Migration und Integration
Bei dem Thema Einwanderung nach Deutschland gilt es auch die Bedingungen einer gelingenden Integration von Zugewanderten in Gesellschaft, Bildung und Arbeit zu untersuchen. Die Arbeitsmarktforschung beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie die Integration in das Bildungs- und Ausbildungssystem, der Zugang zum Arbeitsmarkt sowie die Bedingungen der sozialen Teilhabe und kulturellen Integration verbessert werden können.
Aktuelle Studien zeigen zudem, dass Deutschland angesichts seiner demographischen Herausforderungen dringend auf Zuwanderung angewiesen ist. Inwiefern kann Zuwanderung der Schrumpfung und Alterung des Erwerbspersonenpotenzials entgegenwirken? Welche Entwicklungen in der nationalen und europäischen Einwanderungspolitik begünstigen die Einwanderung von Erwerbspersonen und Fachkräften? Die hier zusammengestellte Literatur bietet einen aktuellen und umfassenden Überblick über den Themenkomplex Migration und Integration.
Literatur zum Thema Flucht und Asyl finden Sie in unserer IAB-Infoplattform Fluchtmigrantinnen und -migranten - Bildung und Arbeitsmarkt.
Zurück zur Übersicht- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Einwanderungspolitik
- Auswirkungen von Migration
- Wanderungsmotivation und Rückwanderung
- Arbeitslosigkeit und Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Qualifikation, Bildung und Beschäftigung
- Integration und soziale Teilhabe
- internationale Aspekte
- Personengruppen
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Literaturhinweis
Occupation–Education Mismatch of Immigrant Women in Europe (2023)
Zitatform
Akgüç, Mehtap & Jaai Parasnis (2023): Occupation–Education Mismatch of Immigrant Women in Europe. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 170, H. 1, S. 75-98. DOI:10.1007/s11205-023-03066-0
Abstract
"Against the background of continuing gains in female education and labor market participation and rising migration, we investigate whether women work in occupations which match their educational qualifications and whether migrant women face double penalty in being overqualified for their jobs. Using the data from the European Social Survey covering 2002–2020 with detailed information about occupation and educational attainment, we show that migrant women are significantly more likely to be overqualified in their jobs relative to native women. We explore the role of individual, institutional and workplace factors, as well as attitudes, to explain the overeducation of foreign-born women compared to native-born women. While parental education, workplace and destination country characteristics are all important factors in women’s overqualification, they do not explain the immigrant women’s disadvantage. The overqualification of migrant women is particularly notable amongst low and medium skill groups and in middle income households. These results inform the policy efforts to mitigate the skills waste of migrant women by documenting the gaps, identifying the target groups and suggesting potential channels." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Language proficiency of migrants: the relation with job satisfaction and skill matching (2023)
Zitatform
Bloemen, Hans G. (2023): Language proficiency of migrants: the relation with job satisfaction and skill matching. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 65, H. 6, S. 2899-2952. DOI:10.1007/s00181-023-02445-3
Abstract
"We empirically analyze the relation between language proficiency and job level of migrants in the Netherlands. A lack of language skills may induce the migrant to work in jobs of a lower level leading to lower job satisfaction. We analyse information about job satisfaction, the fit between the migrant’s education and skill level and the job, and professional level. Men with a higher proficiency level are more satisfied with their type of work and are employed at a higher professional level. For women, no impact of language proficiency can be found." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gendered work and socialist pasts: memories and experiences of women repatriates in Germany (2023)
Zitatform
Jašina-Schäfer, Alina (2023): Gendered work and socialist pasts: memories and experiences of women repatriates in Germany. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies online erschienen am 24.02.2023, S. 1-17. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2181128
Abstract
"In this article, I examine how migrant women make sense of their new positions in the labour market while drawing on and negotiating past meanings and experiences. I explore the individual biographies of legally privileged co-ethnic women repatriates from the former Soviet Union to Germany through a gendered perspective of work. These women found that the ethnic promise of being ‘real’ Germans given to them proved insufficient to access the labour market on equal terms, while their past Soviet socialisation led to struggles for recognition and marginalisation into low-status jobs. Although their labour-power is oftentimes devalorised, these women actively operationalise different memories of socialist work to reinvent themselves in a new context as worthy, resilient, and adaptable members of a capitalist society. Their stories of work reflect their present- and future-oriented life strategies and demonstrate how they relate different ideologies and systems of value, distant spaces and times in an attempt to challenge dominant discourses on human worth. By exploring individualised life strategies and gendered invocations of the past, this paper contributes to the discussion on post-socialist subjectivities, how they intersect with ambiguous socialist experiences and dilute the neoliberal project." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Social Capital and Its Effect on Labour Market (Mis)match: Migrants' Overqualification in Germany (2021)
Kracke, Nancy; Klug, Christina;Zitatform
Kracke, Nancy & Christina Klug (2021): Social Capital and Its Effect on Labour Market (Mis)match: Migrants' Overqualification in Germany. In: Journal of International Migration and Integration, Jg. 22, H. 4, S. 1573-1598. DOI:10.1007/s12134-021-00817-1
Abstract
"If a person is overqualified in the sense that an employee's level of training exceeds the job requirements, then some human capital lies idle and cannot be converted into appropriate (monetary and non-monetary) returns. Migrants are particularly at risk of being overqualified in their employment; however, this phenomenon cannot be fully explained by differences in human capital or socio-economic characteristics. This paper examines whether social capital plays a decisive role in migrants' risk of overqualification in Germany. Using data from the German IAB-SOEP Migration Sample, we analyse the job search process of migrants to determine whether social networks influence their risk of being employed below their acquired educational level. We estimate logistic regression models and find that social capital influences the adequacy of migrants' jobs: We show that migrants are at a greater risk of overqualification if they use only informal job search strategies such as relying on friends or family members. Moreover, we find that homophilous migrant networks and jobs in employment niches are risk factors for overqualification. We conclude that the combination of informal job search modes and homophilous migrant networks leads to a comparably high risk for migrants of being overqualified in their employment in the German labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Occupational Licensing and the Skills Mismatch of Highly Educated Migrants (2021)
Zitatform
Tani, Massimiliano (2021): Occupational Licensing and the Skills Mismatch of Highly Educated Migrants. In: BJIR, Jg. 59, H. 3, S. 730-756. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12574
Abstract
"This article studies occupational licensing as a possible cause of education–occupation mismatches of highly educated migrants. Based on data from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Australia (LSIA), the empirical analysis applies the Propensity Score Matching estimator to identify a suitable control group. Licensing raises hourly wages and reduces over-education for those working in licensed jobs, and correspondingly it produces worse labour market outcomes for those who do not gain licensure. These results are robust to omitted variable bias and alternative matching approaches. They also persist over time, suggesting that the sole market forces of supply and demand are not enough to reduce the mismatch faced by highly educated migrants after settlement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Skill structure and labor market integration of immigrants in Europe (2021)
Zitatform
Westerman, Johan, Ryszard Szulkin & Michael Tåhlin (2021): Skill structure and labor market integration of immigrants in Europe. (SocArXiv papers), 39 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/a9jqw
Abstract
"Across European countries, immigrants are disadvantaged in labor market attainment relative to natives: foreign-born individuals are less likely to be employed and more likely to be unemployed. Previous research indicates that immigrants’ employment chances are better when the share of low-skill jobs in the labor market is large. Upgrading of the job structure, which has taken place in many countries over recent decades, might therefore have hurt immigrants’ employment prospects. However, an exclusive focus on skill demand neglects another important development in the skill structure of advanced economies: educational expansion. The rapid rise in skill supply has tended to outpace the decline in the low-skill job share with increasing over-education as a consequence, potentially leading to crowding-out of immigrant workers from employment. Based on data from the European Union Labour Force Surveys (EU-LFS) 2004-2016, we perform analyses that jointly consider the demand and supply sides of labor markets. Our results indicate that the size of the low-skill job sector is positively related to immigrants’ employment if and only if those employed in the low-skill sector have low qualifications. In economies with high rates of over-education, where many well-educated natives occupy low-skill jobs, the labor market prospects of immigrants deteriorate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Should I Stay or Should I Go?: Auswanderung aus Deutschland von Personen mit und ohne deutsche Staatsangehörigkeit (2020)
Zitatform
IQ-Fachstelle Einwanderung (2020): Should I Stay or Should I Go? Auswanderung aus Deutschland von Personen mit und ohne deutsche Staatsangehörigkeit. (Working paper / IQ-Fachstelle Einwanderung 2020,03), Berlin, 41 S.
Abstract
"Mit kleinen aktuellen Konjunkturdämpfern erlebt Deutschland momentan die längste Aufschwungsphase seit 1991 (Statistisches Bundesamt 2018a). Der Aufschwung der letzten Jahre geht mit steigenden Zahlen sozialversicherungspflichtig beschäftigter Personen und einer sinkenden Arbeitslosigkeit bzw. Unterbeschäftigung einher (Agentur für Arbeit 2019). In den kommenden Jahrzehnten wird zudem die Bevölkerungsalterung eine starke Auswirkung auf den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt haben. Berechnungen der UN zufolge wird der Altenquotient in Deutschland von 32,1 % 2015 auf 54,5 % 2050 ansteigen (UNDESA 2017). Unabhängig von den positiven wirtschaftlichen Eckdaten und der Stabilität des Arbeitsmarktes verzeichnet Deutschland in den letzten zehn Jahren bei Personen mit deutscher Staatsangehörigkeit einen negativen Wanderungssaldo. Im vorliegenden Arbeitspapier wird die Abwanderung aus Deutschland untersucht, um wichtige Trends der letzten Jahre zu identifizieren. Dabei werden nationale und internationale Statistiken analysiert und erläutert. In den ersten Abschnitten werden die Abwanderungszahlen aus Deutschland und die Bestandszahlen Ausgewanderter analysiert. Im Anschluss werden die Aufenthaltsdauer und der Erwerbsstatus Ausgewanderter untersucht. Letztlich wird in den letzten beiden Abschnitten zunächst explizit auf die Altersverteilung und Berufsgruppen hochqualifizierter Ausgewanderter eingegangen, bevor im letzten Schritt die Migrationstrends unter Ärzt*innen exemplarisch dargestellt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The occupational (im)mobility of migrants in Italy (2019)
Zitatform
Barbiano di Belgiojoso, Elisa (2019): The occupational (im)mobility of migrants in Italy. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 9, S. 1571-1594. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1414585
Abstract
"Migrants usually experience a downward mobility in their host country's economy and are over-represented among lower status jobs. The present study contributes to the knowledge on migrant occupation mobility in Italy, assuming a longitudinal perspective and focusing on two aspects: first, the entry of migrants into the Italian labour market and, second, the working trajectories of migrants in Italy, reflecting the role of the first step in determining the following trajectory and migrants' strategies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Perfect for the job? Overqualification of immigrants and their descendants in the Norwegian labor market (2018) (2018)
Birkelund, Gunn E.; Larsen, Edvard N.; Rogne, Adrian F.;Zitatform
Birkelund, Gunn E., Edvard N. Larsen & Adrian F. Rogne (2018): Perfect for the job? Overqualification of immigrants and their descendants in the Norwegian labor market (2018). In: Social Inclusion, Jg. 6, H. 3, S. 78-103. DOI:10.17645/si.v6i3.1451
Abstract
"Compared to the majority population, studies have shown that non-western immigrants are more likely to work in jobs for which they are overqualified. These findings are based on coarse measures of jobs, and an important question is how sensitive these findings are to the definition of jobs. By using detailed information from Norwegian register data 2014, we provide a methodological innovation in comparing individuals working in the same occupation, industry, sector, firm, and municipality. In this way, we measure the degree of overqualification among workers within more than 653,000 jobs. We differentiate between immigrants and their descendants originating from Western Europe, the New EU countries, other Western countries, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Africa and Asia (except MENA countries), and South and Central America, and compare their outcomes with the majority population holding the same jobs. We find that immigrants from all country of origin groups are more likely to be overqualified compared to the majority population and to descendants of immigrants. However, the prevalence of overqualification decreases with time since immigration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
From engineer to taxi driver?: language proficiency and the occupational skills of immigrants (2018)
Imai, Susumu; Warman, Casey; Stacey, Derek;Zitatform
Imai, Susumu, Derek Stacey & Casey Warman (2018): From engineer to taxi driver? Language proficiency and the occupational skills of immigrants. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 239), Maastricht, 63 S.
Abstract
"We examine the ability of immigrants to transfer the occupational human capital they acquired prior to immigration. We first augment a model of occupational choice to study the implications of language proficiency on the cross-border transferability of occupational human capital. We then explore the empirical predictions using information about the skill requirements from the O*NET and a unique dataset that includes both the last source country occupation and the first four years of occupations in Canada. We supplement the analysis using Census estimates for the same cohort with source country occupational skill requirements predicted using detailed human capital related information such as field of study. We find that male immigrants to Canada were employed in source country occupations that typically require high levels of cognitive skills, but rely less intently on manual skills. Following immigration, they find initial employment in occupations that require the opposite. Consistent with the hypothesized asymmetric role of language in the transferability of previously acquired cognitive and manual skills, these discrepancies are larger among immigrants with limited language fluency." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A panel study of immigrants' overeducation and earnings in Australia (2018)
Wen, Le; Maani, Sholeh A.;Zitatform
Wen, Le & Sholeh A. Maani (2018): A panel study of immigrants' overeducation and earnings in Australia. In: International migration, Jg. 56, H. 2, S. 177-200. DOI:10.1111/imig.12425
Abstract
"The recent literature on overeducation has provided divergent results on whether or not overeducation bears an earnings penalty. In addition, few studies have considered overeducation among immigrants. This article uses panel data analyses to investigate the match between education and occupation and resulting earnings effects for immigrants from English-Speaking and Non-English Speaking Backgrounds, relative to the native-born population in Australia. Based on nine years of longitudinal data, the panel approach addresses individual heterogeneity effects (motivation, ability, and compensating differentials) that are crucial in overeducation analysis. First, we find that immigrants have significantly higher incidence rates of overeducation than the native-born. This probability increases, rather than diminishes, once we control for unobserved correlated effects. Second, based on panel fixed effects analyses there is no penalty for overeducation for ESB immigrants. However, NESB immigrants receive a lower return to required and overeducation compared to the other groups after controlling for individual heterogeneity." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Occupational mismatch of immigrants in Europe: the role of education and cognitive skills (2017)
Cim, Merve; Kind, Michael; Kleibrink, Jan;Zitatform
Cim, Merve, Michael Kind & Jan Kleibrink (2017): Occupational mismatch of immigrants in Europe. The role of education and cognitive skills. (Ruhr economic papers 687), Essen, 36 S. DOI:10.4419/86788797
Abstract
"Mangelnde Kongruenz von Arbeitnehmern und ihren Berufen ist in Europa ein unter Immigranten weit verbreitetes Phänomen. Diese Diskrepanz wird meist durch Bildung gemessen und als eine Verschwendung des Humankapitals interpretiert. Diese Argumentation vernachlässigt jedoch die eingeschränkte Vergleichbarkeit von internationalen Bildungsabschlüssen. Eine akkurate Analyse der Diskrepanz erfordert daher international vergleichbare Maßstäbe zur Messung von Qualifikationen. Mit Hilfe der international vergleichbaren Fragebögen der PIAAC Daten ist es möglich, die unterschiedlichen Qualifikationen von Migranten und einheimischen Beschäftigten über die Bildungsabschlüsse hinaus zu vergleichen. Dadurch können wir untersuchen, ob Überqualifikation nur ein fiktives Phänomen ist, oder tatsächlich auch auf Ebene der kognitiven Fähigkeiten vorliegt. In dieser Studie beschäftigen wir uns mit Bildungs- und Qualifikationsunterschieden zwischen Migranten und Einheimischen in elf europäischen Ländern im selben Beruf. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Migranten im Vergleich zu Einheimischen für ihre Berufe häufig unverhältnismäßig gut gebildet sind, jedoch dass das Gegenteil für kognitive Fähigkeiten zutrifft. Darüber hinaus können wir eine signifikante Heterogenität zwischen Immigranten im Auftreten beider Messgrößen feststellen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
How self-sorting affects migrants' labour market outcomes (2017)
Pareliussen, Jon Kristian;Zitatform
Pareliussen, Jon Kristian (2017): How self-sorting affects migrants' labour market outcomes. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1435), Paris, 29 S. DOI:10.1787/77fe9f63-en
Abstract
"Assuming that immigrants select destinations according to absolute returns to their observable and unobservable human capital, I present a human capital model of migration accounting for taxes, transfers and limited portability of skills. The model predicts both segmented sorting of migrants to countries with a compressed income distribution, with negative sorting increasing with lower portability and positive sorting increasing with portability. Sorting to countries with greater income dispersion increases unambiguously with host-country relevant skills. Migrants to countries with compressed incomes will hence be more likely to be either out of work or overqualified and low-paid compared to natives with similar observable skills, and compared to migrants to countries with greater income dispersion. Regressions results on data for 16 OECD countries from the OECD Survey of Adult Skills are in line with the model. Controlling for observable skills and characteristics, including a literacy test score, immigrants from countries that are less wealthy or further away in geographical and cultural distance are significantly more likely to be either out of work or overqualified and low-paid in high-benefit countries. Wage compression, generous transfers and high taxes, typical traits of the so-called 'Nordic' or 'Flexicurity' model, may therefore contribute to making immigrant integration more challenging." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Are over-qualified immigrants mismatched according to their actual skills?: an international comparison of labor market placement in OECD countries (2017)
Zitatform
Perry, Anja (2017): Are over-qualified immigrants mismatched according to their actual skills? An international comparison of labor market placement in OECD countries. (GESIS papers 2017,19), Köln, 33 S.
Abstract
"Previous research finds that immigrants are more often over-qualified than natives. Reasons can be imperfect transferability and signalling of skills. However, over-qualification does not necessarily imply that someone is over-skilled when it comes to actual skills and vice versa. The Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC 2012) provides most recent data on basic skills of the working-age population. With this data I examine numeracy mismatch of first generation immigrants and natives in 13 OECD countries. My results suggest that especially non-native speaking immigrant workers have difficulties finding employment that aligns with their skill level. This results in genuine mismatch of immigrants, meaning that they are more often over-qualified than native workers and at the same time (comparing individuals a t the same skill level) more often over-skilled. Hence, their skills are not put into effective use. These findings differ across occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Who is overeducated and why? Probit and dynamic mixed multinomial logit analyses of vertical mismatch in East and West Germany (2016)
Zitatform
Boll, Christina, Julian Sebastian Leppin & Klaus Schömann (2016): Who is overeducated and why? Probit and dynamic mixed multinomial logit analyses of vertical mismatch in East and West Germany. In: Education Economics, Jg. 24, H. 6, S. 639-662. DOI:10.1080/09645292.2016.1158787
Abstract
"Überqualifikation ist ein zuweilen übersehener Aspekt in der Debatte um ungenutzte Fachkräftepotenziale. Aber wer ist überqualifiziert, und warum? Basierend auf Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) der Wellen 1984-2011 schätzen wir mit Probitmodellen die Wahrscheinlichkeit für neue Überqualifikation sowie mit dynamischen Multinomialen Mixed Logit-Modellen mit zufälligen Effekten die Wahrscheinlichkeit für Überqualifikation unter Berücksichtigung von Pfadabhängigkeit und unbeobachteter Populationsheterogenität. Das Messfehlerproblem kontrollieren wir durch drei verschiedene Spezifikationen der abhängigen Variable, die selbsteingeschätzte Überqualifikation, die statistische Überqualifikation (Realized Matches) sowie eine Kombination aus beidem. Wir führen die Schätzungen getrennt für Männer und Frauen, Ost- und Westdeutsche sowie Personen mittlerer und hoher Bildung durch. Unsere Analysen zeigen, dass Überqualifikation ein hohes Beharrungsvermögen hat. Allerdings vermindert Erwerbserfahrung das Risiko der Überqualifikation auch im dynamischen Modell unter Kontrolle unbeobachteter Heterogenität. Narbeneffekte früherer Arbeitslosigkeit hingegen zeigen sich in einem höheren Überqualifikationsrisiko. Weder ein Arbeitgeberwechsel noch (bei Akademiker/innen) eine Doppelqualifikation in Form von Lehre plus Studium taugen als wirksame Ausweichstrategien. Um Überqualifikation im Job zu vermindern, scheinen Strategien, die kontinuierliche Erwerbskarrieren fördern, vielversprechend zu sein. Für bestimmte Gruppen am Arbeitsmarkt (Migranten, Mütter) erschweren zudem institutionelle Barrieren ein gutes Jobmatch, die es gezielt anzugehen gilt" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Unterwertige Beschäftigung von AkademikerInnen in Deutschland: die Einflussfaktoren Geschlecht, Migrationsstatus und Bildungsherkunft und deren Wechselwirkungen (2016)
Kracke, Nancy;Zitatform
Kracke, Nancy (2016): Unterwertige Beschäftigung von AkademikerInnen in Deutschland. Die Einflussfaktoren Geschlecht, Migrationsstatus und Bildungsherkunft und deren Wechselwirkungen. In: Soziale Welt, Jg. 67, H. 2, S. 177-204., 2016-02-16. DOI:10.5771/0038-6073-2016-2-177
Abstract
"Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht das Risiko von AkademikerInnen in Deutschland, ein unterwertiges Beschäftigungsverhältnis inne zu haben. Im Fokus steht dabei der Einfluss der Merkmale Geschlecht, Migrationsstatus und Bildungsherkunft sowie deren Wechselwirkungen. Unterwertige Beschäftigung liegt vor, wenn das formale Bildungsniveau der Personen die Anforderungen der ausgeübten Beschäftigung am Arbeitsmarkt übersteigt. Auf Basis der Daten der Erwachsenenbefragung des Nationalen Bildungspanels (NEPS) wird herausgefunden, dass Frauen, Migranten und Personen mit nichtakademischer Bildungsherkunft ein höheres Risiko einer unterwertigen Beschäftigung haben als ihre entsprechenden Vergleichsgruppen. Unter Betrachtung der Wechselwirkungen dieser drei Faktoren zeigt sich keine signifikant verstärkte Benachteiligung von Migrantinnen gegenüber Migranten. Auch die Bildungsherkunft hat bei Personen mit Migrationshintergrund keinen zusätzlich verstärkenden (oder mindernden) Einfluss auf das Risiko unterwertiger Beschäftigung. Der Einfluss der Bildungsherkunft variiert allerdings mit dem Geschlecht: Bei Frauen verstärkt sich das Risiko multiplikativ, wenn sie aus einem nichtakademischen Elternhaus stammen. Die privilegierteste Gruppe sind Männer mit akademisch geprägtem Elternhaus, unabhängig davon, ob ein Migrationshintergrund vorliegt oder nicht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Immigrant educational mismatch in Western Europe, apparent or real? (2016)
Prokic-Breuer, Tijana; McManus, Patricia A.;Zitatform
Prokic-Breuer, Tijana & Patricia A. McManus (2016): Immigrant educational mismatch in Western Europe, apparent or real? In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 32, H. 3, S. 411-438. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcw005
Abstract
"Are immigrant workers in developed nations relegated to labour market positions that are beneath their qualification and skill level? This article uses newly available data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies to examine immigrant economic incorporation in 13 European nations. Our analyses show that immigrants in Europe are significantly more likely than natives to hold educational qualifications above those necessary for their job, and yet, immigrants are significantly less likely to be in jobs that underutilize their cognitive skills. Among workers in the highest cognitive proficiency levels, however, we find no differences between immigrants and natives in predicted overeducation. Therefore, the observed discrepancy between qualifications held and qualifications required for the job are more likely to indicate 'apparent' qualification mismatch rather than 'real' qualification mismatch among immigrants as compared with the native population. Based on our findings, we conclude that differences in educational quality, language proficiency, and the imperfect transferability of skills contribute to high rates of overeducation among immigrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Over-education among immigrants in Europe: the value of civic involvement (2015)
Zitatform
Griesshaber, Nicolas & Verena Seibel (2015): Over-education among immigrants in Europe. The value of civic involvement. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 41, H. 3, S. 374-398. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2014.915192
Abstract
"The present study investigates the effect of social connectedness through associational involvement on over-education among immigrants in 19 European societies, addressing the often-claimed importance of weak ties. Based on the idea that the effectiveness of social networks in distributing relevant information may depend on the degree to which such networks are linked to other networks, it thereby specifically distinguishes between associations that are connected to the wider community and those that are rather isolated. Using pooled individual-level data from the European Social Survey, empirical analyses indeed reveal active participation in associations to be related to lower risk of experiencing over-education. Moreover, the effect appears type specific, indicating access to multiple associations which are widely connected to different parts of society to be of particular benefit, especially in case of more recent migration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Zwischen Integration und Ausbeutung - Rumänen und Bulgaren in Deutschland: Bilanz nach einem Jahr Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit (2015)
Jobelius, Matthias;Zitatform
Jobelius, Matthias (2015): Zwischen Integration und Ausbeutung - Rumänen und Bulgaren in Deutschland: Bilanz nach einem Jahr Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit. (Perspektive), Bonn, 9 S.
Abstract
"- In den vergangenen zwölf Monaten wuchs die Zahl der in Deutschland lebenden Rumänen und Bulgaren um rund 120 000 Personen. Die Neuankömmlinge treffen auf einen Arbeitsmarkt, in den Arbeitnehmer aus Südosteuropa vergleichsweise gut integriert sind, auf dem sie aber niedrig entlohnt werden und oft nicht entsprechend ihres Qualifikationsniveaus beschäftigt sind.
- Im Verlauf des Jahres 2014 gab es unter den in Deutschland lebenden Rumänen und Bulgaren einen deutlichen Beschäftigungsanstieg. Besonders stark nahm die sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung zu.
- Die Arbeitsmarktlage von Rumänen und Bulgaren geht immer deutlicher auseinander. Bulgarische Staatsbürger sind weniger gut in den Arbeitsmarkt integriert als rumänische Bürger.
- Nach wie vor weicht die Situation in einzelnen Kommunen stark vom Bundesdurchschnitt ab. In Großstädten wie Berlin, Bremen, Dortmund und Duisburg konzentrieren sich Probleme. Darüber hinaus sind rumänische und bulgarische Arbeitnehmer in Deutschland immer wieder Opfer ausbeuterischer Arbeitsverhältnisse." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
Migration, unemployment, and skill downgrading (2015)
Zitatform
Muysken, Joan, Ehsan Vallizadeh & Thomas Ziesemer (2015): Migration, unemployment, and skill downgrading. In: The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Jg. 117, H. 2, S. 403-451., 2014-08-19. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12104
Abstract
"In this paper, we analyze the labor market impacts of immigration under flexible and rigid labor market regimes. A general equilibrium framework is developed, accounting for skill heterogeneity and labor market frictions, where unemployed medium-skilled manufacturing workers are downgraded into low-skilled service jobs, while low-skilled service workers might end up unemployed. The analytical analysis shows that medium-skill immigration decreases low-skilled unemployment under the flexible regime, indicating a complementarity effect, while the rigid regime induces a substitution effect, leading to low-skilled unemployment. Moreover, it leads to wage polarization. In a numerical analysis, the economic effects of different migration scenarios are quantified." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Einwanderungspolitik
- Auswirkungen von Migration
- Wanderungsmotivation und Rückwanderung
- Arbeitslosigkeit und Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Qualifikation, Bildung und Beschäftigung
- Integration und soziale Teilhabe
- internationale Aspekte
- Personengruppen