Abstract

"The economic crisis presented considerable challenges to industrial relations across the EU. This report reviews trends and developments in the relationships between workers, employers, their respective representatives and public authorities during 2008-10. It begins with an overview of the main characteristics of industrial relations institutions before analysing the strategies and perspectives of social partners and social dialogue developments in the face of the crisis. The report then examines wage bargaining, wage flexibility and minimum wages as well as the implications for industrial relations of the transition to a low-carbon economy. Finally, the report gives an overview of EU-level social dialogue and legislative developments" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Addison, John T. & Orgul Demet Ozturk (2010): Minimum wages, labor market institutions, and female employment and unemployment. A cross-country analysis. (IZA discussion paper 5162), Bonn, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper estimates the effect of minimum wage regulation in 16 OECD countries, 1970-2008. Our treatment is motivated by Neumark and Wascher's (2004) seminal cross-country study using panel methods to estimate minimum wage effects among teenagers and young adults. Apart from the longer time interval examined here, a major departure of the present study is the focus on prime-age females, a group typically neglected in the component minimum wage literature. Another is our deployment of time-varying policy and institutional regressors. Yet another is our examination of unemployment and participation outcomes in addition to employment effects. We report strong evidence of adverse employment effects among adult females and lower participation, even if the unemployment effects are muted. Although we report some similar findings to Neumark and Wascher as to the role of labor market institutions and policies, we do not observe the same patterns in the institutional data; in particular, we can reject for our target group their finding of stronger disemployment effects in countries with the least regulated markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Basu, Arnab K., Nancy H. Chau & Ravi Kanbur (2010): Turning a blind eye: Costly enforcement, credible commitment and minimum wage laws. In: The economic journal, Jg. 120, H. 543, S. 244-269. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2009.02298.x

Abstract

"In many countries, non-compliance with minimum wage legislation is widespread and authorities may be seen as having turned a blind eye to legislation they have themselves passed. We show that turning a blind eye can indeed be an equilibrium phenomenon with ex post credibility, in a model of minimum wage policy with imperfect competition, imperfect enforcement and imperfect commitment. Since credible enforcement requires costly ex post transfer of income from employers to workers, a government concerned only with efficiency but not with distribution is shown, paradoxically, to be unable to credibly elicit efficiency improvements via a minimum wage reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Boockmann, Bernhard (2010): The combined employment effects of minimum wages and labor market regulation. A meta-analysis. (IZA discussion paper 4983), Bonn, 30 S.

Abstract

"This paper provides a meta-analysis of 55 empirical studies estimating the employment effects of minimum wages in 15 industrial countries. It strongly confirms the notion that the effects of minimum wages are heterogeneous between countries. As possible sources of heterogeneity, it considers the benefit replacement ratio, employment protection and the collective bargaining system. While the results are in line with theoretical expectations, the degree to which they are robust differs across these institutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Boockmann, Bernhard (2010): The combined employment effects of minimum wages and labor market regulation. A meta-analysis. (IAW-Diskussionspapiere 65), Tübingen, 35 S.

Abstract

"This paper provides a meta-analysis of 55 empirical studies estimating the employment effects of minimum wages in 15 industrial countries. It strongly confirms the notion that the effects of minimum wages are heterogeneous between countries. As possible sources of heterogeneity, it considers the benefit replacement ratio, employment protection and the collective bargaining system. While the results are in line with theoretical expectations, the degree to which they are robust differs across these institutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bosch, Gerhard (2010): Beschäftigung und Mindestlöhne. Neue Ergebnisse der empirischen Mindestlohnforschung. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 63, H. 8, S. 404-411. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2010-8-404

Abstract

"Unter Bezug vor allem auf die neoklassische Arbeitsmarkttheorie zeigt der Beitrag zunächst, dass sich aus theoretischen Modellen keine eindeutigen Aussagen über die Beschäftigungswirkungen von Mindestlöhnen ableiten lassen. Ergiebiger ist die neue empirische Mindestlohnforschung. Sie macht deutlich, dass nicht nur sehr niedrige Mindestlöhne, wie sie in vielen US-Staaten gezahlt werden, beschäftigungsneutral sind, sondern auch höhere Mindestlöhne, die es in einigen westeuropäischen Staaten, aber auch in Form der 'living wages' in den USA gibt. Weiterhin können Mindestlöhne die Geschäftsmodelle von Unternehmen nachhaltig beeinflussen. Indem sie die im Niedriglohnbereich oft sehr hohe Fluktuation verringern, werden für Unternehmen Investitionen in Weiterbildung und erweiterte Aufgabenzuschnitte lohnend. Gleichzeitig sinkt der Kontrollaufwand bei Beschäftigten, die besser motiviert sind und eigenständiger arbeiten. Durch Mindestlöhne können die Extraprofite der vielfach monopsonistischen Arbeitsmarktstrukturen in Niedriglohnbereichen abgebaut und marktgerechte Löhne gesichert werden. Länder mit einem institutionellen Umfeld, das Weiterbildung, Modernisierung der Arbeitsorganisation und Innovation unterstützt, können sich höhere Mindestlöhne 'leisten' als Länder ohne solche positiven Rückkoppelungen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Hoffmann, Nick (2010): Die Höhe der gesetzlichen Mindestlöhne in Europa 2010. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 63, H. 2, S. 38-39.

Abstract

"Während es in Deutschland bislang nur verbindliche Mindestlöhne für einzelne Branchen und Berufe gibt, existiert in 22 der 27 EU-Mitgliedsländer zum 1. Januar 2010 ein branchenübergreifender gesetzlicher Mindestlohn. Die Höhe der gesetzlichen Mindestlöhne in der Europäischen Union beträgt bei einer 40-Stunden-Woche 122 EURO pro Monat in Bulgarien und geht bis zu monatlich 1 641 EURO in Luxemburg." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Kahn, Lawrence M. (2010): Labor market policy. A comparative view on the costs and benefits of labor market flexibility. (IZA discussion paper 5100), Bonn, 36 S.

Abstract

"I review theories and evidence on wage-setting institutions and labor market policies in an international comparative context. These include collective bargaining, minimum wages, employment protection laws, unemployment insurance (UI), mandated parental leave, and active labor market policies (ALMPs). Since it is unlikely that an unregulated private sector would provide the income insurance these institutions do, these policies may enhance economic efficiency. However, to the extent that unemployment or resource misallocation results from such measures, these efficiency gains may be offset. Overall, Scandinavia and Central Europe follow distinctively more interventionist policies than the English speaking countries in the Northern Hemisphere. Possible explanations for such differences include vulnerability to external market forces and ethnic homogeneity. I then review evidence on the impacts of these policies and institutions. While the interventionist model appears to cause lower levels of wage inequality and high levels of job security to incumbent workers, it also in some cases leads to the relegation of new entrants (disproportionately women, youth and immigrants) as well as the less skilled to temporary jobs or unemployment. Making labor markets more flexible could bring these groups into the regular labor market to a greater extent, at the expense of higher levels of economic insecurity for incumbents and higher levels of wage inequality. The Danish model of loosening employment protections while providing relatively generous UI benefits with strict job search requirements holds out the possibility of reducing barriers for new entrants and the less skilled while maintaining some level of income insurance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kahn, Lawrence M. (2010): Labor market policy. A comparative view on the costs and benefits of labor market flexibility. (CESifo working paper 3140), München, 39 S.

Abstract

"I review theories and evidence on wage-setting institutions and labor market policies in an international comparative context. These include collective bargaining, minimum wages, employment protection laws, unemployment insurance (UI), mandated parental leave, and active labor market policies (ALMPs). Since it is unlikely that an unregulated private sector would provide the income insurance these institutions do, these policies may enhance economic efficiency. However, to the extent that unemployment or resource misallocation results from such measures, these efficiency gains may be offset. Overall, Scandinavia and Central Europe follow distinctively more interventionist policies than the English speaking countries in the Northern Hemisphere. Possible explanations for such differences include vulnerability to external market forces and ethnic homogeneity. I then review evidence on the impacts of these policies and institutions. While the interventionist model appears to cause lower levels of wage inequality and high levels of job security to incumbent workers, it also in some cases leads to the relegation of new entrants (disproportionately women, youth and immigrants) as well as the less skilled to temporary jobs or unemployment. Making labor markets more flexible could bring these groups into the regular labor market to a greater extent, at the expense of higher levels of economic insecurity for incumbents and higher levels of wage inequality. The Danish model of loosening employment protections while providing relatively generous UI benefits with strict job search requirements holds out the possibility of reducing barriers for new entrants and the less skilled while maintaining some level of income insurance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Owens, Mark F. & John H. Kagel (2010): Minimum wage restrictions and employee effort in incomplete labor markets. An experimental investigation. In: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Jg. 73, H. 3, S. 317-326. DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2009.12.002

Abstract

"A minimum wage raises average wages along with modest increases in employees' average effort levels, generating a Pareto improvement in social welfare. The minimum wage reduces effort in the neighborhood of the minimum, but has no systematic effect on effort levels at higher wages. As a consequence average effort increases modestly with a minimum wage as it raises average wages. Similar results are reported within groups, both when introducing and eliminating a minimum wage, although the within group effects of introducing a minimum wage are stronger than dropping it." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schulten, Thorsten (2010): WSI-Mindestlohnbericht 2010. Unterschiedliche Strategien in der Krise. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 63, H. 3, S. 152-160. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2010-3-152

Abstract

"Der WSI Mindestlohnbericht 2010 gibt einen Überblick über die aktuelle Mindestlohnpolitik in Europa und ausgewählten außereuropäischen Staaten. Unter Auswertung der WSI-Mindestlohndatenbank werden aktuelle Daten zur Höhe und Entwicklung gesetzlicher Mindestlöhne präsentiert. Es zeigt sich, dass unter den Bedingungen der Krise die einzelnen Staaten sehr unterschiedliche Strategien verfolgen. Während in vielen Ländern die Mindestlöhne eingefroren wurden, kam es in anderen Ländern zu kräftigen Mindestlohnzuwächsen. Als Instrument zur Bekämpfung der Krise können Mindestlöhne einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Stabilisierung der privaten Nachfrage und zur Vermeidung deflationärer Tendenzen leisten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Masso, Jaan, Thomas Moutos, Gerhard Bosch, Danijel Nestic, Eugenia Fotoniata, Brian Nolan, Damian Grimshaw, Wiemer Salverda, János Köllö, Per Skedinger, Thomas Kalina, Kerly Krillo, Jerome Gautie, Seyhan Erdogdu, Jacek Wallusch & Vassil Tzanov (2010): The minimum wage revisited in the enlarged EU. Genf: International Labour Office, 544 S. DOI:10.4337/9781781000571

Abstract

"This book provides in-depth and innovative analysis of the minimum wage in Europe, looking at its scope within the enlarged EU and posing the question of harmonization between the minimum wages of the individual Member States - or even a common EU minimum wage. It also explores the role of the minimum wage at the national level, looking at trends and effects, with case studies on specific national policy issues or industrial sectors. Minimum wage fixing has returned quite prominently to the core of policy debates, as illustrated by the adoption of a statutory minimum wage by Austria, Ireland and the United Kingdom, and the ongoing discussions in Germany and Sweden. Proposals to have common rules at EU level have also multiplied since EU enlargement, in particular to minimize 'social dumping'. Bringing together 15 national studies from noted European specialists in the field, this timely collection aims to stimulate the current debate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))