—in Belgium. The program provides laid-off workers with a combination of unemployment benefits and a monthly supplement paid by the employer until the full retirement age. Exploiting register data on the universe of workers and using a difference-in-difference identification strategy, the authors find that UCS eligibility negatively affects employment participation but also mitigates older workers' participation in other social security programs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of pension reform on employment, retirement, and disability insurance claims (2024)
Zitatform
Hernaes, Erik, Simen Markussen, John Piggott & Knut Røed (2024): The impact of pension reform on employment, retirement, and disability insurance claims. In: Journal of Population Economics, Jg. 37, H. 4. DOI:10.1007/s00148-024-01052-5
Abstract
"We evaluate the 2011 comprehensive reform of Norwegian early retirement institutions using a parsimonious random utility choice model. Conditional on employment at age 60, we estimate a three-state conditional logit model to explain the realized labor market state at age 63 among the alternatives of employment, retirement, and disability program participation. The reform radically changed work incentives and/or pension access age for some (but not all) workers, such that the influence of economic incentives can be identified based on reform-generated variation only. We find that improved work incentives caused employment rates to rise considerably at the expense of early retirement and exit through disability insurance. Improved liquidity through a lower age to access own pension funds on actuarially neutral terms caused a small increase in employment and a large drop in disability program participation. Properly designed pension reforms thus need to take the interplay between old-age pension and disability insurance programs into account." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Social Security and Inequality in Belgium (2024)
Zitatform
Klinges, Giulia, Alain Jousten & Mathieu Lefebvre (2024): Social Security and Inequality in Belgium. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16735), Bonn, 37 S.
Abstract
"Over the years, the Belgian social security system has undergone substantial reform with a prime focus on increasing older worker labor force participation. The paper explores the effect of past reforms on inequality in old age. We distinguish two separate effects: The mechanical effect considers the change in inequality and expected benefit levels due to the reforms for a fixed retirement age distribution. The behavioral effect accounts for the endogenous change caused by changes in the incentives to work. Our results show that mechanically, reforms have led to losses in expected benefits for all but the lowest income quintile. Behavioral changes had a positive but orders of magnitude smaller effect. Overall, inequality decreased as a result of reforms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Are Trajectories of Preferred Retirement Ages Associated with Health, Work Ability and Effort–Reward Imbalance at Work? Findings from a 6-Year Swedish Longitudinal Study (2024)
Zitatform
Sousa-Ribeiro, Marta, Johanna Stengård, Constanze Leineweber & Claudia Bernhard-Oettel (2024): Are Trajectories of Preferred Retirement Ages Associated with Health, Work Ability and Effort–Reward Imbalance at Work? Findings from a 6-Year Swedish Longitudinal Study. In: Work, Aging and Retirement, Jg. 10, H. 3, S. 225-240. DOI:10.1093/workar/waad006
Abstract
"Preferred retirement age (PRA) is one key dimension when studying retirement decision-making. However, little is known concerning how PRA develops over the late career years. This study used a person-centered approach to longitudinally investigate trajectories of PRA and how they differ in self-rated health, perceived work ability, and effort–reward imbalance (ERI) at baseline levels and over 6 years. The study used data from four waves (2010, 2012, 2014, and 2016) of the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health. The sample consisted of 1,510 individuals aged 50–55 in 2010, who answered to the questionnaire for those in paid work (including self-employment) at the baseline and at least one of the following waves. Results from the latent class growth curve modeling show both within- and between-person variability in PRA over the 6-year span. We found four distinct trajectories, which differed both at the baseline levels and in the patterns of change in PRA: “C1: normative, relatively stable PRA” (42% of all participants); “C2: considerably early, increasing PRA” (6% of the participants); “C3: late, relatively stable PRA” (4% of the participants); and “C4: early, increasing PRA” (49% of the participants). Participants revealed a clear preference for retirement before the age of 65. Trajectories comprising earlier PRA showed poorer self-rated health, poorer work ability, and higher levels of ERI at the baseline and over time. The findings reinforce the importance of healthy work environments that promote work ability and facilitate a balance between efforts and rewards for encouraging longer working lives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Estimation of a Life-Cycle Model with Human Capital, Labor Supply, and Retirement (2024)
Taber, Christopher; Seshadri, Ananth; Fan, Xiaodong;Zitatform
Taber, Christopher, Ananth Seshadri & Xiaodong Fan (2024): Estimation of a Life-Cycle Model with Human Capital, Labor Supply, and Retirement. In: Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 132, H. 1, S. 48-95. DOI:10.1086/726232
Abstract
"We estimate a life-cycle model of consumption, human capital investment, and labor supply. The interaction between human capital and labor supply towards the end of the life cycle is most novel. The estimates replicate the main features of the data, in particular the large increase in wages and small increase in labor supply at the beginning of the life cycle and the small decrease in wages but large decrease in labor supply towards the end. We show that incorporating human capital is critical when analyzing changes to Social Security." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender and Educational Inequalities in Extending Working Lives: Late-Life Employment Trajectories Across Three Decades in Seven Countries (2024)
Zitatform
Turek, Konrad, Kène Henkens & Matthijs Kalmijn (2024): Gender and Educational Inequalities in Extending Working Lives: Late-Life Employment Trajectories Across Three Decades in Seven Countries. In: Work, Aging and Retirement, Jg. 10, H. 2, S. 100-122. DOI:10.1093/workar/waac021
Abstract
"Public policies encourage later retirement, but they often do not account for discrepancies in the capacity for extending working lives. This paper studies trends and inequalities in extending working lives between 1990 and 2019 from gender and education perspectives in seven countries (Australia, Germany, Russia, South Korea, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and United States). The three-decade-long data provide insights into the societal transition toward extended employment that began in the mid-1990s. Using latent class growth analysis, we identify five universal trajectories representing late-life employment in all countries: Early, Standard and Late Exit patterns, and stable Nonemployment and Late Employment patterns. Regression analyses show that Non-Employment dominated the 1990s, but it significantly declined, giving space to Late Employment as one of the major employment pathways. Gender and educational differences are considerable and stable and constitute important stratification markers of late careers. Progress toward later employment affects all analyzed countries but in different ways, suggesting the simple generalizations of one-country findings can be risky. We discuss the risks of universal progress toward extending employment that can bring unequal results and negative consequences for vulnerable groups. This study also contributes methodologically by exploring the trajectory-oriented perspective on late careers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Older Workers in Germany: Employment Potentials in International Comparison (2024)
Zitatform
Walwei, Ulrich (2024): Older Workers in Germany: Employment Potentials in International Comparison. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 14/2024 (en)), Nürnberg, 24 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2414EN
Abstract
"In vielen Staaten der westlichen Welt erreichen die geburtenstarken Jahrgänge mehr und mehr das Rentenalter. Da weniger junge Arbeitskräfte in den Arbeitsmarkt nachrücken als Ältere ausscheiden, sinkt unter sonst gleichen Bedingungen die Zahl der verfügbaren Arbeitskräfte. Gleichzeitig wachsen die Finanzierungsprobleme in der Rentenversicherung, denn insbesondere in den international weit verbreiteten Umlagesystemen zahlen immer weniger Menschen in die Altersvorsorge ein. Gleichzeitig wächst der Anteil der Rentenbeziehenden. Vor diesem Hintergrund rückt die Erwerbsbeteiligung älterer Personen verstärkt in den Fokus. Der Bericht startet mit einer Übersicht der Erwerbsarbeit von Älteren in einem breiteren internationalen Vergleich. Dem folgt eine Situationsbeschreibung für Deutschland. Im Anschluss soll ein genauerer Blick auf die Länder gerichtet werden, die bei der Erwerbstätigkeit Älterer ganz vorne stehen. Es geht darum, Anhaltspunkte für diejenigen Faktoren zu erhalten, die das hohe Beschäftigungsniveau der Älteren in diesen Ländern begünstigt haben könnten. Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland hat bei der Beschäftigung Älterer in den letzten Dekaden deutlich aufgeholt. Dies gilt insbesondere für die 50-64-Jährigen. Im Vergleich zu den Spitzenländern fehlen mittlerweile nur noch wenige Prozentpunkte. Ein größerer Rückstand besteht allerdings noch bei den 65- bis 74-Jährigen. Der künftige Abstand zu anderen Ländern wird bei dieser Altersgruppe durch gegenläufige Entwicklungen beeinflusst. Durch die weiteren Schritte in Richtung der „Rente mit 67“ dürfte er sich vermutlich weiter verringern, durch die „Rente mit 63“ aber verlangsamt werden. Deutschland wird mit Blick auf die Erwerbstätigenquoten Älterer aber noch von einigen Ländern übertroffen. Hier stellt sich die Frage, welche Faktoren hinter der günstigen Entwicklung des Arbeitsmarktes für Ältere in diesen Ländern stehen könnten. Zu Vergleichszwecken wird in diesem Bericht die Situation in Japan, Neuseeland, Island, Norwegen und Schweden näher betrachtet, die weltweit die höchsten Erwerbstätigenquoten von Älteren aufweisen. Dabei werden nacheinander verschiedene, für die Erwerbstätigkeit Älterer bedeutsame Aspekte aus einer international vergleichenden Perspektive beleuchtet. Der Vergleich ergibt eine ganze Reihe von wichtigen Punkten, an die in anderen Ländern angeknüpft werden könnte. Die hohe Alterserwerbstätigkeit in Island, Schweden und Norwegen steht in Verbindung mit der in beiden Ländern hohen Frauenerwerbsbeteiligung und kontinuierlichen Verbesserungen im Bildungsniveau der Bevölkerung, einschließlich der beruflichen Weiterbildung. Neuseeland weist einen geringen Lohnabstand von Älteren gegenüber Jüngeren und hohe Einstellungsquoten Älterer auf, die zudem auch das Ergebnis einer konsequenten und öffentlich wahrnehmbaren Antidiskriminierungspolitik sind. In Japan spielen der demografisch bedingt sehr starke Arbeitskräftebedarf und Einkommensbedarfe auf individueller Ebene eine offenbar sehr große Rolle, da viele Ältere dort erwerbstätig sein müssen, um ihren Lebensunterhalt zu sichern. Hohe bzw. steigende Erwerbstätigenquoten Älterer sind grundsätzlich kein Selbstläufer. Sie setzen eine gute Bildung und Qualifikation auf der individuellen Ebene sowie die Möglichkeit und Befähigung zu lebenslangem Lernen voraus. Auch gesundheitliche Prävention ist für ein langes Erwerbsleben wichtig, die wie die Bildung am besten so früh wie möglich beginnt. Hohe Erwerbstätigenquoten Älterer werden nicht nur durch die individuelle Beschäftigungsfähigkeit begünstigt, sondern auch durch die Attraktivität des Arbeitsmarkts und damit der für Ältere erreichbaren Beschäftigung. Je besser es gelingt, Kompetenzen und Fähigkeiten der Älteren zu stärken, alters- und alternsgerechte Arbeit zu organisieren und flexibel auf Beschäftigtenwünsche einzugehen, desto größer ist die Chance, Ältere am Arbeitsmarkt zu halten oder zurückzugewinnen. Schließlich sind auch Regulierungen und Förderprogramme ins Blickfeld zu nehmen, die Anreize für Beschäftigung im Alter setzen. Zu nennen sind hier die Flexibilität des Rentenzugangs, arbeitsrechtliche Erleichterungen bei der Weiterbeschäftigung im Alter, die Bezugsdauer des Arbeitslosengelds für Ältere sowie die Berücksichtigung älterer Arbeitsloser in der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Retirement Decision of Belgian Couples and the Impact of the Social Security System (2023)
Zitatform
Cetin, Sefane & Alain Jousten (2023): Retirement Decision of Belgian Couples and the Impact of the Social Security System. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16470), Bonn, 30 S.
Abstract
"This paper investigates the retirement patterns of married couples in Belgium. To forecast retirement behavior, we use administrative Social Security data from 2003 to 2017 and a discrete choice random utility model. In particular, we concentrate on the spousal bonus of pension payments to comprehend how financial incentives resulting from the social security system's structural design affect both partners' retirement decisions. We simulate the effect of the elimination of the spousal bonus and find that a small portion of women delay their retirement whereas the rest substitute into alternative social security benefits. Our results do not only highlight the significance of cross-program spillovers between various Social Security benefits, but also the heterogeneity in preferences for retirement and asymmetry of retirement behavior between husbands and wives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Nothing Really Matters: Evaluating Demand-Side Moderators of Age Discrimination in Hiring (2023)
Zitatform
Dalle, Axana, Louis Lippens & Stijn Baert (2023): Nothing Really Matters: Evaluating Demand-Side Moderators of Age Discrimination in Hiring. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16672), Bonn, 60 S.
Abstract
"As age discrimination hampers the OECD's ambition to extend the working population, an efficient anti-discrimination policy targeted at the right employers is critical. Therefore, the context in which age discrimination is most prevalent must be identified. In this study, we thoroughly review the current theoretical arguments and empirical findings regarding moderators of age discrimination in different demand-side domains (i.e. decision-maker, vacancy, occupation, organisation, and sector). Our review demonstrates that the current literature is highly fragmented and often lacks field-experimental evidence, raising concerns about its internal and external validity. To address this gap, we conducted a correspondence experiment and systematically linked the resulting data to external data sources. In so doing, we were able to study the priorly determined demand-side moderators within a single multi-level analysis and simultaneously control multiple correlations between potential moderators and discrimination estimates. Having done so, we found no empirical support for any of these moderators." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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- Erwerbstätigkeit und Arbeitslosigkeit Älterer
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Arbeitsmarkt- und beschäftigungspolitische Maßnahmen
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Initiativen und Kampagnen gegen Altersdiskriminierung
- Vermittlung und Beratung, Coaching
- Arbeitsbedingungen und Gesundheitsschutz
- Qualifizierung
- Subventionierung von Beschäftigung
- Lohnersatzleistungen, Bürgergeld, Arbeitslosengeld I und II
- Berufsausstieg, Übergang in Rente
- Arbeits- und Sozialrecht
- geografischer Bezug