Abstract

"This 2nd edition of the global estimates report on migrant workers provides information on the order of magnitude of labour migration. It begins with a presentation of the main results obtained and a description of what is being estimated. It then provides a detailed description and analysis of the global and regional estimates of migrant workers in 2017, with a breakdown by income group, gender and age. The report also describes the sources and methodology used, the nature and quality of the data, as well as the corresponding limitations. Three annexes complement the material presented in the main body of the report.
The report intends to contribute to the 2018 Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, as well as to achieving the Sustainable Development Goal targets 8.8 and 10.7. Furthermore, the report helps to draw attention to the economic and social issues of labour migration, and facilitates the future development of sound international statistical standards in line with the 2018 International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS) Guidelines concerning Statistics of International Labour Migration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Produced by the Global Migration Data Analysis Centre (GMDAC) of the International Organization for Migration (IOM), in collaboration with McKinsey & Company, the report More Than Numbers takes us beyond the well-known challenges of migration data and illustrates its potential value. The authors estimate that better data could boost benefits of migration by at least USD 35 billion based on a number of case examples. The report shows how data enables policymakers to protect migrants in vulnerable situations, fill labour market shortages, improve integration, manage asylum procedures, ensure the humane return of migrants ordered to leave and increase remittances (to name only a few).
This report urges governments to put data at the centre of the debate on migration. It describes the value at stake across various dimensions of migration and provides guidance on where investments in data should be directed to deliver the most impactful outcomes. The time to invest in better migration data is now. In 2016, countries agreed to start negotiations, leading towards the adoption of a global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration in 2018. Just one year before, migration was included in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. As countries have joined together on a path towards increased cooperation and action on migration, investment in data will be crucial for its success." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

OECD (2018): International migration outlook 2018. (International migration outlook 42), Paris, 415 S. DOI:10.1787/migr_outlook-2018-en

Abstract

"Der 'International Migration Outlook 2018' gibt Aufschluss über die aktuellen Migrationstrends und analysiert die Politiken der OECD-Mitglieder und weiterer ausgewählter Länder zur Steuerung der Migration und zur Integration von Migranten.
Zwei Schwerpunktkapitel analysieren in diesem Jahr Möglichkeiten der Bekämpfung der illegalen Beschäftigung von Ausländern sowie die Auswirkungen der Flüchtlingsmigration auf den Arbeitsmarkt. Der Bericht enthält zudem Länderkapitel und einen statistischen Anhang." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"What are the main patterns of 'brain flow' in Europe? Are particular countries or economic sectors affected? And what measures do Member States take to retain or attract skilled labour? An independent study on the movement of skilled labour has been looking into these questions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Abramitzky, Ran & Leah Boustan (2017): Immigration in American economic history. In: Journal of Economic Literature, Jg. 55, H. 4, S. 1311-1345. DOI:10.1257/jel.20151189

Abstract

"The United States has long been perceived as a land of opportunity for immigrants. Yet, both in the past and today, US natives have expressed concern that immigrants fail to integrate into US society and lower wages for existing workers. This paper reviews the literatures on historical and contemporary migrant flows, yielding new insights on migrant selection, assimilation of immigrants into US economy and society, and the effect of immigration on the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Altangerel, Khulan & Jan C. van Ours (2017): U.S. immigration reform and the dynamics of Mexican migration. (CReAM discussion paper 2017,04), London, 45 S.

Abstract

"The 1986 US Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) was directed at tackling the problem of growing unauthorized migration through legalization of unauthorized immigrants, increasing border security and sanctioning employers who hired unauthorized immigrants. Our paper investigates how the IRCA affected the migration dynamics of Mexican immigrants focusing on their age of onset of migration and the duration of their first trip. We find that the IRCA had a positive effect in reducing unauthorized migration to the US. Although primarily aiming at unauthorized immigration, the IRCA had substantial effects on legal migration through its legalization program." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Axelsson, Linn (2017): Living within temporally thick borders. IT professionals' experiences of Swedish immigration policy and practice. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 43, H. 6, S. 974-990. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2016.1200966

Abstract

"This paper challenges the claim that highly skilled professionals are offered almost seamless mobility and a comprehensive set of rights. Focusing on highly skilled professionals in Sweden's information technology industry, it argues that just like the lower skilled, the highly skilled may experience a range of insecurities to do with their immigration status. It explores these insecurities by conceptualising border crossing as a temporal process that begins with the submission of a work permit application and ends with permanent status (or migrant departure) and which, consequently, spans several years. More pointedly, the paper demonstrates that some highly skilled migrants experience several moments of waiting in relation to their admission, labour market access and settlement. These moments of waiting have spatial and temporal consequences in terms of temporary losses of mobility rights, elongated pathways to citizenship, insecurity of presence and feelings of living in limbo. Importantly, the paper shows that the practices of government institutions are every bit as important as legal frameworks in producing these moments of waiting and that it is therefore necessary to extend the analysis of migration management beyond policy analysis in order to more fully appreciate the situation of the highly skilled." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bearce, David H. & Andrew F. Hart (2017): International labor mobility and the variety of democratic political institutions. In: International Organization, Jg. 71, H. 1, S. 65-95. DOI:10.1017/S0020818316000266

Abstract

"Using a new measure of immigration policy and examining thirty-six advanced industrial countries between 1996 and 2012, we seek to explain systematically the variation in external labor openness among the more advanced democracies as primary destination countries, using a model where the government feels political pressure through both a voter/electoral channel and a special-interests channel. With voters primarily pressing for immigration restrictions and special interest pressure aimed at immigration openness, democratic political institutions -- like a parliamentary system and proportional representation voting with greater district magnitude that make governments more responsive to voters and less responsive to special interests -- should be associated with less change toward a more open official immigration policy. Our statistical evidence accords with this expectation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bertoli, Simone, Jesús Fernández-Huertas Moraga & Sekou Keita (2017): The elasticity of the migrant labour supply. Evidence from temporary Filipino migrants. In: The journal of development studies, Jg. 53, H. 11, S. 1822-1834., 2016-06-28. DOI:10.1080/00220388.2016.1219347

Abstract

"The effect of immigration on host and origin countries is mediated by the way migrants take their labour supply decisions. We propose a simple way of integrating the traditional random utility maximisation model used to analyse location decisions with a classical labour demand function at destination. Our setup allows us to estimate a general upper bound on the elasticity of the migrant labour supply that we take to the data using the evolution of the numbers and wages of temporary overseas Filipino workers between 1992 and 2009 to different destinations. We find that the migrant labour supply elasticity can be very large. Temporary migrants are very reactive to economic conditions in their potential destinations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bisin, Alberto & Guilio Zanella (2017): Time-consistent immigration policy under economic and cultural externalities. In: Economic policy, Jg. 32, H. 91, S. 415-446. DOI:10.1093/epolic/eix010

Abstract

"Discussions of immigration policy are typically framed in the context of their economic effects in receiving countries, notably labour market and fiscal effects. In this paper, we characterize immigration policy in a richer model where migrants are also a source of cultural externalities stemming from either preferences or the functioning of formal and informal institutions in receiving countries. While in terms of pure economic effects, immigrants do not generally have any more incentives than low-skilled natives to allow for more immigration in the future, this is not the case when accounting for cultural externalities. Therefore, insofar as past immigrants have a voice in affecting future policies, a time-consistent immigration policy entails back-loading; as natives attempt at limiting voice of immigrants in the future, the economic effects of immigration flows as well as the cultural externality they introduce. Furthermore, natives exploit any pre-commitment device to limit immigration flows, e.g. building ''walls'', limiting immigrants' political rights, or accumulating fiscal surpluses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Callens, Marie-Sophie & Bart Meuleman (2017): Do integration policies relate to economic and cultural threat perceptions? A comparative study in Europe. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 58, H. 5, S. 367-391. DOI:10.1177/0020715216665437

Abstract

"In this article, we analyse the relationship between integration policies and perceived intergroup threat across European countries. By distinguishing between several strands of integration policies and forms of threat (economic vs cultural), we attempt to shed more light on the mechanisms underlying the policy-threat nexus. We combine data from The European Values Study of 2008 and the Migration Integration Policy Index of 2007, resulting in a sample of 29,844 native residents in 27 countries, on which we apply multilevel analysis. The outcomes of the analysis reveal that respondents living in a country with more-inclusive integration policies - more specifically, policies aimed at labour market access and political participation - display lower perceptions of economic threat. By contrast, integration policies are not significantly associated with perceptions of cultural threat." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Capuano, Stella & Silvia Migali (2017): The migration of professionals within the EU. Any barriers left? In: Review of International Economics, Jg. 25, H. 4, S. 760-773., 2017-01-03. DOI:10.1111/roie.12283

Abstract

"As shown by the intense legislative effort at the European Union level, the mutual recognition of professional qualifications represents an important step towards the completion of the single EU labor market. In this paper we provide the first empirical evidence on the link between intra-EU mobility and mutual recognition of professional qualifications. Our results show that bilateral EU migration is positively affected by the destination country's rate of recognition of professional qualifications obtained in another EU member state." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Carrera, Sergio, Iulius Rostas & Lina Vosyliute (2017): Combating institutional anti-Gypsyism. Responses and promising practices in the EU and selected Member States. (CEPS research report 2017,08), Brüssel, 94 S.

Abstract

"The notion of 'anti-Gypsyism' aims to refocus public policies addressing Roma discrimination in order to place responsibility for combating structural, historically-embedded and systemic forms of racism, discrimination and exclusion towards Roma squarely on state institutions and actors. This report examines the ways in which policies and funding combat 'anti-Gypsyism' in the European Union and selected Member States and assesses the added value of the 'anti-Gypsyism' concept, with particular reference to its institutional forms. It explores ways in which these institutional forms could be combated by identifying some 'promising practices or experiences' found in five selected EU Member States (Germany, Romania, Spain, Sweden and the UK). These 'promising practices' include reactive and proactive measures organised around four main themes: i) national, regional and local institutional responses; ii) training and education activities; iii) access to justice and effective remedies; and iv) media, public attitudes and political discourse.
The report further draws conclusions and provides a set of policy recommendations for EU and national policy-makers to effectively combat anti-Gypsyism. The authors highlight that discussions on anti-Gypsyism should focus not only on its definition, but on the actual outputs of current national and EU policies and a more robust application of EU rule of law and fundamental rights monitoring and reporting mechanisms.
A key proposal put forward is to expand the scope of the EU Framework for National Roma Integration Strategies to become the EU Framework for National Roma Inclusion and Combating Anti-Gypsyism and to equip it with the necessary authority and means to tackle systematic and institutional manifestations of anti-Gypsyism." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Carrera, Sergio, Andrew Geddes, Elspeth Guild & Marco Stefan (Hrsg.) (2017): Pathways towards legal migration into the EU. Reappraising concepts, trajectories and policies. (CEPS paperbacks), Brüssel, 217 S.

Abstract

"Are EU policies on legal migration fit for managing and governing the movement of people across borders? Over the last 15 years, the 'Europeanisation' of policies dealing with the conditions of entry and residence of third-country nationals has led to the development of a common EU acquis. However, questions related to policy consistency, legal certainty and fair and non-discriminatory treatment in working and living standards still characterise the EU's legal framework for cross-border mobility.
This book critically explores the extent to which EU legal migration policies and their underlying working notions match the transnational mobility of individuals today. It addresses the main challenges of economic migration policies, both within the EU and in the context of EU cooperation with third countries. Special consideration is given to the compatibility of EU policies with international labour standards along with the fundamental rights and approach to fairness laid down in the EU Treaties.
The contributions to this book showcase the various uses and potential of social science and humanities research in assessing, informing and shaping EU migration policies. Leading scholars and experts have brought together the latest knowledge available to reappraise the added value of the EU in this area. Their reflections and findings point to the need to develop a revised set of EU policy priorities in implementing a new generation of legal pathways for migration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Constant, Amelie F. & Klaus F. Zimmermann (2017): Challenged by migration. Europe's options. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 46), Maastricht, 16 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines the migration and labor mobility in the European Union and elaborates on their importance for the existence of the EU. Against all measures of success, the current public debate seems to suggest that the political consensus that migration is beneficial is broken. This comes with a crisis of European institutions in general. Migration and labor mobility have not been at the origin of the perceived cultural shift. The EU in its current form and ambition could perfectly survive or collapse even if it solves its migration challenge. But it will most likely collapse, if it fails to solve the mobility issue by not preserving free internal labor mobility and not establishing a joint external migration policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ette, Andreas (2017): Migration and refugee policies in Germany. New European limits of control? (Beiträge zur Bevölkerungswissenschaft 51), Opladen: Budrich, 314 S.

Abstract

"International migration is one of the most controversial political topics today which demands innovative approaches of global and regional governance. The book provides a fresh theoretical framework to understand European responses to the international migration of people and explains the dynamics of Germany's migration and refugee policy during the last two decades. Against traditional theories and their inherent focus on the national political sphere, the book highlights supranational and multi-level political processes as increasingly important factors to account for national policy changes. Confronted with the most recent developments of international migration, the study offers students and practitioners the necessary background to participate in today's debates." (Publisher's text, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Finotelli, Claudia & Gabriel Echeverría (2017): So close but yet so far? Labour migration governance in Italy and Spain. In: International migration, Jg. 55, H. S1, S. 39-51. DOI:10.1111/imig.12362

Abstract

"Southern European countries have traditionally been perceived as weak immigration countries with inefficient legal entry avenues for foreign workers, high irregular migration rates and poor integration policies. In recent years, however, the adoption of more efficient control policies, new recruitment strategies and embryonic integration plans throughout the region has led to a change of paradigm in the governance of migration. And yet policy reforms do not seem to have produced the same results everywhere. The aim of this article is to enquire into possible explanations for the divergent paths of labour migration governance in Southern Europe, using Italy and Spain as comparative cases. As it will emerge, policy efficacy in the field of labour migration relates not only to the quality and consistency of policy design and implementation but also to factors that escape direct political control." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Fitjar, Rune Dahl & Bram Timmermans (2017): Regional skill relatedness. Towards a new measure of regional related diversification. In: European Planning Studies, Jg. 25, H. 3, S. 516-538. DOI:10.1080/09654313.2016.1244515

Abstract

"This paper proposes a novel index of regional skill-relatedness and calculates this measure for all Norwegian labour-market regions. Studies of regional related diversification rely on measures of related variety, which build on the industry classification hierarchy. However, the growing literature identifying similarities in knowledge and competences across industries demonstrates that these classifications fail to identify a great deal of actual skill relatedness, and that measures based on empirical measures of industry relatedness are required. The skill relatedness measure builds on labour mobility flows across industries to develop a relatedness matrix for Norwegian industries. It further uses social network analysis to identify the number of other regional industries to which each industry in a particular region is related. Comparing this measure to the related variety index, the analysis shows that the two measures are highly correlated, but that the regional skill relatedness index is able to identify more of the relatedness across industries. In particular, the related variety index tends to underestimate the level of relatedness in many of Norway's most technologically sophisticated manufacturing regions, whereas these rank highly in the regional skill relatedness index. Consequently, the regional skill relatedness index represents a promising new tool for identifying relatedness in regional systems." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Friesl, Christian, Wido Geis, Martin Hörmann, Patrick Schellenbauer, Fabian Schnell & Clemens Wallner (2017): Migration und Arbeitsmärkte in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. (IW-Report / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2017,27), Köln, 24 S.

Abstract

"Deutschland, Österreich und die Schweiz sind vor dem Hintergrund des demografischen Wandels auf die Zuwanderung von Fachkräften angewiesen, um ihre wirtschaftliche Leistungsfähigkeit zu erhalten. So kommen in Deutschland nur 60,7 Personen zwischen 10 und 19 Jahren auf 100 Personen zwischen 50 und 59 Jahren. In Österreich sind es 67,2 und in der Schweiz 68,9. Gleichzeitig handelt es sich bei bedeutenden Teilen der Bevölkerungen in den drei Ländern bereits heute um Zuwanderer. So ist in Deutschland jeder siebte, in Österreich fast jeder fünfte und in der Schweiz deutlich mehr als jeder vierte Einwohner nicht im Land geboren. Dabei war die Zuwanderung in die drei Länder in der Vergangenheit sehr stark von Personen aus den (anderen) EU-Ländern getragen, die selbst zunehmend vom demografischen Wandel betroffen sind, sodass die Migrationspotenziale hier beschränkt sein dürften. Hinzugekommen ist in den Jahren seit 2014 eine große Zahl an Flüchtlingen, die aufgrund eines häufig sehr ungünstigen qualifikatorischen Hintergrunds und der Sprachbarriere allerdings sehr schwer in den Arbeitsmarkt zu integrieren sind. Obschon sich die institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen teilweise unterscheiden, gilt daher für alle drei Länder gleichermaßen, dass die Erwerbszuwanderung aus Drittstaaten gestärkt werden muss. Zuwanderung kann ihre wirtschaftlichen Potenziale allerdings nur voll entfalten, wenn die ins Land kommenden Personen zügig und gut auf dem Arbeitsmarkt Fuß fassen, was im Hinblick auf Drittstaatenangehörige von außerhalb des EU-/EFTA-Raums in den drei Ländern nicht immer der Fall war. So liegen die Arbeitslosenquoten von Nicht-EU-Ausländern in Deutschland bei 11,8 Prozent, in Österreich bei 13,9 Prozent und in der Schweiz bei 13,5 Prozent. Gelingt die Arbeitsmarktintegration nicht, kann Zuwanderung auch zu einer substanziellen Belastung für das Zielland werden. Dies gilt in besonderem Maße, aber nicht ausschließlich im Hinblick auf die große Zahl der Flüchtlinge. Wichtig ist in diesem Kontext, dass die ins Land kommenden Personen möglichst zeitnah nach der Ankunft Zugang zum Arbeitsmarkt und zu passenden (Nach-) Qualifizierungsangeboten erhalten und eine Erwerbstätigkeit gefördert und gefordert wird." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Giesing, Yvonne & Nadzeya Laurentsyeva (2017): The EU blue card - time to reform? In: ifo DICE report, Jg. 15, H. 2, S. 38-43.

Abstract

Die Blaue Karte EU soll insbesondere hochqualifizierten Drittstaatsangehörigen den Aufenthalt in der EU ermöglichen. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Umsetzung in den Mitgliedsstaaten. Aufgrund der geringen Anzahl von erteilten Blauen Karten wird festgestellt, dass diese ihr Ziel, Hochqualifizierten die Zuwanderung zu erleichtern, nicht erreicht hat. Ursache sind konkurrierende nationale Programme zur Rekrutierung von Hochqualifizierten, zu hoch angesetzte Einkommensgrenzen und bürokratische Hürden. Die EU-Kommission fordert deshalb Reformen, um diese Hindernisse zu beseitigen. Die Reformvorschläge werden abschließend dargelegt. (IAB)