Mindestlohn
Seit Inkrafttreten des Mindestlohngesetzes am 1. Januar 2015 gilt ein allgemeingültiger flächendeckender Mindestlohn in Deutschland. Lohnuntergrenzen gibt es in beinahe allen europäischen Staaten und den USA. Die Mindestlohn-Gesetze haben das Ziel, Lohn-Dumping, also die nicht verhältnismäßige Bezahlung von Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmern, zu verhindern.
Diese Infoplattform dokumentiert die Diskussion rund um die Einführung des flächendeckenden Mindestlohns in Deutschland und die Ergebnisse empirischer Forschung der letzten Jahre zu flächendeckenden und branchenspezifischen Mindestlöhnen.
- IAB
- Grundsätzliches zum flächendeckenden Mindestlohn
- Auswirkungen des flächendeckenden Mindestlohns auf
- Auswirkungen des flächendeckenden Mindestlohns auf Personengruppen
- Ausnahmen vom flächendeckenden Mindestlohn für
- Ausweichreaktionen auf Mindestlöhne in Deutschland
- Bundesländer
- Branchenspezifische Mindestlöhne und deren Auswirkungen auf
- Mindestlohn in anderen Ländern
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Literaturhinweis
What role can minimum wages play in overcoming the low-wage model in central and eastern Europe? (2016)
Drahokoupil, Jan;Zitatform
Drahokoupil, Jan (2016): What role can minimum wages play in overcoming the low-wage model in central and eastern Europe? (European Trade Union Institute. Working paper 2016,09), Brüssel, 24 S.
Abstract
"Many countries in central and eastern Europe have pursued active minimum wage policies and there is considerable evidence about their effects. It shows that minimum wages are an effective tool for reducing inequality by raising the lowest incomes. They can be used to reduce inequality at very low to no costs to workers (in employment) and companies (in profits). Moreover, minimum wages can have some role in increasing aggregate productivity and promoting economic upgrading. Indeed, they should be used as part of a developmental strategy to overcome the low-wage model that is prevalent in the region. However, to be truly effective in raising aggregate wage levels, it would need to be accompanied by a stronger role for collective bargaining in these countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum wage violation in Central and Eastern Europe (2016)
Zitatform
Goraus-Tanska, Karolina & Piotr Lewandowski (2016): Minimum wage violation in Central and Eastern Europe. (IZA discussion paper 10098), Bonn, 33 S.
Abstract
"Minimum wages continue to be at the centre of the policy debates in both developed and emerging economies. Such policies can only be effective if (1) the existing regulatory system does not have gaps that allow for the payment of wages below the minimum wage, and (2) the existing minimum wage laws are not violated (too often). In this paper we analyse minimum wage violations in 10 Central and Eastern European countries that have joined the EU since 2004, and that have statutory national minimum wages. Utilising EU-SILC data, we use the methodology proposed by Bhorat et al. (2013) to analyse both the incidence of minimum wage violations, as well as the monetary depth of these violations. We find that on average in 2003-2012, the estimated incidence of violations ranged from 1.0% in Bulgaria, to 1.3% in the Czech Republic, around 3% in Romania and Slovenia, 4.7% in Poland and Hungary, 5.6% in Latvia, and 6.9% in Lithuania. The average pay shortfall ranged from 13.7% of the country-year specific minimum wage in Estonia, to 41.7% in Slovenia. In all countries, workers who were female, less-educated, in the service or agricultural sector, in a micro firm, or with a temporary contract were more likely than other categories of workers to earn less than the minimum wage they were entitled to. While higher minimum to average wage ratios were associated with higher levels of non-compliance, this effect was present within countries over time, but not between them." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The elusive employment effect of the minimum wage (2016)
Zitatform
Manning, Alan (2016): The elusive employment effect of the minimum wage. (CEP discussion paper 1428), London, 25 S.
Abstract
"There is a huge body of empirical research on the employment effect of the minimum wage that has failed to clearly demonstrate the negative effect that so many economists strongly believe to find. This paper reviews the reasons for this and argues that the literature needs to re-focus to further our knowledge on the topic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Monopsony, minimum wages and migration (2016)
Strobl, Eric; Walsh, Frank;Zitatform
Strobl, Eric & Frank Walsh (2016): Monopsony, minimum wages and migration. In: Labour economics, Jg. 42, H. October, S. 221-237. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2016.09.004
Abstract
"We show in a theoretical monopsony model that in response to a small increase in migration compliance with the minimum wage will increase if the share of minimum wage workers employed in firms that are constrained by the labour supply curve is large enough. If minimum wage firms are constrained by the labour demand curve an increase in migration will leave employment unchanged and employment in non-compliant firms will rise. Using data from Thailand we provide evidence that increases in inward net migration are associated with a proportionately greater increase in workers employed at the minimum wage relative to non-compliance." (Author's abstract, © 2016 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Global wage report 2016/17: wage inequality in the workplace (2016)
Zitatform
International Labour Office (2016): Global wage report 2016/17. Wage inequality in the workplace. (Global wage report 05), Genf, 114 S.
Abstract
"The 2016/17 edition examines inequality at the workplace level, providing empirical evidence on the extent to which wage inequality is the result of wage inequality between enterprises as well as within enterprises. The report also includes a review of key policy issues regarding wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Partial minimum wage compliance (2015)
Zitatform
Bhorat, Haroon, Ravi Kanbur & Benjamin Stanwix (2015): Partial minimum wage compliance. In: IZA journal of labor and development, Jg. 4, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1186/s40175-015-0039-1
Abstract
"In many developing countries, a significant portion of the wage distribution is found below the legal minimum wage. In order to fully understand the nature of this non-compliance, we need to compare the counterfactual wage distribution without the minimum wage law to the current wage distribution. Such a comparison could reveal partial compliance, where employers raise wages some of the way to the minimum wage, to balance out the benefits of non-compliance with the costs and penalties to the extent that they depend on the gap between the legal minimum wage and the wage actually paid. This paper presents a simple model of such partial compliance and uses its predictions to structure an empirical investigation of the impact of introducing a minimum wage law for agricultural workers in South Africa. We find that partial compliance is indeed taking place and further, the lowest wages are being raised disproportionately, consistent with the predictions of the model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do minimum wages affect employment?: evidence from the manufacturing sector in Indonesia (2015)
Carpio, Ximena Del; Nguyen, Ha; Pabon, Laura; Wang, Liang Choon;Zitatform
Carpio, Ximena Del, Ha Nguyen, Laura Pabon & Liang Choon Wang (2015): Do minimum wages affect employment? Evidence from the manufacturing sector in Indonesia. In: IZA journal of labor and development, Jg. 4, S. 1-30. DOI:10.1186/s40175-015-0040-8
Abstract
"This paper investigates the impact of minimum wages on employment and wages in Indonesian manufacturing firms between 1993 and 2006. It shows that within firms, the employment effects of minimum wage hikes is negative. It finds significant, negative employment effects of minimum wages among small firms and for non-production, less-educated and female workers. The paper also finds that minimum wages are more correlated with small firms' average wages than large firms', suggesting that minimum wages are more binding in small firms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum wages: Do they really hurt young people? (2015)
Zitatform
Galán, Sofía & Sergio Puente (2015): Minimum wages: Do they really hurt young people? In: The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, Jg. 15, H. 1, S. 299-328. DOI:10.1515/bejeap-2013-0171
Abstract
"This paper uses a significant increase in the minimum wage in Spain between 2004 and 2010 as a case study to analyse the effects on the individual probability of losing employment, using a large panel of social security records. We show that this individual approach is important, as the possible effects for different types of individuals may differ from other estimates in the literature, based on aggregate or firm-level data, hence complementing them. Our main finding is that older people experienced the largest increase in the probability of losing their job, when compared with other age groups, including young people. The intuition is simple: among the affected (low-productivity) workers, young people are expected to increase their productivity more than older ones, who are in the flat part of their life-cycle productivity curve. Consequently, an employer facing a uniform increase in the minimum wage may find it profitable to retain young employees and to fire older ones." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum wage violations in Honduras: Beijing minimum wage conference submission (2015)
Ham, Andrés;Zitatform
Ham, Andrés (2015): Minimum wage violations in Honduras. Beijing minimum wage conference submission. In: IZA journal of labor and development, Jg. 4, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1186/s40175-015-0045-3
Abstract
"This article studies minimum wage non-compliance in Honduras, a dual labor market with high wage floors that are weakly enforced. However, rather than just counting how many workers earn sub-minimum wages, it also estimates violation indices that measure compliance at the intensive margin. I first explore cross-sectional heterogeneity in violations using household survey data. Then, I quantify compliance adjustments to minimum wage hikes by comparing indices before and after a large unexpected increase. Results show substantial differences in non-compliance across industries, location, and coverage status. Violations worsen with rising minima, but less in in more compliant sectors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of minimum wages on informal and formal labor market outcomes: evidence from Indonesia (2015)
Hohberg, Maike; Lay, Jann;Zitatform
Hohberg, Maike & Jann Lay (2015): The impact of minimum wages on informal and formal labor market outcomes: evidence from Indonesia. In: IZA journal of labor and development, Jg. 4, S. 1-25. DOI:10.1186/s40175-015-0036-4
Abstract
"This paper studies the effects of minimum wages on informal and formal sector wages and employment in Indonesia between 1997 and 2007. Applying fixed-effects methods, the estimates suggest that minimum wages have a significant positive effect on formal sector wages, while there are no spillover effects on informal workers. Regarding employment, we find no statistically significant negative effects of minimum wages on the probability of being formally employed. These findings suggest that employers use adjustment channels other than employment or that effects such as a demand stimulus on a local level outweigh the possible negative employment effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Der gesetzliche Mindestlohn: theoretische Darstellung am Beispiel des Polypols und empirische Erkenntnisse (2015)
Hustert, Frank;Zitatform
Hustert, Frank (2015): Der gesetzliche Mindestlohn. Theoretische Darstellung am Beispiel des Polypols und empirische Erkenntnisse. In: Wirtschaftswissenschaftliches Studium, Jg. 44, H. 10, S. 584-589.
Abstract
"Unter einem Mindestlohn wird eine überwiegend gesetzlich oder kollektivvertraglich definierte Untergrenze des Lohns für unselbständige Arbeit verstanden. In Deutschland ist ein gesetzlicher Mindestlohn zu Beginn des Jahres 2015 flächendeckend eingeführt worden. Bis zu dem Zeitpunkt gab es lediglich einige tarifliche Branchenmindestlöhne (vgl. Schuster, 2013, S. 3). Ziel von Mindestlöhnen ist u. a. die Situation der Working Poor, also der Menschen, die trotz Erwerbstätigkeit in Armut leben, zu verbessern sowie Arbeitnehmer mit geringer Verhandlungsmacht vor Ausbeutung zu schützen (vgl. Henneberger/Haug, 2010, S. 4 f.). In diesem Artikel sollen der Mindestlohn und seine Auswirkungen auf den Arbeitsmarkt theoretisch am Beispiel des Polypolmarktes erläutert werden. Im Anschluss daran werden die Mindestlohnregelung in Deutschland vorgestellt, mit den Regelungen anderer Länder verglichen und abschließend empirische Erkenntnisse aus Ländern dargestellt, die einen Mindestlohn bereits seit längerer Zeit eingeführt haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Happy birthday, you're fired!: the effects of age-dependent minimum wage on youth employment flows in the Netherlands (2015)
Zitatform
Kabátek, Jan (2015): Happy birthday, you're fired! The effects of age-dependent minimum wage on youth employment flows in the Netherlands. (IZA discussion paper 9528), Bonn, 28 S.
Abstract
"This paper investigates the effects of the age-dependent minimum wage on youth employment flows in the Netherlands. The Dutch minimum wage for workers aged 15-23 is defined as a step-wise increasing function of a worker's calendar age. At the age of 23, workers become eligible for the 'adult' minimum wage which does not increase further. This creates an incentive for firms to discriminate against employees on the basis of their age, substituting more expensive older workers with younger ones. In order to grasp the size of these effects, I analyze monthly flows in and out of employment using administrative records for the entire youth population of the Netherlands. I account for the time remaining until workers' next birthdays, exploiting the fact that firms are facing a sharp discontinuity in labor costs in the month when a worker turns one year older. The results show a significant increase in job separation around the time of this discontinuity: the probability of job separation increases by 1.1% in the three calendar months which are closest to a worker's next birthday. This effect exhibits substantial heterogeneity with respect to a worker's age, showing that young and inexperienced workers are more likely to be affected by the discontinuities. The size of the effect also varies by the sector of employment, being particularly large for supermarket employees. Job accession peaks just after workers' birthdays, representing both entry of the workers with higher reservation wages and reemployment of the workers whose jobs are dissolved around the time of the discontinuity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen in: ILR Review, online first (2020), 1-28 -
Literaturhinweis
Does the minimum wage reduce wage inequality?: evidence from Thailand (2015)
Zitatform
Leckcivilize, Attakrit (2015): Does the minimum wage reduce wage inequality? Evidence from Thailand. In: IZA journal of labor and development, Jg. 4, S. 1-23. DOI:10.1186/s40175-015-0041-7
Abstract
"Most of the minimum wage literature in developing countries provides supporting evidence of its effectiveness in reducing wage inequality. Using minimum wage data from Thailand (1985 - 2010), I find rather mixed outcomes. The minimum wage seems to help compress the lower part of wage distribution for employees in large businesses. However, the effect does not extend to small and medium firms in the covered sector. In contrast with its role as a benchmark for wage adjustment in Latin America, the minimum wage in Thailand does not reduce overall wage inequality owing to the high non-compliance rate and weak law enforcement, particularly in the informal sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Impact of minimum wage on gender wage gaps in urban China (2015)
Zitatform
Li, Shi & Xinxin Ma (2015): Impact of minimum wage on gender wage gaps in urban China. In: IZA journal of labor and development, Jg. 4, S. 1-22. DOI:10.1186/s40175-015-0044-4
Abstract
"This paper provides evidence on whether the minimum wage (MW) has affected gender wage gaps in urban China. Several major conclusions emerge. First, from 1995 to 2007, the proportion of workers whose wages were below the regional MW level was greater for female workers than for male workers. Second, the results obtained by using the difference-in-differences estimation method show that from a long-term perspective, the MW will help to reduce gender wage gaps and that the effect is more obvious for the low-wage group. However, in the short term, the amelioration effect is not obvious." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of doubling the minimum wage on employment: evidence from Russia (2015)
Muravyev, Alexander; Oshchepkov, Aleksey;Zitatform
Muravyev, Alexander & Aleksey Oshchepkov (2015): The effect of doubling the minimum wage on employment. Evidence from Russia. (IZA discussion paper 9589), Bonn, 24 S.
Abstract
"We take advantage of a natural experiment in the minimum wage setting in Russia to study the employment consequences of large hikes in the minimum wage. In September 2007, the Russian government raised the federal minimum wage from 1,100 to 2,300 Rubles and simultaneously gave the regions the power to set their own minima above the federal threshold. In studying the effect of this reform, we follow the approach proposed by David Card and compare changes in employment rates and other labor market outcomes before and after the hike across regions with different shares of affected workers. We find some evidence of adverse effects of the 2007 hike in the minimum wage on employment. They are mostly visible in lower employ" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum wage effects on employment and working time of Chinese workers: evidence based on CHNS (2015)
Sun, Wenkai; Zhang, Xiaoxi; Wang, Xianghong;Zitatform
Sun, Wenkai, Xianghong Wang & Xiaoxi Zhang (2015): Minimum wage effects on employment and working time of Chinese workers. Evidence based on CHNS. In: IZA journal of labor and development, Jg. 4, S. 1-22. DOI:10.1186/s40175-015-0046-2
Abstract
"This paper examines the impact of minimum wage policies on employment, income, and working time of Chinese workers. Using data from China Health and Nutrition Survey, we focus on identifying the effects of minimum wage adjustments using a pre-specified model. We control for lagged minimum wage standard, individual characteristics, provincial population and economic factors, and fixed effects of province and year. We find some evidence of minimum wage impacts on wages and employment for limited groups. Increase of minimum wage has positive effect on wage income only for low-income workers and has negative employment effect only for workers in private and individual enterprises. While minimum wage shortens the average working hours for employed workers, it does not have significant effect on the relative working times for different income groups. These findings may imply some beneficial effects of the minimum wage policies for Chinese workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Compliance with legal minimum wages and overtime pay regulations in China (2015)
Ye, Linxiang; Gindling, T. H.; Li, Shi;Zitatform
Ye, Linxiang, T. H. Gindling & Shi Li (2015): Compliance with legal minimum wages and overtime pay regulations in China. In: IZA journal of labor and development, Jg. 4, S. 1-35. DOI:10.1186/s40175-015-0038-2
Abstract
"We use a matched firm-employee data set to examine the extent of compliance with minimum wage and overtime pay regulations in Chinese formal sector firms. We find evidence that there is broad compliance with legal minimum wages in China; fewer than 3.5% of full-time workers earn less than the legal monthly minimum wage. On the other hand, we find evidence that there is substantial non-compliance with overtime pay regulations; almost 29% of the employees who work overtime are not paid any additional wage for overtime hours, and 70% are paid less than the legally-required 1.5 times the regular wage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of the minimum wage on match stability (2014)
Centeno, Mário; Duarte, Cláudia; Novo, Álvaro A.;Zitatform
Centeno, Mário, Cláudia Duarte & Álvaro A. Novo (2014): The impact of the minimum wage on match stability. (IZA discussion paper 8703), Bonn, 26 S.
Abstract
"We explore increases in the nominal minimum wage in a difference-in-differences setting to estimate match survival wage elasticity. The elasticity is negative and larger than one for matches directly affected by minimum wage increases, those with paying below the new minimum wage. The impact of the minimum wage is stronger for young workers and the manufacturing sector, groups with a large and increasing share of low-wage workers. Given the low-wage mobility in the Portuguese labor market and the large share of workers directly affected by the minimum wage increase (reaching almost 18%), these results call for a careful analysis of the set of policies that interfere with low-wage employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
30,000 minimum wages: the economic effects of collective bargaining extensions (2014)
Zitatform
Martins, Pedro S. (2014): 30,000 minimum wages. The economic effects of collective bargaining extensions. (IZA discussion paper 8540), Bonn, 36 S.
Abstract
"Several countries extend collective bargaining agreements to entire sectors, therefore binding non-subscriber workers and employers. These extensions may address coordination issues but may also distort competition by imposing sector-specific minimum wages and other work conditions that are not appropriate for many firms. In this paper, we analyse the impact of such extensions along several margins drawing on firm-level monthly data for Portugal, a country where extensions have been widespread until recently. We find that both formal employment and wage bills in the relevant sector fall, on average, by 2% - and by 25% more across small firms - over the four months after an extension is issued. These results are driven by both reduced hirings and increased firm closures. On the other hand, informal work, not subject to labour law or extensions, tends to increase. Our findings are robust to several checks, including a falsification exercise based on extensions that were announced but not implemented." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Ausgewählte Probleme des polnischen Mindestlohns (2013)
Aumann, Annemarie;Zitatform
Aumann, Annemarie (2013): Ausgewählte Probleme des polnischen Mindestlohns. In: Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales Arbeits- und Sozialrecht, Jg. 27, H. 1, S. 18-31.
Abstract
"Vor dem Hintergrund der in Deutschland anhaltenden Diskussion' über die Einführung eines branchenübergreifenden gesetzlichen Mindestentgelts lohnt der Blick über die Landesgrenzen hinaus auf die Lösungen, die in anderen Staaten gewählt wurden. Weltweit haben mehr als 100 Staaten einen gesetzlichen Mindestlohn;2 dazu gehören auch 21 von 28 Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Union. Die Höhe des Mindestlohns variiert dabei innerhalb der Union beträchtlich - die Spanne reicht von 0,80 EURO/Stunde in Bulgarien bis 10,41 EURO/Stunde in Luxemburg.3 Auch in Polen hat der gesetzliche branchenübergreifende Mindestlohn eine lange Tradition. Während er vor 1989 künstlich auf niedrigem Niveau gehalten wurde, weil er hauptsächlich als Referenzgröße für die Berechnung von Löhnen in staatlichen Unternehmen diente und ein Mechanismus zur Indexbindung in Inflationszeiten war, ist er heute ein wichtiges Instrument staatlicher Arbeitspolitik.4 Der polnische Gesetzgeber hat sich dabei für einen Festsetzungsmechanismus entschieden, der in jüngerer Zeit Gegenstand der Fachdiskussion geworden ist. Rechtsgrundlagen, Ausgestaltung und Kritik dieses Modells sind Gegenstand des vorliegenden Beitrags." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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- IAB
- Grundsätzliches zum flächendeckenden Mindestlohn
- Auswirkungen des flächendeckenden Mindestlohns auf
- Auswirkungen des flächendeckenden Mindestlohns auf Personengruppen
- Ausnahmen vom flächendeckenden Mindestlohn für
- Ausweichreaktionen auf Mindestlöhne in Deutschland
- Bundesländer
- Branchenspezifische Mindestlöhne und deren Auswirkungen auf
- Mindestlohn in anderen Ländern