Zitatform

Bormann, Sven-Kristjan, Svetlana Ridala & Ott-Siim Toomet (2019): Language skills in an ethnically segmented labour market. Estonia 1989-2012. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 304-327. DOI:10.1108/IJM-06-2017-0115

Abstract

"Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationship between skills in the Estonian, Russian and English language, and labour market outcomes in Estonia, a linguistically divided country.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors use the Estonian Labour Force Surveys 1992 - 2012. The authors rely on multivariate linear regression models to document the relationship between language skills and labour market outcomes.
Findings
Estonian language knowledge (for ethnic Russians) are important determinants of unemployment. Wage, in contrary, is closely related to English skills. Ethnic Russian men do not earn any premium from speaking Estonian, while women, fluent in Estonian earn approximately 10 per cent more. For ethnic Estonians, Russian fluency is associated with a similar income gain.
Research limitations/implications
Due to the observational nature of the data, the effects reported in this study are not causal effects. As a second limitation, the self-reported language skills data may be imprecise and hence the effects the authors report may be too small.
Practical implications
The results stress the role of workplace segregation, both along gender and ethnic lines, in determining the individual labour market experience.
Originality/value
The authors provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of language skills in a rapidly developing labour market in a linguistically divided economy. The authors analyse several languages with different legal status and document long-term trends in the effects." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

Zitatform

Brücker, Herbert, Johannes Croisier, Yuliya Kosyakova, Hannes Kröger, Giuseppe Pietrantuono, Nina Rother & Jürgen Schupp (2019): Zweite Welle der IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung: Geflüchtete machen Fortschritte bei Sprache und Beschäftigung. (IAB-Kurzbericht 03/2019 (de)), 16 S.

Abstract

"Die Migration von Schutzsuchenden nach Deutschland steht nach wie vor im Mittelpunkt der gesellschaftlichen Debatten. Die zweite Welle einer Längsschnittbefragung von Geflüchteten zeigt, dass es deutliche Integrationsfortschritte gibt, obwohl die Geflüchteten beim Zuzug zum Teil ungünstige Voraussetzungen hinsichtlich Gesundheit und Bildungsniveau mitbringen. So haben sich ihre Deutschkenntnisse 2017 im Vergleich zum Vorjahr verbessert und ihre Beteiligung am Erwerbsleben sowie an Bildung und Ausbildung ist gestiegen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Leber, Ute, Huy Le Quang & Franziska Schreyer (2019): Beschäftigte ohne und mit Migrationshintergrund im Vergleich: Frauen der zweiten Generation nehmen am häufigsten an beruflichen Weiterbildungen teil. (IAB-Kurzbericht 19/2019), Nürnberg, 12 S.

Abstract

"Die Weiterbildung von Beschäftigten gewinnt durch die digitale Entwicklung, demografische Veränderungen sowie die zunehmende internationale Verflechtung immer mehr an Bedeutung. Dies gilt auch für Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund. Die Teilhabe an beruflicher Weiterbildung ist bislang aber ungleich auf Personengruppen verteilt. Mit Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels wird die Weiterbildungsteilnahme von abhängig Beschäftigten mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund untersucht. Dabei geht es insbesondere um folgende Fragen: Wie unterscheidet sich die Teilnahme je nachdem, ob die Befragten selbst eingewandert (1. Generation) oder ob sie Kinder eingewanderter Eltern (2. Generation) sind? Wie hoch ist die Teilnahmequote von Frauen und Männern oder von unterschiedlich qualifizierten Beschäftigten? Welche Rolle spielt der Wirtschaftszweig, in dem die Menschen arbeiten? Welche Faktoren (z. B. Qualifikation und berufliche Stellung) haben Einfluss auf die Teilnahme?" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Mergener, Alexandra & Tobias Maier (2019): Immigrants' Chances of Being Hired at Times of Skill Shortages: Results from a Factorial Survey Experiment Among German Employers. In: Journal of International Migration and Integration, Jg. 20, H. 1, S. 155-177. DOI:10.1007/s12134-018-0598-5

Abstract

"Within the context of increasing international labour migration, this article analyses immigrants’ chances of being hired in a foreign country by identifying key criteria in employers’ recruitment decisions. We focus on the German labour market because the prospering economy and demographic change led to an increase in the number of vacant positions, particularly in medium-skilled occupations. The German government, therefore, facilitated labour market access for foreign skilled workers with the intention of minimising shortages on the labour market by means of evaluating the foreign education investments of individuals. However, employers’ perception of the labour market integration of foreign skilled workers has barely been examined. In order to directly consider human resources professionals, we use a factorial survey experiment to simulate different hiring scenarios for applicants from Germany and both European and non-European countries. Our design can distinguish between the effects of external circumstances, such as applicant shortages, and applicant-specific characteristics, including nationality, foreign certificates or language skills. The findings reveal that immigrants experience greater chances of being hired in the German labour market in understaffed occupations and in businesses which expect future skill shortages. Language skills and country-specific work experience also substantially improve immigrants’ chances of being hired. However, foreign qualifications are viewed more critically during recruitment processes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Riphahn, Regina T. & Salwan Saif (2019): Naturalization and labor market performance of immigrants in Germany. In: Labour, Jg. 33, H. 1, S. 48-76. DOI:10.1111/labr.12136

Abstract

"Naturalization may be a relevant policy instrument affecting immigrant integration in host-country labor markets. We study the effect of naturalization on labor market outcomes of immigrants in Germany. We apply recent survey data and exploit a reform of naturalization rules in an instrumental variable estimation. In our sample of recent immigrants, linear regression yields positive correlations between naturalization and beneficial labor market outcomes. Once we account for the endogeneity of naturalization, most coefficients decline in magnitude and lose statistical significance: male immigrants' labor market outcomes do not benefit significantly from naturalization. Naturalization reduces the risks of unemployment and welfare dependence for female immigrants. For males and females, the propensity to hold a permanent contract increases as a consequence of naturalization. The results are robust to modifications of samples and the instrument." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Siegert, Manuel (2019): Die sozialen Kontakte Geflüchteter. (BAMF-Kurzanalyse 2019,04), Nürnberg, 11 S.

Abstract

"Soziale Kontakte im Aufnahmeland spielen für Geflüchtete beim Einleben in ihre neue Umgebung eine wichtige Rolle. Daher wurde anhand der Daten der ersten beiden Befragungswellen der IAB-BAMF-SOEP- Befragung von Geflüchteten aus den Jahren 2016 und 2017 die soziale Einbindung der Geflüchteten untersucht. Fast die Hälfte der Geflüchteten gab 2017 an, mehrmals pro Woche bis täglich Zeit mit Deutschen zu verbringen, während ein Fünftel nie Zeit mit Deutschen verbrachte. Zwischen den Jahren 2016 und 2017 nahm der Anteil der Geflüchteten, die häufig Zeit mit Deutschen verbringen, zu. ??Dabei scheinen besonders der Arbeitsplatz oder die Ausbildungsstätte günstige Gelegenheitsstrukturen für Kontakte zwischen Geflüchteten und Deutschen zu bieten - was sich auf die sozialen Kontakte geflüchteter Frauen auswirken könnte, da diese (noch) sehr selten erwerbstätig sind." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bundesministerium der Innern (2019): Zahlen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland lebender Flüchtlinge zum Stand 30. Juni 2019. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion DIE LINKE (Drucksache 18/5614). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 19/13303 (18.09.2019)), 68 S.

Abstract

Die Bundesregierung antwortet auf die Anfrage der Fraktion DIE LINKE mit Zahlen zu in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland lebenden Flüchtlingen zum Stand 30. Juni 2019. (IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Lang, Julia (2018): Employment effects of language training for unemployed immigrants. (IAB-Discussion Paper 21/2018), Nürnberg, 46 S.

Abstract

"Das Beherrschen der Sprache des Ziellandes ist eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die (Arbeitsmarkt-)Integration von Migranten. In dieser Studie wird untersucht, inwieweit die Teilnahme an einem Sprachkurs die Arbeitsmarktchancen von Personen mit Migrationshintergrund verbessern kann. Das hier untersuchte vom Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF) angebotene und durch den Europäischen Sozialfonds (ESF) geförderte ESF-BAMF Sprachprogramm zur berufsbezogenen Sprachförderung richtet sich an Personen, deren Deutschkenntnisse nicht ausreichend sind, um auf dem Arbeitsmarkt Fuß zu fassen. Die Wirkung des Programms wird für Teilnehmende im Jahr 2014 mit Prozessdaten untersucht. Da in den Daten keine Angaben zu den Sprachkenntnissen der Personen enthalten sind, die sowohl die Teilnahmewahrscheinlichkeit als auch die Beschäftigungswahrscheinlichkeit beeinflussen, wird ein Instrumentvariablenansatz genutzt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Teilnahme am ESF-BAMF Sprachprogramm die Beschäftigungswahrscheinlichkeit der Teilnehmenden mittelfristig (zwei Jahre nach Beginn des Kurses) um bis zu sieben Prozentpunkte erhöht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Sisk, Blake & Katharine M. Donato (2018): Weathering the storm? The Great Recession and the employment status transitions of low-skill male immigrant workers in the United States. In: International migration review, Jg. 52, H. 1, S. 90-124. DOI:10.1111/imre.12260

Abstract

"Using matched data from the Current Population Survey from 2005 to 2011 (n = 5,507), we use multinomial and binary logistic regression models to examine employment transitions related to the Great Recession for five groups of men with less than a high school degree: foreign-born Mexicans, other foreign-born, and US-born whites, blacks, and Latinos. We find that, during the recession, Mexican immigrants were the most likely to remain continuously employed. However, immigrant workers also experienced high levels of involuntary part-time employment during the recession, suggesting that their relative success in remaining employed was not without its costs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Stypinska, Justyna & Laura Romeu Gordo (2018): Gender, age and migration: an intersectional approach to inequalities in the labour market. In: European journal of ageing, Jg. 15, H. 1, S. 23-33. DOI:10.1007/s10433-017-0419-2

Abstract

"This paper analyses the interference of three socio-demographic characteristics: gender, age and migration status on the labour market outcomes from the perspective of intersectionality theory. Concretely, we investigate whether gender and migration differences in hourly wages are observable at younger ages and whether these differences increase with age. Further, we analyse whether gender and migration interact in such a way that women with migration background suffer lower wage growth in relation to their counterparts. Our analyses draw on data from the Socio-Economic Panel (German SOEP from 1991 to 2014), distinguishing between populations with and without a migration background. Random effects hourly wage regressions controlling for selection bias using Heckman procedure have been estimated in our analysis. The results show that there are large gender differences in hourly wage at younger ages, and these differences are maintained over the life course. Regarding migration status, no significant disadvantages in wages are observable at early stages. However, disadvantages of men and women with migration background increase with age, resulting in lower earnings for older workers with migration background. When we analyse the interaction between migration and gender, we observe no effect either at younger ages or over the entire lifespan, indicating that the gender disadvantage is no more pronounced for women with migration background than for women without such a background (and vice versa)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"This 2nd edition of the global estimates report on migrant workers provides information on the order of magnitude of labour migration. It begins with a presentation of the main results obtained and a description of what is being estimated. It then provides a detailed description and analysis of the global and regional estimates of migrant workers in 2017, with a breakdown by income group, gender and age. The report also describes the sources and methodology used, the nature and quality of the data, as well as the corresponding limitations. Three annexes complement the material presented in the main body of the report.
The report intends to contribute to the 2018 Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, as well as to achieving the Sustainable Development Goal targets 8.8 and 10.7. Furthermore, the report helps to draw attention to the economic and social issues of labour migration, and facilitates the future development of sound international statistical standards in line with the 2018 International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS) Guidelines concerning Statistics of International Labour Migration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Barslund, Mikkel, Anna Di Bartolomeo & Lars Ludolph (2017): Gender inequality and integration of non-eu migrants in the EU. (CEPS policy insights 2017-06), Brüssel, 10 S.

Abstract

"The integration of refugees and migrants in general into the labour market - and into society at large - stands at the forefront of current policy debate. And rightly so: better integration enriches not only the migrant, but also the host country's population and its public finances.
A number of recent noteworthy publications have therefore studied the labour market integration process and how to improve it. While the diverse background of new arrivals is often acknowledged in these studies, on-the-ground labour market integration programmes too often follow a one-size-fits-all approach. In this Policy Insights study, we argue that there is a particularly strong case for labour market integration measures specifically geared towards female migrants. The primary reason is the traditionally low female labour market participation in the majority of source countries, which translates into a large excess gender gap in labour market integration among non-EU migrants in Europe. This gap is further mirrored by other important aspects of societal integration. We argue that this lack of labour market integration inhibits wider societal integration of female migrants.
Hence, integration efforts need to more explicitly take the gender dimension into account and further analyse the determinants of the gender gap in integration. A mapping of successful initiatives targeting migrant women, as has been done in recent best-practice guidelines, is therefore essential. However, these studies mainly stress that the number of targeted measures is currently insufficient." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Basu, Sukanya (2017): Intermarriage and the labour-force participation of immigrants. Differences by gender. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 24, H. 21, S. 1597-1604. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2017.1355530

Abstract

"Studies of the impact of intermarriage on labour market outcomes of immigrants focus on labour-force participants. However, intermarriage itself can change participation options and heterogeneously so for men and women. Using data from the 2010 American Community Survey, we find that the raw impact of intermarriage is to reduce labour-force participation for men and increase it for women. However, upon controlling for observable and unobservable selection into intermarriage, the gains from intermarriage for women are reversed. The importance of human capital controls of education and experience in determining the labour-force participation of married immigrants is underscored. Birthplace fixed effects play an important role in explaining the gender differences in labour-force participation among intermarried immigrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Beicht, Ursula & Günter Walden (2017): Transitions of young migrants to initial vocational education and training in Germany. The significance of social origin and gender. In: Journal of vocational education and training, Jg. 69, H. 3, S. 424-449. DOI:10.1080/13636820.2016.1275032

Abstract

"The topic of the present paper is how successful young people from a migration background in Germany are in making the transition to initial vocational education and training (VET). Particular emphasis is placed on interactions with social origin and gender. The analyses are based on the 2011 BIBB Transitional Study, a representative survey of over 5000 young people living in Germany from the birth cohorts between 1987 and 1993. It is revealed that a migration background exerts a negative effect on the chances of progressing to company-based or fully qualifying training. For a successful transition to VET the school-leaving qualification achieved is very important and migrants often achieve only lower school-leaving qualifications. Interaction effects occur between migration background, social origin and gender. The transition chances of young migrants are, however, also worse when a multitude of relevant factors are controlled for. The results indicate that migrants in German society still have to contend with reservations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Borjas, George J. (2017): The labor supply of undocumented immigrants. In: Labour economics, Jg. 46, H. June, S. 1-13. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.02.004

Abstract

"Over 11 million undocumented persons reside in the United States. This paper examines the labor supply of this population. Using newly developed methods that impute undocumented status for persons in the Current Population Surveys, the study documents a number of findings. The labor force participation rate of undocumented men is larger than that of natives or legal immigrants; this gap widened over the past two decades; and the labor supply of undocumented men is more inelastic than that of other groups. In contrast, the participation rate of undocumented women is far below that of both legal immigrants and natives." (Author's abstract, ↓ 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Carnicer, Javier A. (2017): Bildungsaufstiege mit Migrationshintergrund. Eine biografische Studie mit Eltern und Söhnen türkischer Herkunft. (Adoleszenzforschung 05), Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 327 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-15832-3

Abstract

"Dieses Buch befasst sich mit Bildungsaufsteigern türkischer Herkunft und den meist hohen Erwartungen ihrer Eltern. Auf der Grundlage von biografischen Interviews mit Eltern und Söhnen rekonstruiert Javier A. Carnicer die erfolgreichen Bildungslaufbahnen als die Fortführung des Projekts des sozialen Aufstiegs, das die Eltern mit ihrer Migration angetreten hatten. Die biografische Erzählung erweist sich dabei als ein wichtiges Medium der intergenerationalen Weitergabe dieses Aufstiegsprojektes - und als prägend für den Bildungsaufstieg der jungen Männer." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Hussein, Shereen & Karen Christensen (2017): Migration, gender and low-paid work. On migrant men's entry dynamics into the feminised social care work in the UK. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 43, H. 5, S. 749-765. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2016.1202751

Abstract

"The literature on workers in gender atypical occupations has been dominated by a focus on women doing men's work. Much less attention has been paid to men in women's work, and even less to the impact of migration. Based on 28 in-depth interviews with migrant men having experiences of working in hands-on social care in England, this article is a contribution to the understanding of migrant men's entry dynamics into a female-dominated occupation. Focusing on migrant life experiences, it discusses how they actively engage in three entry dynamics: (1) facing barriers and negotiating them, (2) 'stumbling upon' women's work, then developing compensating strategies and (3) migratory/temporary settling into the sector. The article suggests a theory about lifelong 'travelling' when entering women's work: a continuing process of negotiating work options within a specific historical sector context, the intersection of gender and migration being part of this." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Matos, Ana Dama de (2017): Immigrant language fluency in the low-skilled labor market. In: ILR review, Jg. 70, H. 5, S. 1176-1195. DOI:10.1177/0019793916682448

Abstract

"Using longitudinal linked employer-employee data, the author investigates the returns to being a native speaker for immigrant men in the low-skilled labor market. She compares the two main recent immigrant groups in Portugal: Brazilians, who are Portuguese native speakers, and Eastern Europeans, who are not. Findings show that both wage level and wage growth of the two groups are similar. To better understand this surprising result, the author studies two mechanisms through which language fluency may lead to higher wages: sorting across occupations and across firms. Brazilians do sort into occupations that require greater language skills; however, this does not translate into a wage premium. Considerable workplace segregation occurs in Portugal, but Brazilians are not less segregated from natives than are Eastern Europeans. Evidence in this article suggests that language skills are not a major driver of economic assimilation in the low-skilled labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Arai, Mahmood, Moa Bursell & Lena Nekby (2016): The reverse gender gap in ethnic discrimination. Employer stereotypes of men and women with Arabic names. In: International migration review, Jg. 50, H. 2, S. 385-412. DOI:10.1111/imre.12170

Abstract

"We examine differences in the intensity of employer stereotypes of men and women with Arabic names in Sweden by testing how much work experience is needed to eliminate the disadvantage of having an Arabic name on job applications. Employers are first sent curriculum vitaes (CVs) of equal merit in a field experiment setup. Arabic-named CVs are thereafter enhanced with more relevant work experience than Swedish-named CVs. The results indicate a reverse gender gap in employer stereotypes because initial differences in the number of callbacks disappear for female applicants when Arabic-named CVs are enhanced but remain strong and significant for male applicants. Thus, contrary to what is often assumed about the interaction of gender and ethnicity, we find that Arabic men face stronger discrimination in the labor market than Arabic women." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Bernhard, Stefan & Sarah Bernhard (2016): Do EU Anti-discrimination provisions make a difference? The case of wage discrimination against EU foreigners in Germany. In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Jg. 45, H. 1, S. 57-72., 2015-11-11. DOI:10.1515/zfsoz-2015-1003

Abstract

"Das Diskriminierungsverbot ist zwar ein wichtiger Grundsatz in der Europäischen Union (EU), über seine Auswirkungen innerhalb der Mitgliedsstaaten ist bisher allerdings wenig bekannt. Wir gehen davon aus, dass das Diskriminierungsverbot das Ausmaß von Lohndiskriminierung gegen EU-Ausländer auf den nationalen Arbeitsmärkten in der EU verringert. Diese Vermutung wird mit administrativen Prozessdaten überprüft, indem die Veränderungen von Lohnunterschieden zwischen vollzeitbeschäftigten deutschen und ausländischen Männern auf dem westdeutschen Arbeitsmarkt mit Juhn-Murphy-Pierce-Zerlegungen analysiert werden. Die Ergebnisse stützen die Hypothese: Während die Lohndiskriminierung für die meisten untersuchten Gruppen von EU-Ausländern nach dem Beitritt ihrer Herkunftsländer zurückgegangen ist, lässt sich für die meisten Ausländergruppen aus Drittstaaten gestiegene oder konstante Lohndiskriminierung beobachten. Die europäischen Nichtdiskriminierungsregeln und die mit ihnen verbundenen Übertragungsmechanismen wirken demnach in die intendierte Richtung." (Autorenreferat, © De Gruyter)