Mindestlohn
Seit Inkrafttreten des Mindestlohngesetzes am 1. Januar 2015 gilt ein allgemeingültiger flächendeckender Mindestlohn in Deutschland. Lohnuntergrenzen gibt es in beinahe allen europäischen Staaten und den USA. Die Mindestlohn-Gesetze haben das Ziel, Lohn-Dumping, also die nicht verhältnismäßige Bezahlung von Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmern, zu verhindern.
Dieses Themendossier dokumentiert die Diskussion rund um die Einführung des flächendeckenden Mindestlohns in Deutschland und die Ergebnisse empirischer Forschung der zu flächendeckenden und branchenspezifischen Mindestlöhnen. Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Grundsätzliches zum flächendeckenden Mindestlohn
- Auswirkungen des flächendeckenden Mindestlohns auf
- Auswirkungen des flächendeckenden Mindestlohns auf Personengruppen
- Ausnahmen vom flächendeckenden Mindestlohn u.a. für
- Ausweichreaktionen auf Mindestlöhne in Deutschland
- Bundesländer
- Branchenspezifische Mindestlöhne und deren Auswirkungen auf
- Mindestlohn in anderen Ländern
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Literaturhinweis
A Minimum Wage May Increase Exports and Firm Size Even with a Competitive Labor Market (2024)
Zitatform
Danziger, Eliav & Leif Danziger (2024): A Minimum Wage May Increase Exports and Firm Size Even with a Competitive Labor Market. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16846), Bonn, 21 S., Anhänge.
Abstract
"This paper explores how a minimum wage affects a firm's behavior with a competitive labor market and an uncertain export cost. The model provides several novel insights which are consistent with recent empirical evidence. Thus, a minimum wage increases an exporter's foreign-market size and may cause a non-exporter to start exporting. The foreign-market size may increase so much that, although the home-market size decreases, the overall firm size increases." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Federal minimum wage expansion to homecare workers: Employment and income effects (2024)
Dao, Ngoc;Zitatform
Dao, Ngoc (2024): Federal minimum wage expansion to homecare workers: Employment and income effects. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 87. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102511
Abstract
"The rapid growth of the home care industry coincides with increases in the proportion of the population over 65 years of age and more likely to need assistance with basic daily activities due to illness or disability. Yet, the growth in home care use has been accompanied by concerns about the quality of the care provided. Higher wages and better legal protection might improve the quality of home health care services. This study examines the 2013 Home Care Rule promulgated by the Department of Labor, which added home care workers to the groups covered under the federal minimum wage with minimum hourly and overtime rates. The results show large effects (7–9 %) on part-time employment increase, small effects on work hour reduction (by 2–4 %), and nonnegative effect on overall employment level following the expansion. Despite the decline in hours worked, there is no negative impact on earnings among homecare workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor Market Frictions and Spillover Effects from Publicly Announced Sectoral Minimum Wages (2024)
Demir, Gökay;Zitatform
Demir, Gökay (2024): Labor Market Frictions and Spillover Effects from Publicly Announced Sectoral Minimum Wages. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17510), Bonn, 77 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyzes the horizontal spillover effects of Germany's first sectoral minimum wage. Using a difference-in-differences estimation, I examine the impact of the public announcement and introduction of the minimum wage on sub-minimum wage workers in related jobs outside the minimum wage sector, defined using employment flows. I find an increase in wages and job-to-job transitions for sub-minimum wage workers in related jobs. The spillover effects are driven by workers who reallocate to better-paying establishments, have low labor market experience, and are more closely connected to the minimum wage sector by having former coworkers in that sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Demir, Gökay;Weiterführende Informationen
Data product DOI: 10.5164/IAB.SIEED7518.de.en.v1 -
Literaturhinweis
Voluntary Minimum Wages (2024)
Zitatform
Derenoncourt, Ellora & David Weil (2024): Voluntary Minimum Wages. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 32546), Cambridge, Mass, 90 S.
Abstract
"Recent wage growth at the bottom of the earnings distribution in the U.S. has reversed a decades-long trend of widening wage inequality. Numerous state and local minimum wage increases have overtaken an effectively non-binding federal minimum, and robust labor demand in the post-pandemic recovery drove wage growth in the low-wage sector. An increasingly pervasive phenomenon over this same period (2014-2023) is the use of company-wide, voluntary minimum wages (VMWs) by private employers, including some of the largest U.S. retailers. We use anonymized payroll data for thousands of firms collected by a major credit bureau to study the effects of these policies on large retailers' own wages and employment, as well as spillover effects onto other employers in shared labor markets, variously defined. Using stacked event studies centered around multiple VMW events and a continuous treatment variable defined as the gap between local area wages and the company minimum, we find that VMWs result in sizable wage increases and reductions in turnover at the companies that implemented them. Turning to wages at other companies, including those connected to the large retailer by worker flows, we estimate precise, economically negligible spillover effects. Despite the decline in separations from companies with voluntary minimums, overall hiring rates at connected employers do not decline, consistent with substitutability across new hires. Although voluntary minimum wage policies have affected over 3 million jobs among the largest retailers, their impact on the broader labor market is limited." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Non-monotonic employment effects by market structure and minimum wage level (2024)
Devereux, Kevin; Studnicka, Zuzanna;Zitatform
Devereux, Kevin & Zuzanna Studnicka (2024): Non-monotonic employment effects by market structure and minimum wage level. (CLEF working paper series / Canadian Labour Economics Forum 66), Waterloo, ON, 62 S.
Abstract
"Minimum wages decrease employment in competitive markets, but can increase it in monopsonistic markets so long as they do not exceed the marginal product of labor. We find evidence of non-monotonicity both by market structure and minimum wage level. Minimum wage hikes initially increase hours worked for minimum wage workers (MWWs) in high-concentration local labor markets (LLMs), while increasing job loss likelihood for MWWs in low-concentration LLMs. Repeated hikes reverse initial hours gains, and may increase job loss. Non-MWWs show economically negligible responses throughout. Observing minimum wage status allows for both within- and across-market difference-in-difference designs, whose findings provide mutual support. We combine these into a triple-difference specification. Our results help to resolve the lack of consensus around the sign of the minimum wage's employment effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The European Minimum Wage Directive – and why it is a challenge to trade unions' but not employers' unity (2024)
Zitatform
Dingeldey, Irene & Ilana Nussbaum Bitran (2024): The European Minimum Wage Directive – and why it is a challenge to trade unions' but not employers' unity. In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, Jg. 45, H. 2, S. 489-510. DOI:10.1177/0143831X231161840
Abstract
"The proposal of a European minimum wage directive by the European Commission was supposed to improve working conditions. This article asks why such an initiative created a challenge to the unity of unions, but not of employers’ associations at transnational level. The authors provide a network analysis of the communication structure of social partners. Applying Scharpf’s concepts of positive and negative integration and Hirschman’s typology of exit, voice and loyalty, the authors use qualitative methods to show how employers stayed loyal and united towards negative integration, while different voices arose within the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) leading to the temporary ‘exit’ of the Swedish Trade Union Confederation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum Wage for Italy: From Social Justice to Productive Efficiency (2024)
Zitatform
Dosi, Giovanni & Maria Enrica Virgillito (2024): Minimum Wage for Italy: From Social Justice to Productive Efficiency. In: Intereconomics, Jg. 59, H. 4, S. 231-235. DOI:10.2478/ie-2024-0046
Abstract
"This article discusses the case of the minimum wage for Italy as a policy instrument to foster both social justice and productive efficiency. After briefly reviewing the empirical evidence on the effects of minimum wages upon employment, wage distribution and firmlevel reallocation, it presents a series of channels, from the micro to the macro level that can represent transmission mechanisms able to trigger positive feedback loops in the macroeconomic system." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Own-Wage Elasticity: Quantifying the Impact of Minimum Wages on Employment (2024)
Dube, Arindrajit; Zipperer, Ben;Zitatform
Dube, Arindrajit & Ben Zipperer (2024): Own-Wage Elasticity: Quantifying the Impact of Minimum Wages on Employment. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 32925), Cambridge, Mass, 61 S.
Abstract
"The own-wage elasticity (OWE) of employment estimated using minimum wage increases provides an economically meaningful measure of the policy on jobs. We discuss how to interpret the magnitude of the OWE, including in terms of welfare and under alternative models of the labor market. We present a comprehensive set of OWE estimates from 88 studies and introduce an regularly updated repository of the estimates---https://economic.github.io/owe---an up-to-date snapshot of the existing literature for scholars and policymakers. We find that most studies to date suggest a fairly modest impact of minimum wages on jobs: the median OWE estimate of 72 studies published in academic journals is -0.13, which suggests that only around 13 percent of the potential earnings gains from minimum wage increases are offset due to associated job losses. Estimates published since 2010 tend to be closer to zero." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum Wages in the 21st Century (2024)
Dube, Arindrajit; Lindner, Attila;Zitatform
Dube, Arindrajit & Attila Lindner (2024): Minimum Wages in the 21st Century. (CReAM discussion paper 2024,25), London, 127 S.
Abstract
"This chapter surveys the literature on the impact of minimum wages on low-wage labor markets. We describe and critically review the empirical methods in the new minimum wage literature, particularly those leveraging quasi-experimental variation. We provide a quantitative overview of the most recent evidence on the employment and wage effects of the policy, while also exploring emerging research on its impact on other margins, including amenities, other inputs (such as capital and high-skilled workers), firm entry and exit, output prices and demand, profits, and productivity. This approach allows us to present a comprehensive picture of how minimum wage policies affect firms, workers, and labor markets. We also review the evidence on the policy’s impact on wage inequality and income distribution. Finally, we discuss how these effects can vary depending on the economic context and the level of a country's development." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: NBER Working Papers, 32878 -
Literaturhinweis
Minimum Wages in the Apprenticeship Market: Adverse Effects on Labor Demand? (2024)
Dörsam, Michael; Langen, Henrika;Zitatform
Dörsam, Michael & Henrika Langen (2024): Minimum Wages in the Apprenticeship Market: Adverse Effects on Labor Demand? (Working paper / Swiss Leading House 234), Zürich, 38 S.
Abstract
"To increase the attractiveness of vocational education and training and secure a sufficient supply of skilled labor, the German government introduced a statutory minimum wage for apprenticeship contracts. As of January 1, 2020, apprentices starting an apprenticeship that year became entitled to an annually increasing minimum wage. Merging apprenticeship posting data from the Federal Employment Agency with administrative data on apprenticeship contracts, we investigate the causal effect of this minimum wage legislation on labor demand. Exploiting regional and occupational variation in the share of apprenticeships paid at the minimum wage level, we estimate a standard difference-in-differences, a triple difference, and a synthetic difference-in-differences model. Our estimates suggest that the introduction of the minimum wage had no significant effect on the overall number of apprenticeship postings in low-wage occupations in districts with a high prevalence of minimum wage contracts. However, when examining the minimum wage effect in selected low-wage occupations separately, we find substantial differences with no observable impact on health and wellness apprenticeships but a substantial reduction in apprenticeship postings in various low-wage production and manufacturing occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Monopsony Power, Offshoring, and a European Minimum Wage (2024)
Zitatform
Egger, Hartmut, Udo Kreickemeier & Jens Wrona (2024): Monopsony Power, Offshoring, and a European Minimum Wage. (CESifo working paper 10920), München, 24 S.
Abstract
"This paper sets up a two-country model of offshoring with monopolistically competitive product and monopsonistically competitive labor markets. In our model, an incentive for offshoring exists even between symmetric countries, because shifting part of the production abroad reduces local labor demand and allows firms to more strongly execute their monopsonistic labor market power. However, offshoring between symmetric countries has negative welfare effects and therefore calls for policy intervention. In this context, we put forward the role of a common minimum wage and show that the introduction of a moderate minimum wage increases offshoring and reduces welfare. In contrast, a sizable minimum wage reduces offshoring and increases welfare. Beyond that, we also show that a sufficiently high common minimum wage cannot only eliminate offshoring but also inefficiencies in the resource allocation due to monopsonistic labor market distortions in closed economies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The labor market in Brazil, 2001–2022 (2024)
Firpo, Sergio; Portella Lorenzon, Alysson;Zitatform
Firpo, Sergio & Alysson Portella Lorenzon (2024): The labor market in Brazil, 2001–2022. (IZA world of labor 441), Bonn, 10 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.441.v2
Abstract
"In the first decade of the 21st century, the Brazilian economy experienced an important expansion followed by a significant decline in inequality. The minimum wage increased rapidly, reducing inequality with no negative effects on employment or formality. This resulted from economic growth and greater supply of skilled labor. However, from 2014-2021, real wages were stagnant, and unemployment rates surged. Inequality rose again, although only marginally. Some positive signs emerged in 2022, although it is still too early to know whether they mark a return to past trends or a recovery from the pandemic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
First to $15: Alberta's Minimum Wage Policy on Employment by Wages, Ages, and Places (2024)
Zitatform
Fossati, Sebastian & Joseph Marchand (2024): First to $15: Alberta's Minimum Wage Policy on Employment by Wages, Ages, and Places. In: ILR review, Jg. 77, H. 1, S. 119-142. DOI:10.1177/00197939231213064
Abstract
"Most minimum wage studies are identified on small, plentiful, mostly expected wage changes, spread out over time. A recent set of changes have instead been large, rapid, and unexpected, following the “Fight for $15” movement. Alberta is the first North American province, state, or territory to have this $15 minimum wage, with an unexpectedly large increase (47%) occurring over a short time horizon (3 years). The employment effects of this policy are estimated using a synthetic control approach on Labour Force Survey data. Similar to the existing literature, workers moved up the wage distribution, increment by increment, but with a higher distributional reach. Employment losses occurred at similar elasticities, but with large level changes, mostly among younger workers. Newer to the literature, regional employment losses were found in four of the five non-urban economic regions, but not in Alberta’s two main cities, showing the significance and nuance of regional heterogeneity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum Wage Effects on Job Attachment: A Gender Perspective (2024)
Zitatform
García-Morán, Eva, Ming-Jin Jiang & Heiko Rachinger (2024): Minimum Wage Effects on Job Attachment: A Gender Perspective. In: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Jg. 244, H. 1-2, S. 83-112. DOI:10.1515/jbnst-2022-0012
Abstract
"We examine whether the effects of the introduction of a minimum wage on low-pay employment duration in Germany in 2015 are heterogeneous by gender. In order to disentangle the effects on women and men, we estimate a duration model with unobserved heterogeneity in which we allow gender differences and differences before and after the introduction of the minimum wage. We find that the reform does affect women and men differently, in particular, it mainly increases men’s job attachment. These gender differences in job attachment are the strongest for full-time employment. In consequence, although the minimum wage may have been set up as a gender-neutral instrument, in an indirect way, it affects women and men differently. We discuss different mechanisms that could account for our result and carry out several robustness checks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © De Gruyter) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Von der jüngsten Anhebung des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns waren 18 Prozent der Betriebe und 5 Prozent der Beschäftigten betroffen (2024)
Zitatform
Georgieva, Kalina & Christian Hohendanner (2024): Von der jüngsten Anhebung des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns waren 18 Prozent der Betriebe und 5 Prozent der Beschäftigten betroffen. In: IAB-Forum H. 16.05.2024. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20240516.01
Abstract
"Im Jahr 2023 beschloss die Bundesregierung auf Vorschlag der Mindestlohnkommission eine Anhebung des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns zum 1. Januar 2024 von 12,00 auf 12,41 Euro pro Stunde. Davon waren anteilig weniger Betriebe und Beschäftigte betroffen als bei der letzten - deutlich stärkeren - Anhebung von 10,45 auf 12,00 Euro. Besonders stark waren die Auswirkungen, wie schon in den vergangenen Jahren, im Gastgewerbe sowie in der Nahrungs- und Genussmittelbranche. Dort profitierten rund 45 beziehungsweise 30 Prozent der Beschäftigten unmittelbar von der jüngsten Erhöhung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The Employment and Distributional Impacts of Nationwide Minimum Wage Changes (2024)
Zitatform
Giupponi, Giulia, Robert Joyce, Attila Lindner, Tom Waters, Thomas Wernham & Xiaowei Xu (2024): The Employment and Distributional Impacts of Nationwide Minimum Wage Changes. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 42, H. S1, S. S293-S333. DOI:10.1086/728471
Abstract
"We assess the impact of nationwide minimum wages on employment throughout the whole wage distribution by exploiting geographical variation in the level of wages. We find a substantial increase in wages at the bottom of the wage distribution, while we detect a small, statistically insignificant negative effect on employment. Combining the estimated change in the wage distribution with a tax and benefit microsimulation model, we show that the minimum wage generates considerable proportional income gains up to the middle of the household income distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Parental Labor Supply: Evidence from Minimum Wage Changes (2024)
Zitatform
Godøy, Anna, Michael Reich, Jesse Wursten & Sylvia Allegretto (2024): Parental Labor Supply. Evidence from Minimum Wage Changes. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 59, H. 2, S. 416-442. DOI:10.3368/jhr.1119-10540r2
Abstract
"We analyze effects of the minimum wage on the labor supply of parents of young children. Distributional difference-in-differences and event-study models document a sharp rise in employment rates of single mothers with children ages zero to five following minimum wage increases. Effects are concentrated among jobs paying close to the minimum wage. We find corresponding drops in the probability of staying out of the labor force to care for family members. Results are consistent with simple labor supply models in which childcare costs create barriers to employment. Minimum wage increases then enable greater labor force participation and reduce child poverty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum wage non-compliance: the role of co-determination (2024)
Zitatform
Goerke, Laszlo & Markus Pannenberg (2024): Minimum wage non-compliance: the role of co-determination. In: European Journal of Law and Economics, S. 1-38. DOI:10.1007/s10657-024-09811-1
Abstract
"We analyse how co-determination is related to non-compliance with the German minimum wage, which was introduced in 2015. The Works Constitution Act (WCA), the law regulating co-determination at the plant level, provides works councils with indirect means to ensure compliance with the statutory minimum wage. Based on this legal situation, our theoretical model predicts that non-compliance is less likely in co-determined firms because works councils enhance the enforcement of the law. The economic correlates of co-determination, such as higher productivity and wages, affect non-compliance in opposite directions. The empirical analysis, using data from the German Socio-economic Panel (SOEP) for the years 2016 and 2019, demonstrates that non-compliance occurs less often for employees in co-determined establishments, while there is no correlation between non-compliance and the difference between the minimum wage and the wage actually paid." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Mindestlohnerhöhung auf 12 Euro: Nur wenige Betriebe reagierten eigenen Angaben zufolge mit Entlassungen (2024)
Zitatform
Gürtzgen, Nicole & Franka Vetter (2024): Mindestlohnerhöhung auf 12 Euro: Nur wenige Betriebe reagierten eigenen Angaben zufolge mit Entlassungen. In: IAB-Forum H. 04.04.2024, 2024-04-02. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20240404.01
Abstract
"Die bislang deutlichste Erhöhung des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns auf 12 Euro pro Stunde im Oktober 2022 betraf knapp 20 Prozent der Betriebe in Deutschland. Nach Daten der IAB-Stellenerhebung zeigten sich dabei große Unterschiede zwischen den Wirtschaftszweigen, wobei im Gastgewerbe anteilig am meisten, im Baugewerbe am wenigsten Betriebe betroffen waren. Als Reaktion auf die Anhebung des Mindestlohns erhöhten die Betriebe nach eigenen Angaben am häufigsten die Preise von Produkten und Dienstleistungen. Sie stellten außerdem häufiger Investitionen und Neueinstellungen zurück." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Turbulente Zeiten für Betriebe: Ukrainekrieg und 12-Euro-Mindestlohn (2024)
Zitatform
Hohendanner, Christian, Clemens Ohlert & Matthias Dütsch (2024): Turbulente Zeiten für Betriebe: Ukrainekrieg und 12-Euro-Mindestlohn. In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 104, H. 4, S. 258-263., 2024-02-16. DOI:10.2478/wd-2024-0070
Abstract
"Das Jahr 2022 war durch außergewöhnliche gesellschaftliche und wirtschaftliche Belastungen geprägt. Der Angriffskrieg Russlands auf die Ukraine führte zu starken energiepolitischen und wirtschaftlichen Verwerfungen, hoher Inflation und der Herausforderung, Geflüchtete aus der Ukraine aufzunehmen. Zugleich wurde im Jahr 2022 der gesetzliche Mindestlohn zweimal deutlich angehoben. Er stieg im Juli von 9,82 Euro auf 10,45 Euro und im Oktober auf 12 Euro pro Stunde. Im Hinblick auf die deutliche Anhebung des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns in diesem schwierigen wirtschaftlichen Umfeld stellen sich daher die Fragen, wie viele und welche Betriebe im Jahr 2022 von den Anhebungen des Mindestlohns erfasst wurden, wie stark diese Betriebe zugleich von den Auswirkungen des Ukrainekriegs betroffen waren und vor welchen Herausforderungen sie aktuell stehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Aspekt auswählen:
- Grundsätzliches zum flächendeckenden Mindestlohn
- Auswirkungen des flächendeckenden Mindestlohns auf
- Auswirkungen des flächendeckenden Mindestlohns auf Personengruppen
- Ausnahmen vom flächendeckenden Mindestlohn u.a. für
- Ausweichreaktionen auf Mindestlöhne in Deutschland
- Bundesländer
- Branchenspezifische Mindestlöhne und deren Auswirkungen auf
- Mindestlohn in anderen Ländern