Zitatform

Scalettaris, Giulia & Flore Gubert (2019): Return Schemes from European Countries: Assessing the Challenges. In: International Migration, Jg. 57, H. 4, S. 91-104. DOI:10.1111/imig.12467

Abstract

"Drawing on a review of the academic literature on return migration and return migration policies, as well as on reports and project documentation, this article provides a general assessment of return schemes from European countries, with a focus on those targeting failed asylum-seekers and irregular migrants. The article first highlights the contrasted understanding of return and reintegration by migration policy-makers and migration scholars respectively. It then provides an overview of the main challenges, focusing on seven key issues: preparedness to return, the imbalance of represented interests, legal mobility, conditions in the countries of origin, the reintegration package, integration in Europe, and the specific obstacles to return faced by failed asylum-seekers. The article highlights the need to reassess return policies and frame more realistic schemes." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Sener, Meltem Yilmaz (2019): Perceived discrimination as a major factor behind return migration? The return of Turkish qualified migrants from the USA and Germany. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 15, S. 2801-2819. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1524292

Abstract

"This paper explains discrimination perceptions of Turkish qualified migrants who returned from Germany and the United States, and the impact of perceived discrimination on their return. It depends on in-depth interviews with 80 qualified Turkish returnees. Our findings indicate that: (i) returnees from Germany think they experienced ethnic discrimination; (ii) discrimination is a major reason behind their return; (iii) returnees from the US did not mention discrimination; (iv) discrimination is not a reason for return for them. We discuss these findings and explain the differences between German and American contexts in terms of ethnic boundaries. We use Alba's (2005) distinction between bright and blurry ethnic boundaries to explain the difference between the two countries. However, going beyond his argument, we also connect this distinction to cultural capital. We argue that in a context where there are bright ethnic boundaries, high cultural capital does not free the individual from experiences of discrimination, whereas it can make a difference in a context where there are blurry ethnic boundaries. Qualified migrants choose to return from contexts where there are bright ethnic boundaries to escape from experiences of discrimination, as they can afford return due to their high levels of cultural and economic capital." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Siegert, Manuel (2019): Die sozialen Kontakte Geflüchteter. (BAMF-Kurzanalyse 2019,04), Nürnberg, 11 S.

Abstract

"Soziale Kontakte im Aufnahmeland spielen für Geflüchtete beim Einleben in ihre neue Umgebung eine wichtige Rolle. Daher wurde anhand der Daten der ersten beiden Befragungswellen der IAB-BAMF-SOEP- Befragung von Geflüchteten aus den Jahren 2016 und 2017 die soziale Einbindung der Geflüchteten untersucht. Fast die Hälfte der Geflüchteten gab 2017 an, mehrmals pro Woche bis täglich Zeit mit Deutschen zu verbringen, während ein Fünftel nie Zeit mit Deutschen verbrachte. Zwischen den Jahren 2016 und 2017 nahm der Anteil der Geflüchteten, die häufig Zeit mit Deutschen verbringen, zu. ??Dabei scheinen besonders der Arbeitsplatz oder die Ausbildungsstätte günstige Gelegenheitsstrukturen für Kontakte zwischen Geflüchteten und Deutschen zu bieten - was sich auf die sozialen Kontakte geflüchteter Frauen auswirken könnte, da diese (noch) sehr selten erwerbstätig sind." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Tanis, Kerstin & Annette Haas (2019): Immigration from the perspective of local labour markets. Erlangen, 110 S.

Abstract

"Diese Dissertation untersucht zentrale Fragestellungen der Migrationsforschung auf regionaler Arbeitsmarktebene (Landkreise und kreisfreie Städte) und umfasst insgesamt drei Teile, die inhaltlich aufeinander aufbauen. Alle drei Studien nutzen administrative Beschäftigungsdaten für Deutschland sowie mikroökonometrische Methoden. Der erste Teil befasst sich mit der Frage, aufgrund welcher Merkmale Migranten ihren Wohnort innerhalb Deutschland auswählen und wie sich die Gewichtung dieser Merkmale mit zunehmender Aufenthaltsdauer verändert. Ethnische Netzwerke stellen sich hierbei als ein wichtiger Treiber für Wohnortentscheidungen heraus. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden daher zwei unterschiedliche Migrantengruppen hinsichtlich ihrer Lohnentwicklung verglichen: Migranten, die sich räumlich sehr stark konzentrieren, und Migranten, die zumeist Einheimische in ihrem regionalen Umfeld aufweisen. Die Auswirkungen von Migration auf die deutsche Bevölkerung werden im letzten Teil untersucht. Unter Berücksichtigung von regionaler Mobilität der lokalen Bevölkerung wird analysiert, wie sich ein Zustrom an ausländischen Beschäftigten auf die Beschäftigung von Deutschen niederschlägt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Inhalt:
- Teil 1: Regionale Verteilung und Wohnortwahl von Migranten in Deutschland
- Teil 2: Schränkt regionale Clusterbildung die Lohnaussichten von Migranten ein? eine Lebenszyklusperspektive
- Teil 3: Der Effekt von Zuwanderung auf die Beschäftigung von Einheimischen unter Berücksichtigung von regionaler Mobilität

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OECD (2019): International migration outlook 2019. (International migration outlook 43), Paris, 407 S. DOI:10.1787/c3e35eec-en

Abstract

"This report looks at ways to improve the resilience of systems to deal with the unexpected arrival of large inflows of refugees and other vulnerable migrants. It begins with an overview of the recent flows of migrants seeking protection, discusses the expected economic impact of these flows, and notes what has been an unprecedented multilateral response. It then examines the process of integrating refugees and other vulnerable migrants, in terms of their economic and social outcomes, as well as specific factors of vulnerability. It also provides a comprehensive assessment of the transition policies in place to support their livelihood in destination and transit countries, as well as in origin countries upon return. Finally, the report tackles issues of anticipation, monitoring and reacting, examining the role of early warning mechanisms and the challenge of improving information so as to better monitor integration outcomes and frame policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Andersson, Eva K., Bo Malmberg, Rafael Costa, Bart Sleutjes, Marcin Jan Stonawski & Helga A. G. De Valk (2018): A comparative study of segregation patterns in Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands and Sweden. Neighbourhood concentration and representation of Non-European Migrants. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 34, H. 2, S. 251-275. DOI:10.1007/s10680-018-9481-5

Abstract

"In this paper, we use geo-coded, individual-level register data on four European countries to compute comparative measures of segregation that are independent of existing geographical sub-divisions. The focus is on non-European migrants, for whom aggregates of egocentric neighbourhoods (with different population counts) are used to assess small-scale, medium-scale, and large-scale segregation patterns. At the smallest scale level, corresponding to neighbourhoods with 200 persons, patterns of over- and under-representation are strikingly similar. At larger-scale levels, Belgium stands out as having relatively strong over- and under-representation. More than 55% of the Belgian population lives in large-scale neighbourhoods with moderate under- or over-representation of non-European migrants. In the other countries, the corresponding figures are between 30 and 40%. Possible explanations for the variation across countries are differences in housing policies and refugee placement policies. Sweden has the largest and Denmark the smallest non-European migrant population, in relative terms. Thus, in both migrant-dense and native-born-dense areas, Swedish neighbourhoods have a higher concentration and Denmark a lower concentration of non-European migrants than the other countries. For large-scale, migrant-dense neighbourhoods, however, levels of concentration are similar in Belgium, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Thus, to the extent that such concentrations contribute to spatial inequalities, these countries are facing similar policy challenges." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Batsaikhan, Uuriintuya, Zsolt Darvas & Inês Gonçalves Raposo (2018): People on the move. Migration and mobility in the European Union. (Bruegel blueprint series 28), Brüssel, 188 S.

Abstract

"Immigration tops the list of challenges of greatest concern to European Union citizens. While in the past immigration was primarily driven by economic motives and family reunification, in the last few years Europe has experienced a surge of asylum seekers, in particular from war-torn countries. In addition, some EU countries have seen significant inflows of EU citizens taking advantage of their freedom of movement rights.
Such movements of people pose major challenges for policymakers. EU countries must integrate immigrants while managing often distorted public perceptions of immigration. To meet the challenges, a better evidence base is needed that accurately describes the scale of the challenge, the impacts of immigration on European labour markets and public finances, the successes and failures of EU countries in integrating immigrants, and the hurdles refugees face, such as financial inclusion. This Blueprint offers an in-depth study that contributes to the evidence base and sets out twelve policy recommendations related to public dialogue, refugees, integration of immigrants and labour shortages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Braches-Chyrek, Rita, Tilman Kallenbach, Christina Müller & Lena Ståhl (Hrsg.) (2018): Bildungs- und Teilhabechancen geflüchteter Menschen. Kritische Diskussionen in der Sozialen Arbeit. Opladen: Budrich, 271 S.

Abstract

"Seitdem die Bundesregierung 2016 einen weltweit beachteten Umschwung in der Asylpolitik vollzogen hat, sind viele der - gerade auch kommunalen - Maßnahmen für Geflüchtete wieder zurückgenommen worden. Der Sammelband zieht Bilanz und fragt: Wo steht die Soziale Arbeit mit Geflüchteten derzeit? Wie ist mit der Ankunft Asylsuchender in den vergangenen Jahren umgegangen worden und welche konzeptionellen sowie institutionellen Reaktionen lassen sich nachzeichnen?" (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Brenzel, Hanna (2018): Economic integration of migrants in Germany. (IAB-Bibliothek 369), Bielefeld: Bertelsmann, 160 S. DOI:10.3278/300980w

Abstract

"Eine erfolgreiche Integration von Migrantinnen und Migranten ist ein zentrales und wichtiges gesellschaftliches Thema, insbesondere wenn durch Migration dem demografischen Wandel und dem drohenden Fachkräftemangel entgegengewirkt werden soll. Dabei kommt der ökonomischen Integration eine Schlüsselfunktion zu, ist sie doch einer der zentralen Mechanismen für eine erfolgreiche gesellschaftliche Integration in modernen Arbeitsgesellschaften. Daher untersucht die vorliegende Arbeit anhand verschiedener Perspektiven die ökonomische Integration von Migrantinnen und Migranten in Deutschland. Hanna Brenzel zeigt, dass Unterschiede in der beruflichen Mobilität die Lohnentwicklung von Migrantinnen/Migranten und Einheimischen beeinflussen, was wiederum zu Lohnunterschieden beiträgt. Zudem werden die Einkommensunterschiede zwischen Migranten und Einheimischen durch unterschiedliche Persönlichkeitsmerkmale beeinflusst. Schließlich verdeutlicht ihre Arbeit, dass Unterschiede in den Arbeitsmarktintegrationsprozessen zwischen Migrantinnen und Migranten, die als Single migrieren und jene, die im Familienkontext migrieren, bestehen. Aufbauend auf diesen drei Haupterkenntnissen fördert Brenzel nicht nur das Verständnis von Lohnunterschieden, sondern erweitert auch das bestehende Wissen um die Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt von oft vernachlässigten Gruppen, indem sie diese in den Vordergrund rückt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Böckler, Stefan, Margarita Gestmann & Thomas Handke (2018): Neuzuwanderung in Duisburg-Marxloh. Bulgarische und rumänische Zuwanderer und Alteingesessene im Ankunftsquartier. (Quartiersforschung), Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 280 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-18913-6

Abstract

"'Die Autoren untersuchen am Beispiel des Ankunftsquartiers Duisburg-Marxloh Herkunftssituation, Wanderungswege und -motive sowie die Lebenssituation von Zuwanderern aus Bulgarien und Rumänien. Sie analysieren die Einstellungen der schon länger im Quartier lebenden Bevölkerung zu dieser umfangreichen Neuzuwanderung und arbeiten die Bedarfe im Umgang mit ihr heraus. Vergleichbare Ankunftsquartiere sind häufig bereits in der Vergangenheit durch eine schwierige wirtschaftliche Situation und einen hohen Zuwandereranteil geprägt." (Verlagsangaben)

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Böhmer, Simon, Kristina Broens & Amrita Paul (2018): So gelingt der Berufseinstieg von geflüchteten Müttern. Erkenntnisse aus dem ESF - Bundesprogramm "Stark im Beruf - Mütter mit Migrationshintergrund steigen ein". (Monitor Familienforschung 40), Berlin, 26 S.

Abstract

"Der Monitor Familienforschung Nr. 40 gibt Auskunft über demografische Eckdaten der geflüchteten Frauen - mit speziellem Fokus auf die Mütter - und beschreibt den Unterstützungsbedarf auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Im ersten Teil wird aufgezeigt, welche Sprachkenntnisse und welche Berufswünsche sie aufweisen und welche Wege es für sie gibt, sich in Arbeit zu integrieren und ein eigenes Einkommen zu erwirtschaften. Ein Programm, das zugewanderte Mütter beim Berufseinstieg unterstützt ist 'Stark im Beruf - Mütter mit Migrationshintergrund steigen ein'. Erkenntnisse aus diesem ESF-Bundesprogramm im Umgang mit geflüchteten Müttern werden im zweiten Teil des Monitors Familienforschung vorgestellt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Cascio, Elizabeth U. & Ethan G. Lewis (2018): Distributing the Green (Cards). Permanent residency and the income tax after the immigration reform and control act of 1986. (NBER working paper 24872), Cambrige, Mass., 60 S. DOI:10.3386/w24872

Abstract

"We explore how permanent residency affects the income tax using variation from the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA), which authorized the largest U.S. amnesty to date. We exploit the timing and geographic unevenness of IRCA's legalization programs alongside newly digitized data on the income tax in California, home to the majority of applicants. Green Cards induced the previously unauthorized to file state income tax returns at rates comparable to other California residents. While the new returns generated little additional revenue through the end of the 1990s, they did raise the earnings of families with children through new claims of the federal Earned Income Tax Credit." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chetty, Raj, Nathaniel Hendren, Maggie R. Jones & Sonya R. Porter (2018): Race and economic opportunity in the United States. An intergenerational perspective. (NBER working paper 24441), Cambrige, Mass., 107 S. DOI:10.3386/w24441

Abstract

"We study the sources of racial and ethnic disparities in income using de-identified longitudinal data covering nearly the entire U.S. population from 1989-2015. We document three sets of results. First, the intergenerational persistence of disparities varies substantially across racial groups. For example, Hispanic Americans are moving up significantly in the income distribution across generations because they have relatively high rates of intergenerational income mobility. In contrast, black Americans have substantially lower rates of upward mobility and higher rates of downward mobility than whites, leading to large income disparities that persist across generations. Conditional on parent income, the black-white income gap is driven entirely by large differences in wages and employment rates between black and white men; there are no such differences between black and white women. Second, differences in family characteristics such as parental marital status, education, and wealth explain very little of the black-white income gap conditional on parent income. Differences in ability also do not explain the patterns of intergenerational mobility we document. Third, the black-white gap persists even among boys who grow up in the same neighborhood. Controlling for parental income, black boys have lower incomes in adulthood than white boys in 99% of Census tracts. Both black and white boys have better outcomes in low-poverty areas, but black-white gaps are larger on average for boys who grow up in such neighborhoods. The few areas in which black-white gaps are relatively small tend to be low-poverty neighborhoods with low levels of racial bias among whites and high rates of father presence among blacks. Black males who move to such neighborhoods earlier in childhood earn more and are less likely to be incarcerated. However, fewer than 5% of black children grow up in such environments. These findings suggest that reducing the black-white income gap will require efforts whose impacts cross neighborhood and class lines and increase upward mobility specifically for black men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Coban, Mustafa (2018): Contributions to the empirics of immigration, redistribution and social mobility. Würzburg, 236 S.

Abstract

"Einwanderung, Umverteilung und soziale Mobilität haben als sozialpolitische Themenfelder in den letzten Jahren viel Aufmerksamkeit erfahren und bestimmten die politische und öffentliche Debatte in Deutschland. Sie werden seit dem Fall des Eisernen Vorhangs zunehmend von den Entwicklungen im internationalen Wirtschaftsgeflecht geprägt. Der internationale Handel, die Globalisierung, die internationale Migration und der qualifikationsverzerrende technische Fortschritt haben einen anwachsenden Einfluss auf die nationalen Arbeitsmärkte und auf die Tragfähigkeit des Sozialstaats. Diese Entwicklung wirft zum einen neue Fragen auf und begründet zum anderen die Überprüfung bisheriger Erkenntnisse: Wie wirkt sich die Immigration auf die nationalen Arbeitsmärkte und auf den Wohlfahrtstaat aus? Führt eine zunehmende ethnische und kulturelle Heterogenität in den europäischen Ländern zu einem Abbau des Sozialstaats? Bestimmt das Einkommen der Eltern das zukünftige Einkommen ihrer Kinder? Begünstigt der Strukturwandel die intragenerative Lohnmobilität? Diesen Fragestellungen widmet sich die vorliegende Dissertation." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Dadush, Uri (2018): The economic effects of refugee return. In: Economics. The open-access, open-assessment e-journal, Jg. 12, S. 1-17. DOI:10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2018-33

Abstract

"The recent surge in the number of forcibly displaced persons who cross international borders in search of protection has prompted interest in evaluating policies that achieve the possible 'end points' of the phenomenon. These are the integration of the forcibly displaced persons in the country of destination, relocation in a third country, and return to the country of origin. The focus of this paper is on the third aspect, and more specifically on the appropriateness of return policy viewed from an economic perspective. Although the vast majority of forcibly displaced people is found in developing countries, the object of this paper are the return policies of advanced countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dickey, Heather, Stephen Drinkwater & Sergei Shubin (2018): Labour market and social integration of Eastern European migrants in Scotland and Portugal. In: Environment and planning. A, Economy and space, Jg. 50, H. 6, S. 1250-1268. DOI:10.1177/0308518X18781086

Abstract

"This article investigates the factors influencing the labour market performance and social integration of Eastern European migrants in two regions within Scotland and Portugal. Given the potential links between these outcomes, measures of labour market success and integration into the host community are examined from a multi-dimensional perspective, including by modelling these jointly within a statistical framework. The main findings indicate the importance of a range of factors for labour market and social integration, which change with time and cannot be limited to any definable set of goals. In particular, proficiency in the host country's language plays a key role in obtaining a highly paid job and social integration, but not for the probability of employment. Further, maintaining family links and cultural identity often outweigh the importance of being integrated into host communities. Other human capital factors, especially whether the job matches skills and qualifications, strongly influence some labour market outcomes, whilst migrant network variables are important for integration more widely. Focus on the immediate earnings and having a job tends to be prioritised over career progression, which can lead to better integration. Drawing on the insights from economics and human geography, this paper stresses that these findings hold both in the separate and joint modelling approaches. The effect of the influences is also found to be generally similar in Scotland and Portugal. However, some significant differences are detected between the host communities with regards to the impact of previous migration and friendship on social integration and age on employment." (Author's abstract, © 2018 a Pion publication) ((en))

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Duleep, Harriet Orcutt & Mark Regets (2018): Family unification, siblings, and skills. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 271), Maastricht, 38 S.

Abstract

"Recently proposed immigration reforms would constitute a major break in the 40-year-old U.S. admissions policy favoring family members. Although emphasizing the importance of the nuclear family, the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform and a house subcommittee on immigration recommend eliminating immigration preferences to other close relatives, including the brothers, sisters, and adult children of U.S. citizens. Under the proposed system, those relatives could not obtain U.S. visas unless they qualified because of specific job skills. Using Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) data on admissions criteria matched to 1990 Census data, we examine the effect of family admissions on immigrant education, self-employment, and earnings. Of particular relevance to the current debate, we also examine the effect of one of the family-based admission categories recommended for elimination -- the preference category that admits the siblings of U.S. citizens. We find that family-based immigrants, in general, have low initial earnings but high earnings growth relative to immigrants admitted on the basis of occupational skills. The earnings growth of immigrants is particularly high in cohorts with relatively high sibling admissions. Furthermore, sibling admissions are positively associated with immigrant self-employment. We also find that immigrant education levels are positively associated with sibling admissions and that the flows of occupation-based immigrants and immigrants admitted under the sibling category are intimately connected, particularly for immigrants from regions of the world where economic opportunities are limited for highly educated individuals. The results on earnings growth, self-employment, and education suggest that eliminating the sibling category may be counterproductive. More generally, the paper adds to our basic knowledge about the complex interactions of admission categories, human capital investment, and earnings growth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Elrick, Jennifer & Elke Winter (2018): Managing the national status group: immigration policy in Germany. In: International migration, Jg. 56, H. 4, S. 19-32. DOI:10.1111/imig.12400

Abstract

"This article challenges the established convention in immigration policy scholarship of treating economic utility and identity maintenance as logically distinct concerns. Drawing on work by Weber, Wallerstein and Bourdieu, we argue that concerns about economic utility and identity maintenance interact in the immigration policies of Western liberal democratic states, leading to policies designed to build and maintain middle-class national status groups. Using the example of contemporary immigration policy in Germany, we illustrate how this impulse to build the middle-class status group affects immigrant inclusion/exclusion in nuanced ways at both the group and individual levels, along class/status, ethnic and gender lines. We conclude by considering the policy implications of growing and shaping populations according to middle-class ideals, particularly for the statistical monitoring of immigrant populations for integration benchmarking purposes." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Escarce, José J. & Lorenzo Rocco (2018): Immigration and the health of older natives in Western Europe. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 228), Maastricht, 47 S.

Abstract

"Previous research has found that immigration benefits the health of working-age natives, an effect mediated through the labor market. We use the Study of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) to investigate whether immigration also affects the health of natives 65-80 years old. Immigration may increase the supply and lower the price of personal and household services, a term that refers to care services and non-care services such as cleaning, meal preparation, and domestic chores. Higher consumption of personal and household services by older natives may help maintain health through a variety of pathways. Using a shift-share IV, we find pervasive beneficial effects of immigration on the physical and mental health of older natives. We also find evidence for the hypothesized pathways, especially for an effect of immigration in increasing social integration (e.g., institutional connections, social participation). However, our ability to test mechanisms is limited in our data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))