Zitatform

Birgier, Debora Pricila & Stefano Cantalini (2025): Navigating employment and overeducation: comparative study of immigrant experiences in 17 Western European nations. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 51, H. 3, S. 583-608. DOI:10.1080/1369183x.2024.2399638

Abstract

"The labor market integration of migrants, focusing on employment and job quality, differs notably across Southern and Continental-Northern European nations, often involving trade-offs. Nonetheless, little is known about whether these diverse migrant inclusion models in European labor markets extend to the combination of employment and overeducation. Additionally, the role of gender in this context remains unclear. While overeducation is more prevalent among immigrants compared to native, its prevalence varies across countries. To fill this gap, we analyzed data from the 2015–2019 European Labor Force Survey in 17 European countries, considering gender and migrant origin – Western vs. non-Western. Results show that non-Western migrants and migrant women face more challenges than Western migrants and male counterparts, respectively. Among males, a trade-off model predominates, with low employment penalties but high overeducation penalties in Mediterranean countries, and vice versa in Continental and some Nordic nations. For females, those in Southern Europe align with the Mediterranean trade-off model, while those in most Continental and Nordic countries experience a double penalty. In Liberal countries, male migrants tend toward the Mediterranean trade-off model, while female migrants align with the integration model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Botoon, Sanjar (2025): Unveiling Disadvantages Faced by Refugee Professionals: A Review of Intersecting Challenges in Professional Reintegration. In: Sociology Compass, Jg. 19, H. 4. DOI:10.1111/soc4.70061

Abstract

"Refugee professionals constitute a small but significant part of the growing refugee population worldwide. They are highly educated individuals motivated to resume their disrupted professions in host countries. However, they often remain unemployed, underemployed, or overqualified. This multidisciplinary review identifies three categories of disadvantages—ethno-racial discrimination, stigmatization of the “refugee identity,” and de-professionalizing integration support—as potential causes of refugee professionals' disadvantaged socioeconomic position and poor economic performance. Ethno-racial discrimination appears to be the most destructive, undermining professional aspirations and exacerbating identity and integration disadvantages. Identity disadvantages reduce professionals to just refugees, while integration disadvantages deprive them of the professional training, counseling, and orientation needed for successful reintegration. The review concludes that more structural constraints lead to a higher risk of marginalization and social exclusion for refugee professionals. It highlights the need for further research to inspire solution-oriented policy improvements." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Elo, Maria, Raushan Aman & Florian Täube (2025): Female Migrants and Brain Waste - A Conceptual Challenge with Societal Implications. In: International Migration, Jg. 63, H. 1. DOI:10.1111/imig.12783

Abstract

"Global careers and highly skilled expatriates employing their talent in diverse contexts of the world tend to be conceptualized as “male”, and recognized diplomas represent employability. Despite the increasing feminization of migration, highly skilled female migrants and their contributions to economies through careers or entrepreneurship remain overlooked. Many obstacles impede the full employment of their talents. We review extant literature and argue that female migrant talent merits more detailed conceptual attention. By analysing interview data from 2010 to 2019 in two advanced European countries, we found that female migrants suffer from brain waste in multiple ways, partly due to external institutional aspects and discrimination and partly due to inherent internalized practices and sociocultural norms. We call for greater intersectionality and interdisciplinarity in examining equality to advance female economic participation. Private and public sectors may improve female talent perception, integration and employment by developing specific responses to the problems identified." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Salamonska, Justyna (2025): Complexity of the links between destination outcomes and migration patterns: West to West intra-European mobility. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 13. DOI:10.1186/s40878-025-00430-6

Abstract

"In this article, I build on existing research on destination outcomes and migration patterns to better understand West to West mobility within the European Union. I use a unique dataset, the European Internal Movers Social Survey, which was conducted in five countries, with movers who lived in Britain, France, Germany, Italy or Spain and came from one of the other four countries in the sample. The results of the analysis point to a complex relationship between selected destination outcomes (economic, social ties, attachments) and migration patterns(one-off, repeat or multiple). Multiple migrants tend to have better outcomes than one-off movers in relation to the labour market (in terms of being in employment) and destination country networks, but they attach less to the destination country. It seems that multiple migrants invest their resources selectively, and lower attachment to the destination country could be related to the possibility of further mobility. Repeat migrants are more likely to be employed than one-off migrants, but otherwise they do not differ in how they fare in destination in terms of social ties and attachments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bassetto, Jacopo & Giuseppe Ippedico (2024): Tax Incentives and Return Migration. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17224), Bonn, 69 S.

Abstract

"Brain drain is a key policy concern for many countries. In this paper we study whether tax incentives are an effective policy to attract high-skilled expatriates back to their home country, exploiting a generous income tax break for Italian returnees. Using administrative data and a Triple Differences design, we find that eligible individuals are 27% more likely to return to Italy. Additionally, we uncover significant effects throughout the wage distribution, revealing that tax-induced migration is a broad phenomenon beyond top earners. A cost-benefit analysis shows that the tax scheme can pay for itself by targeting young high-skilled individuals." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Blauberger, Michael & Anita Heindlmaier (2024): Enforcement, Information or Socialization? The Role of the European Labour Authority in Protecting Mobile Workers in the EU. In: Journal of Common Market Studies, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1111/jcms.13692

Abstract

"This article analyses the European Labour Authority (ELA) to understand the strategies EU agencies can use to improve EU rule implementation. Theoretically, we depart from established EU implementation and compliance research, broadly distinguishing between enforcement, information and socialization strategies. Empirically, the analysis draws on 18 semi-structured background interviews with ELA and national officials and stakeholders as well as on documents from the negotiation of ELA's mandate, its first 5 years of operation and the review of the ELA regulation. We find that ELA tries to meet, at least partly, the high and diverse expectations of its stakeholders by pursuing a multitude of enforcement and information strategies in parallel. Given its limited resources to enforce and inform top-down, however, most observers see the greatest potential for ELA in a socialization strategy, which prompts horizontal cross-border co-operation and builds trust amongst national enforcement authorities through joint inspections and liaison officers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Curdia, Vasco & Fernanda Nechio (2024): Would the Euro Area Benefit from Greater Labor Mobility? (Working papers series / Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco 2024-06), San Francisco, Calif., 56 S. DOI:10.24148/wp2024-06

Abstract

"We assess how within euro area labor mobility impacts economic dynamics in response to shocks. In the analysis we use an estimated two-region monetary union dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model that allows for a varying degree of labor mobility across regions. We find that, in contrast with traditional optimal currency area predictions, enhanced labor mobility can either mitigate or exacerbate the extent to which the two regions respond differently to shocks. The effects depend crucially on the nature of shocks and variable of interest. In some circumstances, even when it contributes to aligning the responses of the two regions, labor mobility may complicate monetary policy tradeoffs. Moreover, the presence and strength of financial frictions have important implications for the effects of labor mobility. If the periphery’s risk premium is more responsive to its indebtedness than our estimates, there are various shocks for which labor mobility may help stabilize the economy. Finally, the euro area’s economic performance following the Global Financial Crisis would not have been necessarily smoother with enhanced labor mobility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Czeranowska, Olga & Dominika Winogrodzka (2024): Socio-occupational Paths of Polish and Lithuanian Returning Migrants: Sequence Analysis of Survey Data with the Use of TraMineR for R. In: Journal of International Migration and Integration, Jg. 25, H. 2, S. 997-1025. DOI:10.1007/s12134-024-01115-2

Abstract

"The growth and diversity in contemporary return migration have given rise to questions related to migrants' (re)integration into their society of origin. In particular, a growing set of studies examine the returnees' labour market situation to understand how time spent living and working abroad affects individuals' social mobility upon return. The key aim of this paper is to explore the socio-occupational paths of returning migrants. Based on the online survey with Polish and Lithuanian returnees (n = 544) who had spent at least a year in the UK, we aim to identify patterns in the socio-occupational sequences of people experiencing returning migration. Based on sequence analysis carried out in TraMineR (Life Trajectory Miner for R) covering the situation of returning migrants before migration, during migration and upon return, we have distinguished four clusters of sequences: (1) sequences with education, (2) sequences with employment, (3) sequences with unemployment and (4) sequences with self-employment. We compare those clusters in terms of demographic characteristics, as well as migration plans. We also take into consideration skills acquired and transferred throughout migration trajectories. With this typology based on the unique dataset of returning migrants, we supplement existing, primarily qualitative, research on returning migrants' careers with the sequence analysis based on quantitative data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Fendel, Tanja & Boris Ivanov (2024): Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz: Gute Arbeitsmarktintegration trotz bürokratischer Hürden und Diskriminierung. (IAB-Kurzbericht 21/2024), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2421

Abstract

"Aufgrund des demografischen Wandels wird Erwerbsmigration aus Nicht-EU-Staaten immer wichtiger. Um sie zu unterstützen, wurden im Jahr 2020 im Rahmen des Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz verschiedene gesetzliche Reformen umgesetzt. Im Kurzbericht werden die Arbeitsmarktintegration, der Einwanderungsprozess und die Diskriminierungserfahrungen der Migrant*innen untersucht, die diese neuen Regelungen genutzt haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Goštautaitė, Bernadeta, Wolfgang Mayrhofer, Ilona Bučiūnienė & Danguolė Jankauskienė (2024): Mitigating medical brain drain: the role of developmental HRM and the focus on opportunities in reducing the self-initiated expatriation of young professionals. In: The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 35, H. 3, S. 367-393. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2023.2241815

Abstract

"Although 'brain drain' from emerging economies is a well-documented problem, research on how Human Resource Management (HRM) can potentially address it is still scarce. Based on Signaling Theory, we argue that developmental HRM practices in home countries reduce self-initiated expatriation (SIE) of young healthcare professionals by increasing their focus on opportunities in their home country. Additionally, we hypothesize that individual financial stability as a personal resource constitutes an important boundary condition, as developmental HRM's positive effect on the focus on opportunities and its indirect negative effect on SIE intention may be even stronger for individuals with lower financial resources. We tested and found support for our hypotheses using a sample of 184 junior doctors in Lithuania in a time-lagged study. By bridging the HRM and SIE literature, our study extends the existing knowledge about the outcomes of HRM and highlights the importance of home country HRM in explaining SIE intention above and beyond its traditionally considered antecedents. In this way, our study has major theoretical and practical implications for decision-makers at organizational and national levels in managing brain drain from emerging economies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Manolova, Polina, Thorsten Schlee & Lena Wiese (2024): Multiple Prekarisierung – Zur Lebenslage osteuropäischer Migrant*innen in urbanen Sozialräumen. Am Beispiel der beiden Duisburger Stadtteile Hochfeld und Marxloh. (IAQ-Report 2024-10), Duisburg ; Essen, 21 S. DOI:10.17185/duepublico/82507

Abstract

"Seit Januar 2014, also mittlerweile mehr als zehn Jahre, gilt die volle Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit für Personen aus Rumänien und Bulgarien, die sich als ein wichtiger Faktor für das Wachstum ausländischer Beschäftigung in der Bundesrepublik erwiesen hat. Kommunen und ihre Vertretungsorgane problematisieren seither die "Zuwanderung aus Südosteuropa" und bearbeiten sie mit einer Mischung aus Integrations- und Abwehrmaßnahmen, ohne damit die lokalen sozialen Probleme wirksam zu adressieren. Wir argumentieren, dass es sich lohnt, den Blick nicht nur auf die vielfach diskutierten Sicherheitsrisiken und Integrationsdefizite von Migrant*innen zu richten, sondern sich die überlappenden Mechanismen genauer anzusehen, die vor Ort die prekären Lebensverhältnisse dieser Migrant*innengruppe befördern. Das Zusammenspiel von sozialrechtlichem Ausschluss, den Praktiken lokaler Administrationen und einem lokalen Arbeitsmarkt im Graubereich zeichnet ein Bild multipler, Prekarität befördernder Mechanismen, die systematisch die Rechte europäischer Bürger*innen aushöhlen und sie damit in die Position bedürftiger Fremder verweisen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Seibert, Holger (2024): Immer mehr Menschen pendeln aus Osteuropa nach Deutschland. In: IAB-Forum H. 15.04.2024 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20240415.01

Abstract

"Menschen, die vom Ausland aus zum Arbeiten nach Deutschland pendeln, sind hierzulande eine kleine, aber wachsende Gruppe von Beschäftigten. Sie kamen bis 2011 hauptsächlich aus Westeuropa. Heute stammen sie dagegen überwiegend aus Osteuropa. Diese sogenannten Grenzpendler*innen unterscheiden sich mit Blick auf die ausgeübten Berufe und das Anforderungsniveau ihrer Tätigkeiten deutlich. Da sie häufig in Engpassberufen arbeiten, sind sie eine wichtige Ressource für den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Silva, Adriana Cardozo & Sabine Zinn (2024): Geflüchtete senden seltener Geld ins Ausland als andere Migrant*innen. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 91, H. 49, S. 771-779. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2024-49-1

Abstract

"Über Geldüberweisungen von Geflüchteten in ihre Heimat wurde in den vergangenen Jahren in Deutschland politisch scharf debattiert, was zur Einführung einer Bezahlkarte für Asylbewerber*innen führte. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, wie sich der Anteil der in Deutschland lebenden Personen, die Geld ins Ausland überweisen, im Laufe der Zeit je nach Migrationshintergrund – mit oder ohne Fluchthintergrund – verändert hat und welche Faktoren die Wahrscheinlichkeit von Geldsendungen beeinflussen. Basierend auf den Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) sowie den IAB-SOEP-Migrationsstichproben und der IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung Geflüchteter von 2013 bis 2022 zeigt die Untersuchung, dass Migrant*innen ohne Fluchthintergrund häufiger Geldtransfers tätigen, während Geflüchtete aufgrund struktureller Barrieren seltener dazu in der Lage sind. Die politische Debatte spiegelt also nicht die Realität wider. Über die Wahrscheinlichkeit, Geldüberweisungen ins Ausland zu tätigen, entscheiden insbesondere die Familiensituation und die Absicht, längerfristig in Deutschland zu bleiben. Die Ergebnisse sollten auch insofern zu einer Neubewertung beitragen, als diese Geldüberweisungen ein wichtiges Instrument zur Erreichung der nachhaltigen Entwicklungsziele darstellen und die Wirtschaft in den Herkunftsländern stabilisieren und Armut reduzieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Sprenger, Ekaterina (2024): What Makes Us Move, What Makes Us Stay: The Role of Language and Culture in Intra-EU Mobility. In: Journal of International Migration and Integration, Jg. 25, H. 4, S. 1825-1855. DOI:10.1007/s12134-024-01134-z

Abstract

"This article analyses the determinants of international migration flows within the European Union and specifically focuses on the role of cultural and linguistic differences in explaining the size of these flows. For that purpose, a set of indicators of cultural distance is controlled for along with economic, demographic, geographical, political and network variables using data from 28 member states of the EU over the period 1998–2018. Economic factors play an important role in examining migration flows, but economic differentials alone may be insufficient to explain the uneven real-life migration pattern in the EU. The results suggest strong evidence of the importance of linguistic distance in explaining the direction of migration flows across the EU." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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(2024): Saisonale Beschäftigung in der Landwirtschaft. (Kurzinfo / Bundesagentur für Arbeit), Nürnberg, 5 S.

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Adunts, Davit, Herbert Brücker, Tanja Fendel, Andreas Hauptmann, Philipp Jaschke, Sekou Keita, Regina Konle-Seidl, Yuliya Kosyakova & Ehsan Vallizadeh (2023): Zum Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Weiterentwicklung der Fachkräfteeinwanderung. Stellungnahme des IAB im Rahmen der Verbändebeteiligung des BMI und BMAS vom 8.3.2023. (IAB-Stellungnahme 02/2023), Nürnberg, 36 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.SN.2302

Abstract

"Das Bundesministerium des Inneren und für Heimat und das Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales haben einen Referentenentwurf für ein Gesetz zur Weiterentwicklung der Fachkräfteeinwanderung vorgelegt, zu dem das IAB hier Stellung nimmt. Nach Einschätzung des IAB sind vor dem Hintergrund des demografischen Wandels, des Rückgangs der Wanderungen aus der EU und zunehmenden Engpässen auf den Arbeitsmärkten rund 300.000 bis 350.000 Zuzüge zu Erwerbszwecken aus Drittstaaten volkswirtschaftlich sinnvoll. Das bisherige Einwanderungsrecht wird diesen Anforderungen nicht gerecht. Der Gesetzentwurf enthält eine Reihe von sinnvollen aber kleineren Maßnahmen, darunter die Senkung der Gehaltsschwellen für die Blaue Karte EU und die Erweiterung der Qualifikationsdefinition des Zielberufs. Allerdings werden diese Maßnahmen die Einwanderung von qualifizierten Arbeitskräften nur sehr begrenzt erweitern, weil an der wesentlichen Hürde, der Gleichwertigkeitsprüfung beruflicher Abschlüsse zu einem deutschen Referenzberuf, festgehalten wird. Auch die Erweiterung der Möglichkeiten der Einreise zur Arbeitsuche durch ein Punktesystem wird voraussichtlich nur begrenzte quantitative Wirkungen entfalten. Größere Effekte sind von dem parallel vorgelegten Entwurf einer Verordnung zur Weiterentwicklung der Fachkräfteeinwanderung zu erwarten, die unter anderem den Ersatz der Gleichwertigkeitsprüfung durch Gehaltsschwellen und die Entfristung und Ausdehnung der Westbalkanregelung vorsieht. Auf diesen Entwurf geht das IAB in einer gesonderten Stellungnahme ein." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Adunts, Davit, Herbert Brücker, Tanja Fendel, Andreas Hauptmann, Philipp Jaschke, Sekou Keita, Regina Konle-Seidl, Yuliya Kosyakova & Ehsan Vallizadeh (2023): Zum Entwurf einer Verordnung zur Weiterentwicklung der Fachkräfteeinwanderung. Stellungnahme des IAB im Rahmen der Verbändebeteiligung des BMAS und BMI vom 8.3.2023. (IAB-Stellungnahme 03/2023), Nürnberg, 21 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.SN.2303

Abstract

"Der vorliegende Verordnungsentwurf des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales und des Bundesministeriums des Inneren und für Heimat begleitet den Gesetzentwurf zur Weiterentwicklung der Fachkräfteeinwanderung, zu dem das IAB hier Stellung nimmt. Der Verordnungsentwurf enthält viele Einzelmaßnahmen, die unter anderem die Einwanderung von Pflegehilfskräften erleichtern und die Möglichkeiten kurzfristiger kontingentierter Beschäftigung erweitern. Diese Maßnahmen sind sinnvoll, werden aber keine größeren quantitativen Wirkungen entfalten. Relevanter ist die neu geschaffene Möglichkeit der Einwanderung von Personen, die über Berufserfahrung sowie Berufs-und Hochschulabschlüsse verfügen, die im Land des Erwerbs staatlich anerkannt sind, die auch ohne Gleichwertigkeitsprüfung der Abschlüsse einreisen können, sofern das Gehalt 45 Prozent der Betragsbemessungsgrenze der allgemeinen Rentenversicherung erreicht. Die Höhe der Gehaltsschwelle schließt allerdings Fachkräfte zu Beginn ihrer Erwerbsbiografie weitgehend aus. Allerdings kann bei tarifgebundenen Unternehmen davon abgewichen werden. Sinnvoller wäre gewesen, alle Unternehmen einzubeziehen, sofern der Arbeitsvertrag in Hinblick auf Entlohnung und Arbeitsbedingungen den jeweils geltenden Flächentarifverträgen entspricht. Ferner sieht der Verordnungsentwurf die Entfristung der sogenannten Westbalkanregelung und die Ausweitung des Kontingents auf 50.000 Personen vor. Dies ist vor dem Hintergrund der vorliegenden empirischen Erkenntnisse zu den Wirkungen der Westbalkanregelung volkswirtschaftlich sinnvoll." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bassetto, Jacopo & Giuseppe Ippedico (2023): Easy come, easy go: Return migration increases with tax incentives in the home country. In: IAB-Forum H. 28.11.2023. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20231128.01

Abstract

"For many years, Germany has been facing an increasing skills shortage in key occupations and has sought to attract a growing number of highly-skilled immigrants. In striving for this goal, Germany is competing not only with other countries with similar skills⎼demands but also with more traditional immigrant-sending countries. Some of these try to counterbalance the outflow of highly⎼skilled nationals by introducing large tax discounts for emigrants who eventually return. One example is the Italian returnees’ tax scheme “Legge Controesodo” (2010), which attracted back a sizeable proportion of highly-skilled young Italians who had been working in Germany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bassetto, Jacopo & Giuseppe Ippedico (2023): Can Tax Incentives Bring Brains Back? Returnees Tax Schemes and High-Skilled Migration in Italy. (CESifo working paper 10271), München, 66 S.

Abstract

"Brain drain is a growing concern for many countries experiencing large emigration rates of their highly educated citizens. While several European countries have designed preferential tax schemes to attract high-skilled individuals, there is limited empirical evidence on the effectiveness of fiscal incentives in a context of brain drain, and on migration responses beyond top earners. In this paper we investigate the effects of the Italian 2010 tax scheme “Controesodo”, which granted a generous income tax exemption to young high-skilled expatriates who relocate to Italy. Eligibility requires a college degree as well as being born in 1969 or later, which creates suitable quasi-experimental conditions to identify the effect of tax incentives. Using a Triple Difference design and administrative data on return migration, we find that eligible individuals are 27% more likely to move back to Italy post-reform. Additionally, using social security data from the main origin country of Italian returnees (Germany), we uncover significant effects throughout the wage distribution, suggesting that mobility in response to tax incentives is a broad phenomenon not limited to top earners. A cost-benefit analysis reveals that the direct fiscal impact of the reform – a lower bound of the total effect in the presence of human capital externalities – is marginally positive, by virtue of the tax scheme targeting young high-skilled individuals." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Becker, Regina (2023): Does It Pay Off? Understanding Subjective Employment Mobility of European Physicians in Germany. In: International migration review, Jg. 57, H. 3, S. 1099-1131. DOI:10.1177/01979183221111398

Abstract

"This article investigates the subjective employment mobility, defined as migrants' evaluation of their employment situation before and after migration, of European physicians in Germany. Analyzing different dimensions of occupation (e.g., income, working conditions, use of skills, career opportunities) of physicians who migrated to Germany from within the European Union (i.e., EU physicians), it examines which factors influence physicians' perception of whether migration worsened or improved their employment situation. I argue that the original reasons to migrate (e.g., economic, career-related, or family reasons) and other migration-related factors (e.g., language skills), as well as characteristics of the occupation (e.g., the hierarchical structure), must be considered to understand subjective employment mobility. The analyses are based on original survey data collected among EU physicians in Germany (N = 1,058). Results from OLS regressions show that physicians' original reasons for migration largely matched their subjective employment mobility, suggesting that migration for career reasons and a perceived improvement of use of skills and career opportunities are positively linked while migration for economic reasons positively affected physicians' perception of income and working conditions. Physicians aiming for the highest position perceived their overall employment situation as worse compared to before migration, and the origin region mattered, particularly for physicians from EU Eastern member-states, who were more likely to perceive an improvement in their employment situation. Results further inform understandings of labor-related migration of high-skilled professionals by identifying obstacles and conducive conditions at migration for a group that is often assumed not to face barriers in using migration for professional advancement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))