Migration und Integration
Bei dem Thema Einwanderung nach Deutschland gilt es auch die Bedingungen einer gelingenden Integration von Zugewanderten in Gesellschaft, Bildung und Arbeit zu untersuchen. Die Arbeitsmarktforschung beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie die Integration in das Bildungs- und Ausbildungssystem, der Zugang zum Arbeitsmarkt sowie die Bedingungen der sozialen Teilhabe und kulturellen Integration verbessert werden können.
Aktuelle Studien zeigen zudem, dass Deutschland angesichts seiner demographischen Herausforderungen dringend auf Zuwanderung angewiesen ist. Inwiefern kann Zuwanderung der Schrumpfung und Alterung des Erwerbspersonenpotenzials entgegenwirken? Welche Entwicklungen in der nationalen und europäischen Einwanderungspolitik begünstigen die Einwanderung von Erwerbspersonen und Fachkräften? Die hier zusammengestellte Literatur bietet einen aktuellen und umfassenden Überblick über den Themenkomplex Migration und Integration.
Literatur zum Thema Flucht und Asyl finden Sie in unserer IAB-Infoplattform Fluchtmigrantinnen und -migranten - Bildung und Arbeitsmarkt.
Zurück zur Übersicht- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Einwanderungspolitik
- Auswirkungen von Migration
- Wanderungsmotivation und Rückwanderung
- Arbeitslosigkeit und Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Qualifikation, Bildung und Beschäftigung
- Integration und soziale Teilhabe
- internationale Aspekte
- Personengruppen
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Literaturhinweis
Die Arbeitsmarktsituation von ausländischen Staatsangehörigen nach Geschlecht (2024)
Zitatform
Brücker, Herbert, Andreas Hauptmann, Sekou Keita & Yuliya Kosyakova (2024): Die Arbeitsmarktsituation von ausländischen Staatsangehörigen nach Geschlecht. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 06/2024), Nürnberg, 51 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2406
Abstract
"Die Themen Migration und Integration haben in den vergangenen Jahren eine anhaltend hohe Relevanz in den Medien, der Politik und im öffentlichen Diskurs. Vor diesem Hintergrund berichtet das IAB seit mehreren Jahren monatlich im IAB-Zuwanderungsmonitor über die Entwicklung der Arbeitsmarktintegration von ausländischen Staatsangehörigen in Deutschland. Hierzu werden verschiedene zentrale Arbeitsmarkt- und Sozialindikatoren auf Basis von Daten der amtlichen Statistik analysiert. Zukünftig soll der Zuwanderungsmonitor erweitert und die wichtigsten Indikatoren für Männer und Frauen separat ausgewiesen werden. Eine vertiefte Analyse der geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede in der Arbeitsmarktintegration übersteigt allerdings den Umfang und die Zielsetzung des IAB-Zuwanderungsmonitors. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht dieser Forschungsbericht die Arbeitsmarktintegration von ausländischen Staatsangehörigen nach Geschlecht. Der Zeitraum 2010 bis 2022 ist überwiegend geprägt von steigenden Beschäftigungsquoten und sinkenden Arbeitslosenquoten bzw. SGB-II-Leistungsbezugsquoten. Wichtige Ausnahmen bilden hier beispielsweise die Covid-19 Pandemie und die Folgen des Angriffskriegs von Russland auf die Ukraine.. Dabei sind die Geschlechterunterschiede bei ausländischen Staatsangehörigen teilweise stärker ausgeprägt als bei deutschen Staatsangehörigen. Auf Basis der amtlichen Statistik können Integrationsverläufe im Arbeitsmarkt und damit verbundene Geschlechterunterschiede nur in einem bestimmten Umfang nachvollzogen werden. Grund dafür ist, dass Unterschiede in anderen arbeitsmarktrelevanten Merkmalen, wie etwa der Aufenthaltsdauer, der Familienzusammensetzung oder dem Bildungsniveau, nur teilweise oder gar nicht berücksichtigt werden können. Wenn diese Merkmale sich zwischen Staatsangehörigkeitsgruppen unterscheiden, können die in der amtlichen Statistik beobachteten Unterschiede auch auf Unterschiede in anderen Merkmalen zurückzuführen sein und spiegeln damit teilweise strukturelle Unterschiede wider. Um dies zu adressieren werden in diesem Bericht zusätzlich Befragungsdaten herangezogen. Die Auswertungen zeigen, die Beschäftigung steigt mit zunehmender Aufenthaltsdauer für alle ausländischen Staatsangehörigkeitsgruppen. Insbesondere in den ersten Jahren ist der Anstieg für Frauen allerdings etwas langsamer als für Männer. Deshalb ist es wichtig, die Jahre seit Zuzug bei der Bewertung der Arbeitsmarkintegration zu berücksichtigen, insbesondere wenn viele Neuzuwandernde unter den ausländischen Staatsangehörigen sind. Darüber hinaus können manche Unterschiede auch auf unterschiedliche Familienzusammensetzungen zurückzuführen sein. Mit (kleinen) Kindern steigen auch die damit verbundenen Erfordernisse bei der Betreuung. Die Beschäftigungsquote ist dann insbesondere für Frauen geringer, unabhängig von der Staatsangehörigkeit. Berücksichtigt man diese und weitere arbeitsmarktrelevanten Merkmale, wie der Familienzusammensetzung, der Aufenthaltsdauer, dem Bildungsniveau, und Deutschsprachkenntnissen, sind die Geschlechterunterschiede bei ausländischen Beschäftigten deutlich näher an denen der deutschen Beschäftigten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
When your accent betrays you: the role of foreign accents in school-to-work transition of ethnic minority youth in Germany (2024)
Zitatform
Dollmann, Jörg, Irena Kogan & Markus Weißmann (2024): When your accent betrays you: the role of foreign accents in school-to-work transition of ethnic minority youth in Germany. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies online erschienen am 22.01.2024, S. 1-44. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2024.2305278
Abstract
"Given the challenges immigrants and their descendants face in entering the labor market, we add to the existing literature by considering a previously neglected explanation: a foreign accent. Using unique data with objective accent measures from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey in Four European Countries (CILS4EU), we first establish whether foreign-accent effects could be found in a non-experimental setting. Second, we seek to disentangle the accent effect by human capital, signalling, and discrimination approaches. Finally, we explore the extent to which employment and educational paths of accented speakers reflect their self-selection into the fields of study that lead to occupations for which accented speech is not a precondition. Our findings demonstrate that respondents with a stronger foreign accent are more likely to be found in occupations for which language skills are less essential. This is in line with the human-capital explanation. Self-selection tendencies might also be present, even though the findings are equivocal. Our analyses lend no support to the statistical discrimination explanation, as employers’ perceptions of foreign accents do not vary according to the extent of their contact with accented speakers at work or at home." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Ungleiche Bezahlung in Engpassberufen: Die unsichtbaren Grenzen von Herkunft und Geschlecht (2024)
Dülken, Bianca; Shibeshi, Samrawit;Zitatform
Dülken, Bianca & Samrawit Shibeshi (2024): Ungleiche Bezahlung in Engpassberufen. Die unsichtbaren Grenzen von Herkunft und Geschlecht. (Working paper / IQ-Fachstelle Einwanderung 2024,01), Berlin, 45 S.
Abstract
"Ziel dieser Studie ist es, die Beschäftigungssituation in Engpassberufen anhand von Staatsangehörigkeit, Alter, Geschlecht und Entgelt zu beleuchten. Die zentrale These der Studie ist, dass Beschäftigte ohne deutsche Staatsangehörigkeit, insbesondere Frauen, für die gleiche Tätigkeit und bei gleicher Eignung weniger als Beschäftigte mit deutscher Staatsangehörigkeit verdienen. Das ist selbst dann der Fall, wenn eine formale Gleichwertigkeit des ausländischen Berufsabschlusses vorliegt." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Higher Rates of Bullying Reported by 'White' Males: Gender and Ethno-Racial Intersections and Bullying in the Workplace (2024)
Patel, Tina G.; Carr, Luke; Kamerade, Daiga;Zitatform
Patel, Tina G., Daiga Kamerade & Luke Carr (2024): Higher Rates of Bullying Reported by 'White' Males: Gender and Ethno-Racial Intersections and Bullying in the Workplace. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 38, H. 2, S. 442-460. DOI:10.1177/09500170221134397
Abstract
"Existing workplace bullying literature suggests that ethno-racial minorities and women are more likely to be bullied in relation to their ethnicity, race or gender. However, very few studies apply an intersectional framework of analysis to consider, for instance, how ethno-racial status and gender interacts to affect general workplace bullying experiences and their reporting decisions. This article uses an intersectional analytical framework and a cross-sectional quantitative analysis of the British Workplace Behaviour Survey (2007–2008) to examine bullying in the workplace, as experienced by the intersections of ethno-racial status and gender. In discussing how some groups report particular dimensions of bullying more than others, this article closely examines the somewhat unexpected finding that ‘white’ men were significantly more likely to report instances of workplace bullying. This article argues for the use of an intersectional analytical approach to understand and progressively address the nuances of identity, power and workplace bullying experiences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unequal effects on working time: immigrants’ vulnerability in the German labor market in the early COVID-19 pandemic (2024)
Zitatform
Tobler, Lina, Lukas Fervers, Marita Jacob & Veronika Knize (2024): Unequal effects on working time: immigrants’ vulnerability in the German labor market in the early COVID-19 pandemic. In: European Societies online erschienen am 13.02.2024, S. 1-26. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2024.2308011
Abstract
"Do economic shocks increase labor market inequalities between immigrants and natives? The COVID-19 crisis reduced economic activity for almost all social groups, providing a recent case for answering this question. Research tends to focus on employment levels, overlooking potential inequalities in other job characteristics. Workers in Germany have largely kept their jobs, although their working hours were reduced. Using German high-frequency survey data, we analyze whether there was a difference in the reduction of hours for immigrants and immigrants’ descendants (IAD) compared to natives. Since IAD are overrepresented in both heavily affected and essential jobs, we argue that the effects may be heterogeneous across the distribution of the change in hours. As merely comparing averages would ignore this heterogeneity, we employ OLS and quantile treatment effect estimations to analyze working hours changes in the early COVID-19 crisis. Results show that IAD reduced hours more than natives. This effect is particularly pronounced at the lower end of the distribution of the change in working hours. Our findings suggest that IAD experienced economic hardship more often than natives and corroborate earlier findings of increased immigrant-native inequalities in times of crisis. This calls for further investigation of policies aimed at protecting vulnerable groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Taylor & Francis) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Dekolonialisierung des Wissens: Eine partizipative Studie zu Diskriminierung und Teilhabe an Erwerbsarbeit von BIPoC mit Behinderungserfahrungen (2023)
Afeworki Abay, Robel;Zitatform
Afeworki Abay, Robel (2023): Dekolonialisierung des Wissens: Eine partizipative Studie zu Diskriminierung und Teilhabe an Erwerbsarbeit von BIPoC mit Behinderungserfahrungen. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 342 S. DOI:10.18452/27507
Abstract
"Die voranschreitende Geopolitik geht mit komplexen Formen epistemischer Gewalt eurozentristischer Wissensordnungen einher. Diese zeigt sich auch in der Weitertradierung komplexitätsreduzierender Wissensproduktion sowohl über Behinderung als auch über Migration/Flucht: Es wird wiederholt über die Betroffenen, statt mit ihnen gesprochen. Robel Afeworki Abay widmet sich der Diskriminierung und Teilhabe an Erwerbsarbeit von BIPoC mit Behinderungserfahrungen und beleuchtet aus postkolonialen und intersektionalen Perspektiven die Zugangsbarrieren und Bewältigungsressourcen der Betroffenen. In seiner partizipativen Studie legt er dar, dass epistemische Gewalt hierbei als konstitutiver Bestandteil der Kolonialität des Wissens fungiert." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Langzeitarchivierung Nationalbibliothek -
Literaturhinweis
Posted work as an extreme case of hierarchised mobility (2023)
Zitatform
Arnholtz, Jens & Nathan Lillie (2023): Posted work as an extreme case of hierarchised mobility. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 49, H. 16, S. 4206-4223. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2207341
Abstract
"This article draws on a range of case studies to explain how worker posting can cause hierarchised labour mobility, involving nationality-based hierarchies in pay and conditions between workers in the same labour markets or work sites. This hierarchisation is most apparent on large construction sites, where companies systematically use posting for labour cost advantage, but it is also found on smaller sites and in other sectors besides construction. The article outlines three features of this low-wage posting system – worker hypermobility and dependency, transnational enforcement challenges, and multifaceted employer arbitrage strategies – that conspire to maintain posting as a form of hierarchised mobility. We argue that posting undermines many countervailing forces that typically mediate hierarchisation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Stratification mechanisms in labour market matching of migrants (2023)
Zitatform
Burnazoglu, Merve (2023): Stratification mechanisms in labour market matching of migrants. In: Cambridge Journal of Economics, Jg. 47, H. 1, S. 67-89. DOI:10.1093/cje/beac058
Abstract
"I aim to challenge the standard framework in which systematic exclusion is mistakenly characterised as only a frictional phenomenon that fails to be captured in migrants’ labour market matching mechanisms. Societies organise and rank people in a hierarchical way, not only in terms of individual differences and characteristics but with respect to social groups and categories of people. These macro patterns systematically subject some migrant groups to different forms of exclusion. Social stratification, explained in terms of social identity-based institutional structures, organises labour markets into different destinations like clubs with sharply different sets of opportunities. It functions like a trap for migrants: it reinforces itself by reproducing systems of exclusion and creates dilemmas for migrants. Can migrants organise themselves to avoid such traps? I show that exclusion is endogenous to employment as a type of good in the standard goods typology. Treating different types of employment opportunities as being like clubs, I investigate how migrants join or create alternative employment clubs as a response to real or perceived exclusion from native employment clubs. If these alternative clubs are ‘sticky’ and discourage migrants from trying to join natives’ exclusive employment clubs, the trap becomes inescapable. For migrants to escape the stratification trap, employment should be seen not only as an investment but as a collective action problem structurally targeting exclusion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gendered work and socialist pasts: memories and experiences of women repatriates in Germany (2023)
Zitatform
Jašina-Schäfer, Alina (2023): Gendered work and socialist pasts: memories and experiences of women repatriates in Germany. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies online erschienen am 24.02.2023, S. 1-17. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2181128
Abstract
"In this article, I examine how migrant women make sense of their new positions in the labour market while drawing on and negotiating past meanings and experiences. I explore the individual biographies of legally privileged co-ethnic women repatriates from the former Soviet Union to Germany through a gendered perspective of work. These women found that the ethnic promise of being ‘real’ Germans given to them proved insufficient to access the labour market on equal terms, while their past Soviet socialisation led to struggles for recognition and marginalisation into low-status jobs. Although their labour-power is oftentimes devalorised, these women actively operationalise different memories of socialist work to reinvent themselves in a new context as worthy, resilient, and adaptable members of a capitalist society. Their stories of work reflect their present- and future-oriented life strategies and demonstrate how they relate different ideologies and systems of value, distant spaces and times in an attempt to challenge dominant discourses on human worth. By exploring individualised life strategies and gendered invocations of the past, this paper contributes to the discussion on post-socialist subjectivities, how they intersect with ambiguous socialist experiences and dilute the neoliberal project." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender gap dynamics among refugees and recent immigrants: Different start, similar patterns? (2023)
Zitatform
Kosyakova, Yuliya & Zerrin Salikutluk (2023): Gender gap dynamics among refugees and recent immigrants: Different start, similar patterns? (IAB-Discussion Paper 11/2023), Nürnberg, 63 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.DP.2311
Abstract
"In den letzten Jahren hat die Arbeitsmarktintegration von Migrantinnen in der Migrationsliteratur viel Aufmerksamkeit erfahren. Wir betrachten geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei der Arbeitsmarktintegration von Geflüchteten und anderen neuzugewanderten Personen, die innerhalb eines ähnlichen Zeitraums nach Deutschland gekommen sind, aus einer dynamischen Perspektive. Wir vergleichen ihre Verläufe in der frühen Phase nach ihrer Ankunft und untersuchen eine Reihe von Bedingungen, von denen angenommen wird, dass sie für geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitsmarktergebnisse relevant sind. Unter Verwendung von zwei Panel-Datenquellen, die kürzlich angekommene Geflüchtete (die IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Flüchtlingsstichprobe) und andere Zuwandernde (die IAB-SOEP-Migrationsstichprobe) in Deutschland umfassen, stellen wir die Dynamik und Ursachen der geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede in der Beschäftigung von Geflüchteten und anderen Zugewanderten gegenüber. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass anfängliche geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei Geflüchteten gering sind und sich im Laufe der Zeit vergrößern, während sich das Muster bei anderen Zugewanderten umkehrt. Die anfänglich benachteiligte Position von weiblichen Geflüchteten bleibt jedoch auch fünf Jahre nach ihrer Ankunft bestehen. Darüber hinaus deuten unsere Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass die in der Literatur vorgeschlagenen Erklärungen die Herausforderungen, denen weibliche Geflüchtete und andere Zuwandernde beim Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt gegenüberstehen, nicht vollständig erklären können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Gender gap dynamics among refugees and recent immigrants: different start, similar patterns? (2023)
Zitatform
Kosyakova, Yuliya & Zerrin Salikutluk (2023): Gender gap dynamics among refugees and recent immigrants: different start, similar patterns? (BIM working paper / Berliner Institut für empirische Integrations- und Migrationsforschung 01), 60 S. DOI:10.18452/27241
Abstract
"In the last years, the labor market integration of immigrant women has received much attention in the migration literature. We examine gender differences in labor market integration among refugees and other new immigrants who came to Germany during a similar period from a dynamic perspective. Using two panel data sources, which include recently arrived refugees (the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Sample of Refugees) and other immigrants (the IAB-SOEP Migration Sample) in Germany, we compare the dynamics and sources of employment gender gap among refugees and other immigrants. The results uncover narrow initial gender differences among refugees that grow over time and a reversed pattern among other immigrants. However, female refugees’ initial disadvantaged starting position maintains five years after arrival. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the explanations offered in the literature cannot fully explain the hurdles female refugees and other immigrants face when entering the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IAB-Discussion Paper, 11/2023 -
Literaturhinweis
The Integration Paradox: A Review and Meta-Analysis of the Complex Relationship Between Integration and Reports of Discrimination (2023)
Zitatform
Schaeffer, Merlin & Judith Kas (2023): The Integration Paradox: A Review and Meta-Analysis of the Complex Relationship Between Integration and Reports of Discrimination. In: International migration review online erschienen am 03.05.2023, S. 1-26. DOI:10.1177/01979183231170809
Abstract
"Social science research has produced evidence of an “integration paradox”: immigrants and their descendants who appear to have greater access to mainstream middle-class society, as indicated by their education or labor market success, often report experiencing more discrimination. Several explanations have been put forth to account for this counterintuitive pattern, supported by a wealth of empirical evidence. To assess the reliable insights generated by this line of research, this article presents a review and meta-analytic analysis of the integration paradox. The article reviews the major theoretical arguments advanced in literature, and derives crucial hypotheses concerning the phenomenon's overall nature, underlying mechanisms, and two key moderating conditions. Specifically, it discusses how factors like better education, which appear to signal improved integration into mainstream society, may also lead to greater exposure to mainstream members, heightened familiarity with exclusionary public discourse, or a heightened risk of downward social mobility. By increasing cognitive susceptibility to framing experiences in terms of discrimination or simply the opportunities to encounter discrimination, these mechanisms are expected to increase reports of discrimination. To test these propositions, the study summarizes and evaluates 280 statistical estimates published in 42 studies, utilizing recent developments in multilevel meta-analysis. The findings support the credibility of the integration paradox, particularly for immigrant minorities who are easily distinguishable from the mainstream and for those who reside in countries with a more open socio-political context of reception. However, the results also suggest that additional research is needed to fully comprehend the underlying mechanisms of the paradox." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Diskriminierung auf dem Arbeitsmarkt (2023)
Zitatform
Veit, Susanne & Zühal Arikan (2023): Diskriminierung auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. In: A. Scherr, A. C. Reinhardt & A. El-Mafaalani (Hrsg.) (2023): Handbuch Diskriminierung, Wiesbaden, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden S. 279-296. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-42800-6_48
Abstract
"Im Mittelpunkt dieses Beitrags steht die Diskriminierung von Arbeitssuchenden aufgrund von Geschlecht und ethnischer Herkunft, da sowohl geschlechtsspezifische als auch ethnische Ungleichheiten auf dem Arbeitsmarkt ein internationales Problem darstellen. Hierbei werden die theoretischen Perspektiven der Arbeitsmarktdiskriminierung, Methoden zur Erforschung von Diskriminierung und der Forschungsstand vorgestellt. Im Ausblick wird für die Anwendung innovativer Ansätze plädiert, um auch neue Formen von Diskriminierung vor dem Hintergrund zunehmender technischer Möglichkeiten aufzudecken." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Firing discrimination: Selective labor market responses of firms during the COVID-19 economic crisis (2022)
Zitatform
Auer, Daniel (2022): Firing discrimination: Selective labor market responses of firms during the COVID-19 economic crisis. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 17, H. 1. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0262337
Abstract
"The speed of the economic downturn in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic has been exceptional, causing mass layoffs—in Germany up to 30% of the workforce in some industries. Economic rationale suggests that the decision on which workers are fired should depend on productivity-related individual factors. However, from hiring situations we know that discrimination—i.e., decisions driven by characteristics unrelated to productivity—is widespread in Western labor markets. Drawing on representative survey data on forced layoffs and short-time work collected in Germany between April and December 2020, this study highlights that discrimination against immigrants is also present in firing situations. The analysis shows that employees with a migration background are significantly more likely to lose their job than native workers when otherwise healthy firms are unexpectedly forced to let go of part of their workforce, while firms make more efforts to substitute firing with short-time working schemes for their native workers. Adjusting for detailed job-related characteristics shows that the findings are unlikely to be driven by systematic differences in productivity between migrants and natives. Moreover, using industry-specific variation in the extent of the economic downturn, I demonstrate that layoff probabilities hardly differ across the less affected industries, but that the gap between migrants and natives increases with the magnitude of the shock. In the hardest-hit industries, job loss probability among migrants is three times higher than among natives. This confirms the hypothesis that firing discrimination puts additional pressure on the immigrant workforce in times of crisis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wages of Skilled Migrant and Native Employees in Germany: New Light on an Old Issue (2022)
Zitatform
Brunow, Stephan & Oskar Jost (2022): Wages of Skilled Migrant and Native Employees in Germany: New Light on an Old Issue. In: International migration review, Jg. 56, H. 2, S. 410-432. DOI:10.1177/01979183211040505
Abstract
"The German Council of Economic Experts (GCEE) argues for a labor market-driven immigration of skilled migrants into Germany to overcome a decline in workforce due to demographic ageing. We pick up this current debate on skilled immigration by analyzing the migrant-native wage differential for skilled workers in Germany and consider various information on firms. Our results indicate that the wage gap is mainly explained by observable characteristics, especially labor market experience and firm characteristics. However, we find lower rewards for migrants' labor market experience than for natives (flatter experience curves). Our results show that these differences in experience curves become negligible in the long run. Moreover, we reveal firms' wage-setting policies: Firms evaluate a worker's education independent of migration backgrounds, as migrants possess the same productivity levels as their German counterparts in the same occupations and task levels. Due to Germany's heterogeneous immigration structure, we are able to compare the results for different migrant subgroups and, thus, derive valuable insights into the migrant-native wage structure with a wide reach beyond Germany. This article adds to current debates in various industrialized countries with demographic ageing patterns, as it focuses on an important group for domestic labor markets: skilled immigrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Climate Change, Inequality, and Human Migration (2022)
Burzynski, Michal; Docquier, Frédéric; Melo, Jaime de; Deuster, Christoph;Zitatform
Burzynski, Michal, Christoph Deuster, Frédéric Docquier & Jaime de Melo (2022): Climate Change, Inequality, and Human Migration. In: Journal of the European Economic Association, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 1145-1197., 2021-10-11. DOI:10.1093/jeea/jvab054
Abstract
"This paper investigates the long-term implications of climate change on global migration and inequality. Accounting for the effects of changing temperatures, sea levels, and the frequency and intensity of natural disasters, we model the impact of climate change on productivity and utility in a dynamic general equilibrium framework. By endogenizing people’s migration decisions across millions of 5 × 5 km spatial cells, our approach sheds light on the magnitude and dyadic, education-specific structure of human migration induced by global warming. We find that climate change strongly intensifies global inequality and poverty, reinforces urbanization, and boosts migration from low- to high-latitude areas. Median projections suggest that climate change will induce a voluntary and a forced permanent relocation of 62 million working-age individuals over the course of the twenty-first century. Overall, under current international migration laws and policies, only a small fraction of people suffering the negative effects of climate change manages to move beyond their homelands. We conclude that it is unlikely that climate shocks will induce massive international flows of migrants, except under combined extremely pessimistic climate scenarios and highly permissive migration policies. By contrast, poverty resulting from climate change is a real threat to all of us." (Author's abstract, Copyright Oxford University Press) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The labor market impact of Covid-19 on immigrants: Job loss from Covid-19 was greater among immigrants than the native-born in most developed countries (2022)
Zitatform
Cassidy, Hugh (2022): The labor market impact of Covid-19 on immigrants. Job loss from Covid-19 was greater among immigrants than the native-born in most developed countries. (IZA world of labor 489), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.489
Abstract
"Die auffallend stärkeren Arbeitsplatzverluste unter Immigranten zu Beginn der Covid-19-Pandemie lassen sich zum Teil damit erklären, dass ihre Arbeitsinhalte oft weniger gut außerhalb des eigentlichen Arbeitsortes erbracht werden können. Zwar zeigt das Beispiel der USA, dass sich die Beschäftigung von Immigranten im weiteren Verlauf besonders rasch erholte, doch auch in Zukunft dürften vergleichbare Schocks Einwanderer in den Aufnahmeländern wieder stärker treffen. Für die Politik stellt sich deshalb die Aufgabe, vor allem weitere Fortschritte beim Spracherwerb zugewanderter Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer zu erreichen, aber auch generell die unterschiedliche Wirkung von Krisenmaßnahmen auf gesellschaftliche Teilgruppen zu beachten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Deutsche Kurzfassung -
Literaturhinweis
European Network of Public Employment Services: Mapping PES responses against labour market discrimination (2022)
Zitatform
Hajnal, Áron & Ágota Scharle (2022): European Network of Public Employment Services: Mapping PES responses against labour market discrimination. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 45 S. DOI:10.2767/40536
Abstract
"The report provides an overview of PES approaches, based on a survey conducted in 2021. It shows that in most countries, the PES mandate is limited to its general role in supporting job search and protecting jobseekers’ rights. However, some PES have a detailed and proactive anti-discrimination strategy and other PES mainstream support into their overall approach of individualised services." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does Over-Education Raise Productivity and Wages Equally? The Moderating Role of Workers' Origin and Immigrants' Background (2022)
Zitatform
Jacobs, Valentine, François Rycx & Mélanie Volral (2022): Does Over-Education Raise Productivity and Wages Equally? The Moderating Role of Workers' Origin and Immigrants' Background. (IZA discussion paper 15074), Bonn, 48 S.
Abstract
"We provide first evidence of the impact of over-education, among natives and immigrants, on firm-level productivity and wages. We use Belgian linked panel data and rely on the methodology from Hellerstein et al. (1999) to estimate ORU (over-, required, and under-education) equations aggregated at the firm level. Our results show that the over-education wage premium is higher for natives than for immigrants. However, since the differential in productivity gains associated with over-education between natives and immigrants outweighs the corresponding wage premium differential, we conclude – based on OLS and dynamic GMM-SYS estimates – that over-educated native workers are in fact underpaid to a greater extent than their over-educated immigrant counterparts. This conclusion is refined by sensitivity analyses, when testing the role of immigrants' background (e.g. region of birth, immigrant generation, age at arrival in the host country, tenure)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Occupational regulation, institutions, and migrants' labor market outcomes (2022)
Zitatform
Koumenta, Maria, Mario Pagliero & Davud Rostam-Afschar (2022): Occupational regulation, institutions, and migrants' labor market outcomes. (Hohenheim discussion papers in business, economics and social sciences 02-2022), Stuttgart, 32 S.
Abstract
"We study how licensing, certification and unionisation affect the wages of natives and migrants and their representation among licensed, certified, and unionized workers. We provide evidence of a dual role of labor market institutions, which both screen workers based on unobservable characteristics and also provide them with wage setting power. Labor market institutions confer significant wage premia to native workers (3.9, 1.6, and 2.7 log points for licensing, certification, and unionization respectively), due to screening and wage setting power. Wage premia are significantly larger for licensed and certified migrants (10.2 and 6.6 log points), reflecting a more intense screening of migrant than native workers. The representation of migrants among licensed (but not certified or unionized) workers is 14% lower than that of natives. This implies a more intense screening of migrants by licensing institutions than by certification and unionization." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Einwanderungspolitik
- Auswirkungen von Migration
- Wanderungsmotivation und Rückwanderung
- Arbeitslosigkeit und Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Qualifikation, Bildung und Beschäftigung
- Integration und soziale Teilhabe
- internationale Aspekte
- Personengruppen