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Sacco, Lawrence B., Laurie M. Corna, Debora Price & Karen Glaser (2023): Pathways of participation in paid and unpaid work in mid to later life in the United Kingdom. In: Ageing & Society, Jg. 43, H. 9, S. 2067-2094. DOI:10.1017/S0144686X21001537

Abstract

"Policy responses to population ageing have focused on lengthening working lives, overlooking inequalities in older adults’ participation in unpaid activities. This paper examines participation in paid and unpaid activities between the ages of 55 and 70 to answer two questions: how do people navigate pathways of paid work, informal care, volunteering, civic participation and housework in mid to later life?; and how do these pathways relate to gender, socio-economic and health inequalities? Two-staged latent class analysis was used to identify activity pathways using data from the British Household Panel Survey (1996–2008). Multinomial logistic models assessed associations between latent pathways and socio-demographic and health characteristics. Three pathways were observed: full-time work to low activity (49%), part-time and in-home work (34%) and multiple activities (16%). Aside from retirement from full-time work, the pathways of participation in paid and unpaid activities were characterised by continuity; substitution between different forms of paid and unpaid work was not observed. Participation in multiple paid and unpaid activities was more common for respondents in better health and of higher socio-economic status. Since the promotion of paid work and volunteering in later life may mainly benefit individuals in advantaged circumstances, policies should avoid taking a blanket approach to encouraging participation in multiple activities, a key component of active ageing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Börsch-Supan, Axel, Felizia Hanemann, Brian Beach, Didier Halimi, Susana Harding, Marieke van der Waal, Daisuke Watanabe & Ursula M. Staudinger (2021): Older adults' integration in the labour market: a global view. In: Ageing & Society, Jg. 41, H. 4, S. 917-935. DOI:10.1017/S0144686X19001454

Abstract

"What governs labour force participation in later life and why is it so different across countries? Health and labour force participation in older ages are not strongly linked, but we observe a large variation across countries in old-age labour force participation. This points to the important role of country-specific regulations governing pension receipt and old-age labour force participation. In addition to the statutory eligibility age for a pension, such country-specific regulations include: earnings tests that limit the amount of earnings when pension benefits are received; the amount of benefit deductions for early retirement; the availability of part-time pensions before normal retirement; special regulations that permit early retirement for certain population groups; and either subsidies or extra costs for employers if they keep older employees in their labour force. This paper asks two questions: Can we link a relatively low labour force participation at ages 60–64 to country-specific regulations that make early retirement attractive? and Can we link a relatively high labour force participation at ages 65–74 to country-specific regulations that make late retirement attractive? To answer these questions, we compared the experiences in a set of developed countries around the world in order to understand better the impact of country-specific rules and laws on work and retirement behaviour at older ages and, by consequence, on the financial sustainability of pension systems." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Giesecke, Matthias & Philipp Jäger (2021): Pension Incentives and Labor Supply: Evidence from the Introduction of Universal Old-Age Assistance in the UK. (IZA discussion paper 14469), Bonn, 67 S.

Abstract

"We study the labor supply implications of the Old-Age Pension Act (OPA) of 1908, which, for the first time, provided pensions to older people in the UK. Using recently released census data covering the entire population, we exploit variation at the newly created age-based eligibility threshold. Our results show a considerable and abrupt decline in labor force participation of 6.0 percentage points (13%) when older workers reach the eligibility age of 70. To mitigate the impact of population aging today, pension reforms aimed at increasing elderly labor supply, however, have to induce much larger behavioral responses than the OPA." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Riekhoff, Aart-Jan, Kati Kuitto & Liisa-Maria Palomäki (2020): Substitution and spill-overs between early exit pathways in times of extending working lives in Europe. In: International social security review, Jg. 73, H. 2, S. 27-50. DOI:10.1111/issr.12237

Abstract

"In diesem Artikel wird untersucht, inwieweit Instrumentensubstitution unter Möglichkeiten zum frühen Austritt in Europa zwischen 1995 und 2015 zum Einsatz kam. Anhand von aggregierten Eurostat‐Daten über Nichterwerbsquoten und Beschäftigungsquoten unter der Bevölkerung von 55 bis 64 Jahren in 19 europäischen Staaten analysieren wir Substitutionseffekte zwischen Austrittswegen und Gesamtausstrahlungseffekte in die Nichterwerbstätigkeit. Trotz eines starken Rückgangs des vorzeitigen Ausscheidens und des Anstiegs der Beschäftigungsquote von älteren Arbeitnehmern weisen die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass Instrumentensubstitution insbesondere zwischen Frührente und Invalidität geläufig war. Die Abnahme des frühen Ausscheidens fiel mit erheblichen Ausstrahlungseffekten in Nichterwerbstätigkeit zusammen. Dabei war diese Ausstrahlung jedoch geringer, wenn der Zugang zu alternativen Instrumenten gleichzeitig erschwert wurde." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons)

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Rowson, Tatiana S. & Christopher Phillipson (2020): 'I never really left the university:' Continuity amongst male academics in the transition from work to retirement. In: Journal of Aging Studies, Jg. 53, S. 1-8. DOI:10.1016/j.jaging.2020.100853

Abstract

"This study investigates the transition to retirement of male academics. It applies approaches drawn from Cumulative Advantage and Disadvantage (CAD) principles to expand Continuity theory by examining evidence for continuity and inequalities in the lifestyles of the respondents. Biographical-Narrative interviews with 20 retired academics in Brazil and the United Kingdom were conducted and analysed using Thematic Analysis. An exploration of the same occupational group in different cultural and social contexts was carried out to capture a diversity of CAD influences on retirement outcomes. The experience of continuity was individualised to each participant due to their unique combination of advantages, and their subjective interpretation of their experiences. Cumulative processes identified in this study related to (1) occupational roles played in their career; and (2) organisational level policies and practices for retirement. At the level of individual retired men, cultural and social context factors were not perceived as influential in the achievement of continuity in retirement. Continuity theory is still supported, but alone offers limited explanations of the diversity of experiences in the transition to retirement of male academics. A consideration of the role of cumulative processes and systemic dynamics, including how individuals respond to their experiences in retirement, shows how these different factors interact and affect retirement and ageing. Further studies should investigate the processes identified with other occupations, as well as women and minority groups." (Author's abstract, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))

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Phillipson, Chris, Sue Sheperd, Mark Robinson & Sarah Vickerstaff (2019): Uncertain futures: Organisational influences on the transition from work to retirement. In: Social policy and society, Jg. 18, H. 3, S. 335-350. DOI:10.1017/S1474746418000180

Abstract

"The promotion of extended working life has created a period of uncertainty between the ending of work and the beginning of retirement. This period of the life course is now 'open-ended' in respect of whether older workers decide to remain in employment or leave working. However, the choices available are framed within public policy and organisational contexts as well as personal circumstances. The study reviews the organisation of 'work-ending', the construction of age within organisations, and the influences on provision of support in late working life. The article concludes with a discussion on the range of pressures that might limit control over pathways through middle and late working careers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wainwright, David, Joanne Crawford, Wendy Loretto & Christopher Phillipson (2019): Extending working life and the management of change. Is the workplace ready for the ageing worker? In: Ageing & Society, Jg. 39, H. 11, S. 2397-2419. DOI:10.1017/S0144686X18000569

Abstract

"Increasing longevity and the strain on state and occupational pensions have brought into question long-held assumptions about the age of retirement, and raised the prospect of a workplace populated by ageing workers. In the United Kingdom the default retirement age has gone, incremental increases in state pension age are being implemented and ageism has been added to workplace anti-discrimination laws. These changes are yet to bring about the anticipated transformation in workplace demographics, but it is coming, making it timely to ask if the workplace is ready for the ageing worker and how the extension of working life will be managed. We report findings from qualitative case studies of five large organisations located in the United Kingdom. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with employees, line managers, occupational health staff and human resources managers. Our findings reveal a high degree of uncertainty and ambivalence among workers and managers regarding the desirability and feasibility of extending working life; wide variations in how older workers are managed within workplaces; a gap between policies and practices; and evidence that while casualisation might be experienced negatively by younger workers, it may be viewed positively by financially secure older workers seeking flexibility. We conclude with a discussion of the challenges facing employers and policy makers in making the modern workplace fit for the ageing worker." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Davies, Eleanor M. M., Beatrice J. M. Van der Heijden & John Stephenson (2018): Are managers open to involvement in employee retirement? The influence of manager psycho-social characteristics, decision-making environment and older employee situational factors. In: Ageing and Society, Jg. 38, H. 6, S. 1279-1301. DOI:10.1017/S0144686X17000022

Abstract

"The changing retirement landscape calls on employers to develop practices that respond to individuals' retirement needs. Line managers are a key stakeholder in managing retirement and this study focuses on how they respond to employee retirement scenarios. This empirical work examines manager openness to involvement in retirement, focusing on three sets of explanatory variables: manager psycho-social characteristics (experience of managing older workers, intention to work past 65), their decision-making environment (influence, discretion and decision-making support) and older employee situational factors (performance, ease of replacement, retirement affect and attitude to work). Data were collected from 129 managers in the United Kingdom's university sector using survey items and a factorial vignette design. The multi-level analysis found support for each category of variables in predicting manager openness to involvement in employee retirement. Managers with more experience of managing older workers were more likely to be open to involvement although managers' own retirement intentions were not significant as a predictor. Decision-making environment variables were significant predictors of manager openness to involvement. The only older employee situational factor that was associated with manager openness to involvement was employee performance. Practically, organisations need to recognise the potential influence that managers have on employee retirement decisions and this study's findings show that managers may need training to help them understand their own role in supporting older employee retirement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hess, Moritz (2018): Gewünschtes und erwartetes Renteneintrittsalter in Deutschland und Europa. In: Deutsche Rentenversicherung, Jg. 73, H. 3, S. 228-242.

Abstract

"In den letzten 25 Jahren hat es in Deutschland und Europa Bemühungen auf institutioneller und betrieblicher Ebene gegeben, ältere Arbeitnehmer länger im Berufsleben zu halten und so deren Beschäftigungsquote zu erhöhen. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Auswirkungen dieser Reformen auf das gewünschte Renteneintrittsalter, das Alter, zu dem Ältere in Rente gehen wollen, und auf das erwartete Renteneintrittsalter, das Alter, zu dem sie realistisch glauben, dies zu tun. Die Ergebnisse, basierend auf mehreren Datensätzen (European Social Survey, Eurobarometer, Sozio-oekonomisches Panel, Deutsche Altersstudie), zeigen, dass sowohl das gewünschte als auch das erwartete zukünftige Renteneintrittsalter von älteren Arbeitnehmern in den letzten zehn Jahren gestiegen sind. Allerdings zeigen sich deutliche Unterschiede zwischen sozialen Gruppen. Während Hochqualifizierte eher glauben, ihr gewünschtes und erwartetes Renteneintrittsalter synchronisieren zu können, erwarten solche mit niedriger Bildung und geringem Einkommen, dass sie aus finanziellen Gründen länger arbeiten müssen, als sie wollen. Die Ergebnisse stützen somit Befürchtungen, dass die renten- und arbeitsmarktpolitischen Reformen zu neuer sozialer Ungleichheit beim Rentenübergang führen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Pavolini, Emmanuele & Martin Seeleib-Kaiser (2018): Comparing occupational welfare in Europe: The case of occupational pensions. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 52, H. 2, S. 477-490. DOI:10.1111/spol.12378

Abstract

"The article provides an assessment to what extent reforms of occupational pensions (OP) have fostered a 'risk shift' or increased social protection dualism across countries. The essay focuses on workers, whilst previous research primarily analyzed provision for current pensioners. The empirical analysis confirms that in countries such as the Netherlands and Sweden, increased private pension or (OP) provision does not necessarily lead towards social protection dualism and comprehensive risk shifts. Britain continues to be characterized by strong social protection dualism and entrenched social divides, creating 'social policy enclaves'. Divisions of welfare are also very likely to be a feature of the German pension system in the future. The latter two countries have witnessed clear risk shifts and processes of dualization. The pension systems in Austria, Italy, and Spain have not witnessed paradigmatic changes, and continue to be primarily based on public/statutory pension schemes. The idea that multi-pillarization in itself fosters major risk shifts and dualization has to be reconsidered. Under specific conditions, encompassing OPs can be functionally equivalent to public pension schemes. However, countries relying on voluntarism with regard to OPs coverage tend to witness processes of dualization." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Eichhorst, Werner (2017): Persönliches Erwerbstätigenkonto. Internationale Modelle und Erfahrungen. (IZA research report 78), Bonn, 31 S.

Abstract

"Das persönliche Erwerbstätigenkonto wird im 'Weißbuch Arbeiten 4.0' als ein Instrument zur Diskussion gestellt, welches eine erwerbsorientierte Sozialpolitik im Lebensverlauf sicherstellen und stärker auf die individuellen Bedürfnisse ausrichten könnte. Ein solches Konto könnte jedem beim Eintritt ins Erwerbsleben zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Auch wenn viele Unterschiede im Detail bestehen, insbesondere bei der Finanzierung und bei der Regelung der sogenannten 'Ziehungsrechte', ist allen Vorschlägen im Vergleich zur derzeit vorherrschenden Organisation sozialstaatlicher Leistungen das Ziel einer Erhöhung der individuellen Autonomie gemein. Das Individuum soll durch den Transfer von staatlichen Ressourcen und/oder die Unterstützung des Aufbaus eines Guthabens aus eigenen Beiträgen auf einem Konto in die Lage versetzt werden, nach eigener Einschätzung mit bestimmten, sich im Lebenslauf verändernden Anforderungen zurecht zu kommen und hierfür die verfügbaren Mittel einzusetzen. Dies kommt insbesondere zur Abfederung von Erwerbsunterbrechungen oder Phasen der Teilzeitarbeit, für eine berufliche Weiterbildung oder Neuorientierung, aber auch für einen flexibleren Übergang in den Ruhestand in Frage. Dabei können die Konten komplementär oder substitutiv zu anderen sozialstaatlichen Leistungen bestehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Great Britain, Department for Work and Pensions (2017): Employer experiences of recruiting, retaining and retraining older workers. Qualitative research. (Great Britain, Department of Work and Pensions. Research report 940), London, 56 S.

Abstract

"This research was commissioned to investigate the attitudes and behaviours of employers around the recruitment, retention and retraining of older workers. It aims to go beyond traditional employer survey responses in order to gain a deeper understanding of employer attitudes and experiences of managing older workers.
The findings in this report are based on research case studies conducted with 50 employers in England, Scotland and Wales. Half of the case studies were carried out with employers in sectors that have large volumes of low paid workers including care homes, cleaning contractors, and employers in fashion retail and transport. The remainder were distributed between five broad sectors covering the economy as a whole." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ball, Chris (2015): Local economic strategies for ageing labour markets. The Life Skills Project in Neath Port Talbot and Swansea, West Wales, UK. (OECD Local Economic and Employment Development working papers 2015,02), Paris, 20 S. DOI:10.1787/5jrnwqk7889n-en

Abstract

"This working paper examines the local initiatives in Neath, Port Talbot and Swansea in South West Wales to re-integrate elderly economically inactive workers into the local labour market. The core initiative analysed is the Life Skills for Older People Project, which works with local and regional governments to provide customised education and training for job seekers and the long-term unemployed aged 50 or above. The analysis of the economic impact and the achievements of the project found that custom support and personal development were effective in empowering older workers to re-enter work in the private and voluntary sector. The role of South West Wales' industrial past in shaping the education and skills profile of older workers is also examined." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Beck, Vanessa & Glynne Williams (2015): The (performance) management of retirement and the limits of individual choice. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 29, H. 2, S. 267-277. DOI:10.1177/0950017014559963

Abstract

"The removal of the default retirement age in the UK has been broadly welcomed as the disposal of an age-discriminatory measure. It is argued here that a focus on formal equality has been at the expense of a more critical analysis of the employment relations consequences. The central role given to performance measurement allows employers considerable discretion over when employees retire and the scope for bargained outcomes in the new regime is limited. This may be to the detriment of older workers and will have implications for the workforce as a whole. Equality, in other words, may come at the expense of a broader conception of fairness." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Beshears, John, James J. Choi, Joshua Hurwitz, David Laibson & Brigitte C. Madrian (2015): Liquidity in retirement savings systems. An international comparison. In: The American economic review, Jg. 105, H. 5, S. 420-425. DOI:10.1257/aer.p20151004

Abstract

"We compare the liquidity that six developed countries have built into their employer-based defined contribution (DC) retirement schemes. In Germany, Singapore, and the UK, withdrawals are essentially banned no matter what kind of transitory income shock the household realizes. By contrast, in Canada and Australia, liquidity is state-contingent. For a middle-income household, DC accounts are completely illiquid unless annual income falls substantially, in which case DC assets become highly liquid. The US stands alone in the universally high liquidity of its DC system: whether or not income falls, the penalties for early withdrawal are low or non-existent." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wright, David (2015): How have employment transitions for older workers in Germany and the UK changed. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 782), Berlin, 19 S.

Abstract

"Extending working life is an objective for many nations. However, the UK government has recently reported only modest improvement 'compared to many nations'. A comparison of European, Labour Force Surveys show that Germany has reversed early retirement much faster than the UK since 2003. This was not forecast by previous researchers. In particular, Ebbinghaus' influential cross-national analysis of early retirement, published in 2006, had predicted that liberal welfare states regimes like the UK would react faster than conservative ones like Germany. A review of changes to pensions and employment policies suggests the UK puts more emphasis on recruitment of older workers, flexible working and gradual retirement while Germany puts more emphasis on retention of older workers through age-management and employment protection. The paper compares the employment transitions of older workers using data covering 1993 to 2013 from the longitudinal surveys British Household Panel Survey, Understanding Society and the German Socio-Economic Panel. It finds little evidence for the recruitment of older workers or gradual retirement in either the UK or Germany and concludes it was the greater employment protection for older workers in Germany that enabled the employment rate for older workers to increase even during the recent recession." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Working with The Prince's Initiative for Mature Enterprise (PRIME) and Business In The Community, The International Longevity Centre have published a major new report about the challenges facing older workers, The missing million: illuminating the employment challenges of the over 50s. This is the first in a series of three reports being published on this topic over the next year.
The research demonstrates that of the 3.3 million economically inactive people aged 50-64, approximately 1 million people have been made 'involuntarily workless' - pushed out of their previous job as a result of 'shocks', a combination of redundancy, ill health or early retirement. This has created a silent majority', where millions of over 50s are not working but would like to and are not receiving the help they need.
The research also shows that if people aged over 50 are helped back into employment, it does not mean that younger people are 'crowded out 'of the labour market. Helping older people back into the labour market could also lead to a potential £88 billion boost to the UK GDP. Most importantly securing employment for older people will transform their lives and offer them the opportunity of a brighter, more secure future." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Canduela, Jesus, Matthew Dutton, Steve Johnson, Colin Lindsay, Ronald W. MacQuaid & Robert Raeside (2012): Ageing, skills and participation in work-related training in Britain. Assessing the position of older workers. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 26, H. 1, S. 42-60. DOI:10.1177/0950017011426303

Abstract

"Policy makers have introduced a number of measures to encourage older workers to stay in the labour market, with improving access to training a particular priority. Policy action appeared justified by evidence that older workers are less likely to participate in training, and more likely to have never been offered training by employers - a key finding of Taylor and Urwin's (2001) review of Labour Force Survey (LFS) data from 1997. This article models LFS data from 2007 to assess whether age remained a predictor of inequalities in training. It finds that men over 50 remained among those least likely to have been offered training by employers. There were other significant inequalities in participation, suggesting a polarization in access to jobs that offer opportunities for training and progression. The article concludes that policies promoting 'active ageing' need to challenge negative employer attitudes and acknowledge fundamental inequalities in access to skills." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Eichhorst, Werner (2011): The transition from work to retirement. (IZA discussion paper 5490), Bonn, 25 S.

Abstract

"The European Employment Strategy has set the goal of raising the retirement age of workers in the EU through a strategy of 'active ageing'. Yet despite some progress over the last decade, empirical data show persistent diversity across EU member states. Institutional arrangements of social and labor market policies can be seen as the core factors behind cross-national diversity. Hence, institutional change is crucial to explain structural changes. The paper tries to assess the role of supranational policy initiatives and national politicoeconomic factors in shaping the transition from work to retirement in EU member states which is still governed by the national political economy. Taking the German case as an example in point, the paper shows the dynamic interaction between policy changes, in particular in benefit systems and activation, and changes in the approach of firms and workers to early retirement. Policy changes influence actors' behavior in the medium run and open up opportunities for subsequent reforms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Perren, Kim, Janet Harvey, Katherine Hill, Yvette Hartfree & Matt Padley (2010): Evaluation of the 50+ Face-to-Face Guidance Pilot. (Great Britain, Department of Work and Pensions. Research report 720), London, 104 S.

Abstract

"The Face-to-Face Guidance Pilot was funded by the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP). Providers offered guidance to employees aged 50 and above on a range of work and retirement issues using diverse service delivery methods. Providers included local branches of Age Concern, Shaw Trust, Life Academy, Guidance Services and Manpower, based in urban and rural areas across Britain. The service ran between January 2008 and March 2009. This report presents findings of a longitudinal evaluation of the service provision which was commissioned by DWP and carried out by the Centre for Research in Social Policy (CRSP). The evaluation covered service delivery processes as well as client information needs, their experiences of the service and their outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))