Mindestlohn
Seit Inkrafttreten des Mindestlohngesetzes am 1. Januar 2015 gilt ein allgemeingültiger flächendeckender Mindestlohn in Deutschland. Lohnuntergrenzen gibt es in beinahe allen europäischen Staaten und den USA. Die Mindestlohn-Gesetze haben das Ziel, Lohn-Dumping, also die nicht verhältnismäßige Bezahlung von Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmern, zu verhindern.
Diese Infoplattform dokumentiert die Diskussion rund um die Einführung des flächendeckenden Mindestlohns in Deutschland und die Ergebnisse empirischer Forschung der letzten Jahre zu flächendeckenden und branchenspezifischen Mindestlöhnen.
- IAB
- Grundsätzliches zum flächendeckenden Mindestlohn
- Auswirkungen des flächendeckenden Mindestlohns auf
- Auswirkungen des flächendeckenden Mindestlohns auf Personengruppen
- Ausnahmen vom flächendeckenden Mindestlohn für
- Ausweichreaktionen auf Mindestlöhne in Deutschland
- Bundesländer
- Branchenspezifische Mindestlöhne und deren Auswirkungen auf
- Mindestlohn in anderen Ländern
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Literaturhinweis
Federal minimum wage expansion to homecare workers: Employment and income effects (2024)
Dao, Ngoc;Zitatform
Dao, Ngoc (2024): Federal minimum wage expansion to homecare workers: Employment and income effects. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 87. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102511
Abstract
"The rapid growth of the home care industry coincides with increases in the proportion of the population over 65 years of age and more likely to need assistance with basic daily activities due to illness or disability. Yet, the growth in home care use has been accompanied by concerns about the quality of the care provided. Higher wages and better legal protection might improve the quality of home health care services. This study examines the 2013 Home Care Rule promulgated by the Department of Labor, which added home care workers to the groups covered under the federal minimum wage with minimum hourly and overtime rates. The results show large effects (7–9 %) on part-time employment increase, small effects on work hour reduction (by 2–4 %), and nonnegative effect on overall employment level following the expansion. Despite the decline in hours worked, there is no negative impact on earnings among homecare workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Monopsony Power, Offshoring, and a European Minimum Wage (2024)
Zitatform
Egger, Hartmut, Udo Kreickemeier & Jens Wrona (2024): Monopsony Power, Offshoring, and a European Minimum Wage. (CESifo working paper 10920), München, 24 S.
Abstract
"This paper sets up a two-country model of offshoring with monopolistically competitive product and monopsonistically competitive labor markets. In our model, an incentive for offshoring exists even between symmetric countries, because shifting part of the production abroad reduces local labor demand and allows firms to more strongly execute their monopsonistic labor market power. However, offshoring between symmetric countries has negative welfare effects and therefore calls for policy intervention. In this context, we put forward the role of a common minimum wage and show that the introduction of a moderate minimum wage increases offshoring and reduces welfare. In contrast, a sizable minimum wage reduces offshoring and increases welfare. Beyond that, we also show that a sufficiently high common minimum wage cannot only eliminate offshoring but also inefficiencies in the resource allocation due to monopsonistic labor market distortions in closed economies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
First to $15: Alberta's Minimum Wage Policy on Employment by Wages, Ages, and Places (2024)
Zitatform
Fossati, Sebastian & Joseph Marchand (2024): First to $15: Alberta's Minimum Wage Policy on Employment by Wages, Ages, and Places. In: ILR review, Jg. 77, H. 1, S. 119-142. DOI:10.1177/00197939231213064
Abstract
"Most minimum wage studies are identified on small, plentiful, mostly expected wage changes, spread out over time. A recent set of changes have instead been large, rapid, and unexpected, following the “Fight for $15” movement. Alberta is the first North American province, state, or territory to have this $15 minimum wage, with an unexpectedly large increase (47%) occurring over a short time horizon (3 years). The employment effects of this policy are estimated using a synthetic control approach on Labour Force Survey data. Similar to the existing literature, workers moved up the wage distribution, increment by increment, but with a higher distributional reach. Employment losses occurred at similar elasticities, but with large level changes, mostly among younger workers. Newer to the literature, regional employment losses were found in four of the five non-urban economic regions, but not in Alberta’s two main cities, showing the significance and nuance of regional heterogeneity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Income assistance programs and population health – The dual impact of minimum wages and the earned income tax credit (2024)
Zitatform
Lenhart, Otto & Kalyan Chakraborty (2024): Income assistance programs and population health – The dual impact of minimum wages and the earned income tax credit. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 234. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2023.111508
Abstract
"In this study, we provide new evidence on the interaction of state-level minimum wages and Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) laws on several measures of population health. Using data from the National Vital Statistics Reports between 1999 and 2018, we estimate difference-in-differences models to evaluate the dual impact of minimum wages and the EITC on various causes of mortality, such as suicides, motor accidents and assaults. While several researchers have examined the health effects of both these policies separately, few studies have examined the potential interaction effects of these policies. Specifically, while previous work has provided evidence that both minimum wages and the EITC can reduce suicide rates, our study contributes to the literature by showing that the policies have a positive dual impact on population health. We find that a $1 increase in minimum wages reduces death rates due to suicides and assaults by 3.8 percent and 15.2 percent in states with EITC laws, respectively. In contrast, we show that minimum wages do not impact these outcomes in states without state-level EITC laws." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effects of minimum wages on (almost) everything? A review of recent evidence on health and related behaviors (2024)
Zitatform
Neumark, David (2024): The effects of minimum wages on (almost) everything? A review of recent evidence on health and related behaviors. In: Labour, Jg. 38, H. 1, S. 1-65. DOI:10.1111/labr.12263
Abstract
"I review and assess the evidence on minimum wage effects on health outcomes and health‐related behaviors. The evidence on physical health points in conflicting directions, leaning toward adverse effects. Research on effects on diet and obesity sometimes points to beneficial effects, whereas other evidence indicates that higher minimum wages increase smoking and drinking and reduce exercise (and possibly hygiene). In contrast, there is evidence that higher minimum wages reduce suicides, partly consistent with the evidence of positive or mixed effects on other measures of mental health/depression. Overall, policy conclusions that minimum wages improve health are unwarranted or at least premature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum Wage Effects on Human Capital Accumulation: Evidence from Canadian Data (2023)
Alessandrini, Diana; Milla, Joniada;Zitatform
Alessandrini, Diana & Joniada Milla (2023): Minimum Wage Effects on Human Capital Accumulation: Evidence from Canadian Data. In: Journal of Human Capital online erschienen am 04.10.2023. DOI:10.1086/728084
Abstract
"We investigate the impact of the minimum wage on individuals’ post-secondary schooling decisions. Using Canadian longitudinal data, we explore 136 minimum wage amendments and find three novel results. First, the minimum wage affects both thequantity and type of human capital acquired by students. A 10% increase in the minimum wage increases community-college enrollment by 6.2% but reduces University enrollment by 6.5%. Second, high minimum wages widen the university participation gap between individuals with different levels of parental education. Finally, Minimum wage hikes encourage workers who recently separated from their job to return to post-secondary education as mature students" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum Wage and Skills - Evidence from Job Vacancy Data (2023)
Andrieu, Elodie; Kuczera, Malgorzata;Zitatform
Andrieu, Elodie & Malgorzata Kuczera (2023): Minimum Wage and Skills - Evidence from Job Vacancy Data. (TPI working papers / The Productivity Institute 034), Manchester, 62 S.
Abstract
"Low-wage occupations tend to be populated by workers with low levels of education. An increase in the minimum wage, while designed to protect workers in the lower part of the wage distribution, might result in unintended consequences for those same workers. In this paper, we study firms’ reaction to higher minimum wages, exploiting a change to the minimum-wage policy in the UK in 2016. We document how an increase in the minimum wage affects the labour hiring for different education and technical skill levels of workers. The results show that an increase in the minimum wage compressed both the demand for low educated workers and the demand for workers with low levels of technical skills (tech workers) for graduates in low and middle skilled occupations. Using a difference-in-differences framework, we find that a large and unexpected change to the minimum wage led to a 11 percentage point decrease in the proportion of non-graduate vacancies and a 15 percentage point decline in the share of low-tech ads. There is evidence for labour-labour substitution at the low-end of the skill distribution and labour-technology substitution for more educated workers as a way to compensate for labour costs increases." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum Wages and Racial Discrimination in Hiring: Evidence from a Field Experiment (2023)
Brandon, Alec; Holz, Justin E.; Simon, Andrew; Uchida, Haruka;Zitatform
Brandon, Alec, Justin E. Holz, Andrew Simon & Haruka Uchida (2023): Minimum Wages and Racial Discrimination in Hiring: Evidence from a Field Experiment. (Upjohn Institute working paper 389), Kalamazoo, Mich., 90 S. DOI:10.17848/wp23-389
Abstract
"When minimum wages increase, employers may respond to the regulatory burdens by substituting away from disadvantaged workers. We test this hypothesis using a correspondence study with 35,000 applications around ex-ante uncertain minimum wage increases in three U.S. states. Before the increases, applicants with distinctively Black names were 19 percent less likely to receive a callback than equivalent applicants with distinctively white names. Announcements of minimum wage hikes substantially reduce callbacks for all applicants but shrink the racial callback gap by 80 percent. Racial inequality decreases because firms disproportionately reduce callbacks to lower-quality white applicants who benefited from discrimination under lower minimum wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Minimum Wage, Turnover, and the Shape of the Wage Distribution (2023)
Brochu, Pierre; Townsend, James; Lemieux, Thomas; Green, David A.;Zitatform
Brochu, Pierre, David A. Green, Thomas Lemieux & James Townsend (2023): The Minimum Wage, Turnover, and the Shape of the Wage Distribution. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16514), Bonn, 62 S.
Abstract
"This paper proposes an empirical approach to decompose the distributional effects of minimum wages into effects for workers moving out of employment, workers moving into employment, and workers continuing in employment. We estimate the effects of the minimum wage on the hazard rate for wages, which provides a convenient way of re-scaling the wage distribution to control for possible employment effects. We find that minimum wage increases do not result in an abnormal concentration of Job Leavers below the new minimum wage, which is inconsistent with employment effects predicted by a neoclassical model. We also find that, for Job Stayers, the spike and spillover effects of the minimum wage are simply shifted right to the new minimum wage. Our findings are consistent with a model where entry wages are set according to a job ladder, and where firms preserve their internal wage structure due to fairness or internal incentives issues." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The minimum wages, turnover, and the shape of the wage distribution (2023)
Brochu, Pierre; Green, David A.; Lemieux, Thomas; Townsend, James;Zitatform
Brochu, Pierre, David A. Green, James Townsend & Thomas Lemieux (2023): The minimum wages, turnover, and the shape of the wage distribution. (IFS working paper / Institute for Fiscal Studies 2023,32), London, 62 S.
Abstract
"This paper proposes an empirical approach to decompose the distributional effects of minimum wages into effects for workers moving out of employment, workers moving into employment, and workers continuing in employment. We estimate the effects of the minimum wage on the hazard rate for wages, which provides a convenient way of re-scaling the wage distribution to control for possible employment effects. We find that minimum wage increases do not result in an abnormal concentration of Job Leavers below the new minimum wage, which is inconsistent with employment effects predicted by a neoclassical model. We also find that, for Job Stayers, the spike and spillover effects of the minimum wage are simply shifted right to the new minimum wage. Our findings are consistent with a model where entry wages are set according to a job ladder, and where firms preserve their internal wage structure due to fairness or internal incentives issues." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum Wages and Poverty: New Evidence from Dynamic Difference-in-Differences Estimates (2023)
Zitatform
Burkhauser, Richard V., Drew McNichols & Joseph J. Sabia (2023): Minimum Wages and Poverty: New Evidence from Dynamic Difference-in-Differences Estimates. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31182), Cambridge, Mass, 97 S.
Abstract
"Advocates of minimum wage increases have long touted their potential to reduce poverty. This study assesses this claim. Using data spanning nearly four decades from the March Current Population Survey, and a dynamic difference-in-differences approach, we find that a 10 percent increase in the minimum wage is associated with a (statistically insignificant) 0.17 percent increase in the probability of longer-run poverty among all persons. With 95% confidence, we can rule out long-run poverty elasticities with respect to the minimum wage of less than -0.129, which includes central poverty elasticities reported by Dube (2019). Prior evidence suggesting large poverty-reducing effects of the minimum wage are (i) highly sensitive to researcher’s choice of macroeconomic controls, and (ii) driven by specifications that limit counterfactuals to geographically proximate states (“close controls”), which poorly match treatment states’ pre-treatment poverty trends. Moreover, an examination of the post-Great Recession era — which saw frequent, large increases in state minimum wages — failed to uncover poverty-reducing effects of the minimum wage across a wide set of specifications. Finally, we find that less than 10 percent of workers who would be affected by a newly proposed $15 federal minimum wage live in poor families." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does Wage Theft Vary by Demographic Group? Evidence from Minimum Wage Increases (2023)
Clemens, Jeffrey; Strain, Michael R.;Zitatform
Clemens, Jeffrey & Michael R. Strain (2023): Does Wage Theft Vary by Demographic Group? Evidence from Minimum Wage Increases. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16550), Bonn, 30 S.
Abstract
"Using Current Population Survey data, we assess whether and to what extent the burden of "wage theft" - wage payments below the statutory minimum wage - falls disproportionately on various demographic groups following minimum wage increases. For most racial and ethnic groups at most ages we find that underpayment rises similarly as a fraction of realized wage gains in the wake of minimum wage increases. We also present evidence that the burden of underpayment falls disproportionately on relatively young African American workers and that underpayment increases more for Hispanic workers among the full working-age population." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Politicizing the minimum wage: A multilingual text analysis of minimum wages in European electoral manifestos (2023)
Zitatform
Cova, Joshua (2023): Politicizing the minimum wage: A multilingual text analysis of minimum wages in European electoral manifestos. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 33, H. 4, S. 469-483. DOI:10.1177/09589287231199561
Abstract
"This article examines the determinants of the growing political salience of minimum wages in European party manifestos. By using multilingual quantitative text analysis, I show that the electoral salience of minimum wages has increased in the past decades. Although left-wing parties emphasize minimum wages more than right-wing parties, I find that the electoral salience of this policy follows a U-shaped relationship: right-wing populist parties dedicate greater attention to minimum wages than centre-right parties do. A sentiment analysis finds that compared to other policies designed to supplement the income of low-wage workers, such as strengthening collective bargaining institutions and in-work benefits/wage subsidies, there do not seem to be specific party-political characteristics, which determine the sentiment with which discussions on minimum wages are framed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How are minimum wages set? (2023)
Zitatform
Dickens, Richard (2023): How are minimum wages set? (IZA world of labor 211), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.211.v2
Abstract
"The minimum wage has never been as high on the political agenda as it is today, with politicians in Germany, the UK, the US, and other OECD countries implementing substantial increases in the rate. One reason for the rising interest is the growing consensus among economists and policymakers that minimum wages, set at the right level, may help low paid workers without harming employment prospects. But how should countries set their minimum wage rate? The processes that countries use to set their minimum wage rate and structure differ greatly, as do the methods for adjusting it. The different approaches have merits and shortcomings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum wage and tolerance for high incomes (2023)
Zitatform
Fazio, Andrea & Tommaso Reggiani (2023): Minimum wage and tolerance for high incomes. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 155. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2023.104445
Abstract
"We suggest that stabilizing the baseline income can make low-wage workers more tolerant towards high income earners. We present evidence of this attitude in the UK by exploiting the introduction of the National Minimum Wage (NMW), which institutionally sets a baseline pay reducing the risk of income losses and providing a clear reference point for British workers at the lower end of the income distribution. Based on data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), we show that workers who benefited from the NMW program became relatively more tolerant of high incomes and more likely to support and vote for the Conservative Party. As far as tolerance for high incomes is related to tolerance of inequality, our results may suggest that people advocate for equality also because they fear income losses below a given reference point." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum Wage and Tolerance for High Incomes (2023)
Zitatform
Fazio, Andrea & Tommaso G. Reggiani (2023): Minimum Wage and Tolerance for High Incomes. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16107), Bonn, 27 S.
Abstract
"We suggest that stabilizing the baseline income can make low-wage workers more tolerant towards high income earners. We present evidence of this attitude in the UK by exploiting the introduction of the National Minimum Wage (NMW), which institutionally sets a baseline pay reducing the risk of income losses and providing a clear reference point for British workers at the lower end of the income distribution. Based on data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), we show that workers who benefited from the NMW program became relatively more tolerant of high incomes and more likely to support and vote for the Conservative Party. As far as tolerance for high incomes is related to tolerance of inequality, our results may suggest that people advocate for equality also because they fear income losses below a given reference point." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Impact of Minimum Wages on Income Inequality in the EU (2023)
Filauro, Stefano; Grünberger, Klaus; Narazani, Edlira;Zitatform
Filauro, Stefano, Klaus Grünberger & Edlira Narazani (2023): The Impact of Minimum Wages on Income Inequality in the EU. (JRC working papers on taxation and structural reforms 2023,04), Seville, 33 S.
Abstract
"A number of studies documents that minimum wage policies have the potential to reduce income inequality. The recently adopted EU Commission's proposal for a Directive on adequate minimum wages was supported by a detailed analysis of the social impacts of hypothetical minimum wage levels in countries with a statutory minimum wage. This paper extends these country-level analyses by exploring the impact of minimum wage policies on EU-level income inequality. To our knowledge, this is the first study that uses a microsimulation model such as EUROMOD to assess the impact of EU-promoted policies on the distribution of income in the EU, beyond their national effects. Assuming no employment effects, static simulation results show that a hypothetical minimum wage corresponding to 60% of the national median wage would bring about a small but significant reduction in EU-level disposable income inequality (by 0.75% in 2019 as measured through the Gini index). This result stems primarily from a reduction in the within-country component of income inequality as the effect on inequality between countries is rather muted. The reduction in EU-level income inequality is the highest in disposable incomes, but some reduction is detectable also in market incomes. In turn, the withdrawal of social benefits because of higher minimum wages seems to neutralise part of this inequality reduction." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Effect of Minimum Wage Policies on the Wage and Occupational Structure of Establishments (2023)
Forsythe, Eliza;Zitatform
Forsythe, Eliza (2023): The Effect of Minimum Wage Policies on the Wage and Occupational Structure of Establishments. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 41, H. S1, S. S291-S324. DOI:10.1086/726820
Abstract
"Using establishment-level panel data from the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics program, I estimate the effect of minimum wage increases implemented by 10 states in 2014 and 2015. I show that minimum wage increases lead to wage spillovers within establishments. I find little evidence that minimum wage increases induce establishments to reorganize their occupational mix. Finally, I find that minimum wage increases propagate up the management hierarchy, leading to increased wages for supervisors. Nonetheless, I find overall wage inequality decreases within establishments after minimum wage increases." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
To Redistribute or to Predistribute? The Minimum Wage versus Income Taxation When Workers Differ in Both Wages and Working Hours (2023)
Gerritsen, Aart;Zitatform
Gerritsen, Aart (2023): To Redistribute or to Predistribute? The Minimum Wage versus Income Taxation When Workers Differ in Both Wages and Working Hours. (CESifo working paper 10734), München, 53 S.
Abstract
"I consider the case for the minimum wage alongside (optimal) income taxes when workers differ in both wages and working hours, such that a given level of income corresponds to multiple wage rates. The minimum wage is directly targeted at the lowest-wage workers, while income taxes are at most targeted at all low-income workers, regardless of their hourly wage rates. This renders the minimum wage unambiguously desirable in a discrete-type model of the labor market. Desirability of the minimum wage is a priori ambiguous in a continuous-type model of the labor market. Compared to the minimum wage, income taxes are less effective in compressing the wage distribution but more effective in redistributing income. Desirability of the minimum wage depends on this trade-off between the “predistributional advantage” of the minimum wage and the “redistributional advantage” of the income tax. I derive a desirability condition for the minimum wage and write it in terms of empirical sufficient statistics. A numerical application to the US suggests a strong case for a higher federal minimum wage – especially if social preferences for the lowest-wage workers are relatively strong and the wage elasticity of labor demand relatively small." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Minimum Wage, Self-Employment, and the Online Gig Economy (2023)
Glasner, Benjamin;Zitatform
Glasner, Benjamin (2023): The Minimum Wage, Self-Employment, and the Online Gig Economy. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 41, H. 1, S. 103-127. DOI:10.1086/719690
Abstract
"This paper estimates the effect of minimum wage increases on work that is not covered by minimum wage laws. I find minimum wage increases in the early 2000s resulted in small reductions in engagement in traditional self-employment. Following the development of the online gig economy in the 2010s, a 10% increase in the minimum wage increased the number of non-employer establishments classified as transportation and warehousing services by approximately 2.7%. The counties most likely to exhibit a positive relationship between the minimum wage and participation in uncovered work are those with low labor market concentration and active Uber marketplaces." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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- IAB
- Grundsätzliches zum flächendeckenden Mindestlohn
- Auswirkungen des flächendeckenden Mindestlohns auf
- Auswirkungen des flächendeckenden Mindestlohns auf Personengruppen
- Ausnahmen vom flächendeckenden Mindestlohn für
- Ausweichreaktionen auf Mindestlöhne in Deutschland
- Bundesländer
- Branchenspezifische Mindestlöhne und deren Auswirkungen auf
- Mindestlohn in anderen Ländern