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Fluchtmigrantinnen und -migranten – Bildung und Arbeitsmarkt

Auf der Flucht vor Krieg und politischer Verfolgung verlassen viele Menschen ihr Heimatland und suchen Schutz und neue Perspektiven in Deutschland und beantragen Asyl. Die Beteiligung am Arbeitsmarkt wird häufig als Schlüssel für die gesellschaftliche Integration der Fluchtmigrantinnen und -migranten gesehen. Welche Qualifikationen bringen die Menschen mit, welche arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen sind hilfreich? Wie gehen die einzelnen Bundesländer damit um, welche Auswirkungen auf die deutsche Wirtschaft und die Sozialsysteme sind zu erwarten, wie sieht die Situation in anderen Ländern aus?
Dieses Themendossier stellt wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zum Thema zusammen und ermöglicht den Zugang zu weiterführenden Informationen sowie zu Positionen der politischen Akteure.
Literatur zur besonderen Situation der Geflüchteten aus der Ukraine finden Sie im Themendossier Auswirkungen des Krieges gegen die Ukraine auf Wirtschaft, Arbeitsmarkt und Fluchtmigration in Deutschland

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Transnational Perspectives on Migration and Integration – TRANSMIT Surveys of Syrian Nationals and Their Neighbors in Lebanon and Turkey (2019–2023) (2025)

    Gundacker, Lidwina ; Brücker, Herbert ; Rischke, Ramona ; Hertner, Laura ; Kühnert, Nora ; Ruhnke, Simon ; Trocka, Caroline ; Talebi, Nader ;

    Zitatform

    Gundacker, Lidwina, Laura Hertner, Nora Kühnert, Ramona Rischke, Simon Ruhnke, Nader Talebi, Caroline Trocka & Herbert Brücker (2025): Transnational Perspectives on Migration and Integration – TRANSMIT Surveys of Syrian Nationals and Their Neighbors in Lebanon and Turkey (2019–2023). In: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, S. 1-12. DOI:10.1515/jbnst-2024-0091

    Abstract

    "Migration scholars commonly study international migration and socio-economic integration separately, typically focusing on a single receiving country in the Global North. The TRANSMIT project adopts a transnational perspective, studying key migration routes to Europe via large-scale surveys among Syrians and their host communities in two major countries of mixed-migration contexts, namely Lebanon and Turkey. Both countries, in addition to their own history of emigration, host large refugee populations. The surveys cover both migration biographies and aspects of the socioeconomic participation of Syrian nationals. Surveying the host populations in equal terms allows researchers to examine local contexts and group differences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © De Gruyter Brill) ((en))

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Gundacker, Lidwina ; Brücker, Herbert ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Unequal access to protection? Selection patterns over arrival cohorts of Syrians seeking refuge in Lebanon, Turkey, and Germany (2024)

    Gundacker, Lidwina ; Ruhnke, Simon A.; Keita, Sekou ;

    Zitatform

    Gundacker, Lidwina, Sekou Keita & Simon A. Ruhnke (2024): Unequal access to protection? Selection patterns over arrival cohorts of Syrians seeking refuge in Lebanon, Turkey, and Germany. In: Frontiers in Human Dynamics, Jg. 5, S. 1-18., 2023-12-19. DOI:10.3389/fhumd.2023.1171885

    Abstract

    "An ample scholarly literature on voluntary migration has shown that migration is a highly selective process, resulting in migrant populations that often differ significantly from their respective population of origin in terms of their socio-demographic characteristics. The literature attributes these differences to either migrants' active choice and agency in the migration decision (i.e., self-selection), or to selectively applied external constraints. Although the socio-demographic make-up of forced migrant populations has received significant attention in public discourses in receiving countries such as Germany and Turkey, the literature on migrant selection largely focuses on voluntary migration and self-selection mechanisms. As a result, the selection mechanisms of forcibly displaced persons are less well-understood. Particularly in the context of forced migration, the conditions for migration fluctuate heavily within a relatively short time span, e.g., regarding immigration policies and border controls. In this study we contribute to that literature by exploring the changing conditions under which Syrians sought international humanitarian protection between 2013 and 2017 and linking them to the selection outcomes in three major receiving countries: Lebanon, Turkey, and Germany. Based on novel household survey data, we compare age, gender, socio-economic background, and family context of the Syrian populations in Lebanon, Turkey, and Germany by arrival cohort (2013–2017). In a narrative approach, we combinethe cohort analysis of Syrians in Lebanon, Turkey, and Germany with contextual analyses of the (changing) frameworks governing refugee migration in transit and destination countries and descriptive analyses of changing risk levels along migration routes into Europe. Our analyses reveal that higher external barriers coincide with a stronger selection in migrants' socio-demographic make-up. In particular, riskier routes and higher entry barriers are associated with a lower share of female migrants, a lower share traveling with family members, and a higher socio-economic background. In this study, we describe differences in forced migrants' selection outcomes in countries of first refuge neighboring the origin country, relative to a reception country in the global north. By establishing legal and political frameworks as well as the accessibility of routes as external barriers to forced migration we expand on the existing theoretical approaches to selection effects and identify a need for policy intervention to ensure equitable access to humanitarian protection." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Gundacker, Lidwina ; Keita, Sekou ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Six years after the EU-Turkey Agreement: A quantitative assessment of the living conditions of Syrians in Turkey (2024)

    Gundacker, Lidwina ; Hertner, Laura ; Ruhnke, Simon ;

    Zitatform

    Gundacker, Lidwina, Laura Hertner & Simon Ruhnke (2024): Six years after the EU-Turkey Agreement: A quantitative assessment of the living conditions of Syrians in Turkey. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 18/2024), Nürnberg, 57 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2418

    Abstract

    "2,9 Millionen Personen in Deutschland hatten im Jahr 2022 laut dem Statistischen Bundesamt einen türkischen Migrationshintergrund. Somit stellt die Türkei seit Jahrzehnten eins der wichtigsten Herkunftsländer von Migrant*innen in Deutschland dar. Im letzten Jahrzehnt hat sich die Türkei allerdings selbst zu einem wichtigen Transit- und Zielland für Zugewanderte entwickelt. Seit 2011, dem Beginn des Krieges in Syrien, haben mehr als 3,5 Millionen Syrerinnen und Syrer Zuflucht in der Türkei gesucht. Die zunächst offen gestaltete türkische Einwanderungspolitik wich ab 2014 zunehmend Maßnahmen, die Zuwanderung aus Syrien zu begrenzen. Vorangetrieben von Deutschland beschlossen die Europäische Union (EU) und die türkische Regierung im Jahr 2016 ein Rückübernahmeabkommen. Das EU-Türkei-Abkommen verfolgte das Ziel, irreguläre Migration in die EU zu begrenzen und im Gegenzug die humanitären Bedingungen für Geflüchtete in der Türkei durch Hilfsgelder in Milliardenhöhe zu verbessern. In diesem Forschungsbericht untersuchen wir die Lebensumstände, das Wohlergehen und die Teilhabe syrischer Geflüchteter in der Türkei im Vergleich zur türkischen Aufnahmegesellschaft im Jahr 2022, sechs Jahre nach dem EU-Türkei-Deal. Wir greifen dabei auf die umfassende längsschnittlich angelegte Dateninfrastruktur zurück, die im Rahmen des TRANSMIT-Projekts in Kooperation von IAB und dem Berliner Institut für empirische Integrations- und Migrationsforschung (BIM, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin) geschaffen wurde. Die strukturierte Befragung von syrischen und türkischen Personen zu gleichen Teilen (je 1250 Befragte) ermöglicht es, die Lebensumstände von Syrerinnen und Syrern in der Türkei mit denen der türkischen Mehrheitsgesellschaft ins Verhältnis zu setzen. Die Auswertungen weisen darauf hin, dass die Lebensbedingungen, das Wohlergehen und die Teilhabe von syrischen Geflüchteten in der Türkei sich trotz des EU-Türkei-Deals prekär gestalten. So berichtet im Jahr 2022 ein Drittel der syrischen Befragten, dass ihr Einkommen nicht für Essen ausreicht. Ein weiteres Drittel kann sich mit ihrem Einkommen nicht alle nötigen Produkte der Grundversorgung leisten. Unter den syrischen Beschäftigten sind trotz einer durchschnittlichen Aufenthaltsdauer von 8 Jahren über zwei Drittel als Tagelöhner beschäftigt. Die Mehrzahl der Beschäftigungsverhältnisse sind irregulär und stellen manuelle, häufig körperlich anspruchsvolle Tätigkeiten wie im Baugewerbe oder der Landwirtschaft dar. Ähnlich wie bei Geflüchteten in Deutschland zeigt sich ein starker Gender Gap auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, allerdings befindet sich die syrische Beschäftigung in der Türkei insgesamt auf einem höheren Niveau. 39 Prozent der syrischen Frauen und 79 Prozent der syrischen Männer gehen einer bezahlten Erwerbstätigkeit nach. Frauen leisten gleichzeitig den Großteil der Haushalts- und Sorgearbeit. Die Bildungsbeteiligung bleibt mit insgesamt 7 Prozent aller erwachsenen Befragten, die zum Zeitpunkt der Befragung eine Schule besucht oder abgeschlossen haben, gering. Auch hier haben Männer eine höhere Teilhabewahrscheinlichkeit als Frauen. Wir führen die vergleichsweise hohe Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung und die geringe Bildungsbeteiligung darauf zurück, dass für Syrer*innen in der Türkei neben den EU-finanzierten Notfallprogrammen kein systematischer Zugang zu sozialer Sicherung und Kinderbetreuungsangeboten besteht. Dieser wirtschaftliche Druck spiegelt sich auch in den nur moderat steigenden Anteilen von Syrer*innen mit guten Türkischkenntnissen wider: liegt er bei 5 oder weniger Jahren Aufenthaltsdauer bei 47 Prozent, steigt er nach 10 oder mehr Jahren Aufenthaltsdauer auf 63 Prozent. Anders verhält es sich mit dem Bildungszugang für syrische Kinder und Jugendliche: 85 Prozent der syrischen 6 bis 15-Jährigen besuchen eine Schule. Dieser Erfolg kann unter anderem auch auf gezielte EU- Fördermaßnahmen zurückgeführt werden. Wir untersuchen auch die Absichten und die konkreten Möglichkeiten von syrischen Geflüchteten, die Türkei zu verlassen. Ein Viertel der in 2022 befragten Syrer*innen wünscht sich, die Türkei zu verlassen. Deutschland stellt das am häufigsten genannte Wunschzielland dar. Nur ein kleiner Anteil (7 Prozent) der Personen mit Migrationsabsichten hat aber tatsächlich konkrete Pläne, die Weiterwanderung in den nächsten 12 Monaten umzusetzen. Begründet wird dies meist mit Kindern in Bildung, mit fehlenden finanziellen Ressourcen und damit, bei der Familie bleiben zu wollen. Bei Personen mit sozialen Kontakten im Ausland ist der Anteil mit konkreten Weiterwanderungsplänen noch geringer. Dies unterstreicht den hypothetischen Charakter der Migrationsabsichten, die wir in den TRANSMIT-Befragungen messen konnten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Gundacker, Lidwina ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Logistification and Hyper-Precarity at the Intersection of Migration and Pandemic Governance: Refugees in the Turkish Labour Market (2022)

    Nimer, Maissam ; Rottmann, Susan Beth ;

    Zitatform

    Nimer, Maissam & Susan Beth Rottmann (2022): Logistification and Hyper-Precarity at the Intersection of Migration and Pandemic Governance: Refugees in the Turkish Labour Market. In: Journal of Refugee Studies, Jg. 35, H. 1, S. 122-138. DOI:10.1093/jrs/feab076

    Abstract

    "This article analyses the governance of migration and the Covid-19 pandemic on precarious Syrian refugees in Istanbul. Drawing from a review of state policies and interviews with refugees before and after the pandemic, we argue that the intersecting governance of migration and the pandemic compounded inequalities. While refugees initially lost their employment without notice in lockdown periods, their partial lifting revealed unequal expectations towards their labour, as they were reincorporated within even more hyper-precarious labour relations. Unlike citizens who were somewhat protected by the state, refugees were under the limited care of international funders and subject to the whims of the market. Pandemic governance resulted in increased hyper-precarity and the need to rely on individual coping mechanisms for refugees. This research shows how shifting inclusion and exclusion shapes refugees' hyper-precarity related to Covid-19 governance, transforming Syrians into ‘market buffers’ to prevent or delay bankruptcies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    How the different policies and school systems affect the inclusion of Syrian refugee children in Sweden, Germany, Greece, Lebanon and Turkey (2019)

    Crul, Maurice ; Lelie, Frans ; Keskiner, Elif ; Schneider, Jens ; Shuayb, Maha ; Biner, Özge ; Bunar, Nihad ; Kokkali, Ifigenia;

    Zitatform

    Crul, Maurice, Frans Lelie, Özge Biner, Nihad Bunar, Elif Keskiner, Ifigenia Kokkali, Jens Schneider & Maha Shuayb (2019): How the different policies and school systems affect the inclusion of Syrian refugee children in Sweden, Germany, Greece, Lebanon and Turkey. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 7, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1186/s40878-018-0110-6

    Abstract

    "Since the war in Syria started in 2011, many children left their war-torn country, alone or together with their families, and fled to neighboring countries in the Middle East, to Turkey or to Europe. This article will compare how Syrian refugee children are included - or not - in school systems both in Europe (Sweden, Germany and Greece) and outside Europe (Turkey and Lebanon). These five countries represent very different ways of receiving children in their educational system. We will compare national institutional arrangements like access to compulsory school, access after compulsory school age, welcome or immersion classes, second language education and tracking mechanisms. Including children as soon as possible in regular classes seems to provide the best chances for school success, whereas educating refugee children in a segregated parallel school system for extended periods often results in early school leaving or not attending school at all." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The 'Great Migration' of summer 2015: analysing the assemblage of key drivers in Turkey (2019)

    Düvell, Franck ;

    Zitatform

    Düvell, Franck (2019): The 'Great Migration' of summer 2015. Analysing the assemblage of key drivers in Turkey. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 12, S. 2227-2240. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1468385

    Abstract

    "By 2015, approximately 2.8 million refugees had arrived in Turkey: approximately 2.5 million from Syria and about 300,000 from other countries. By the end of the year, an estimated 850,000 had moved on to Greece and from there on to other E.U. countries. This onward flow represents a sudden change from 2014 when only 51,000 people exited Turkey for the E.U. This article investigates events in Turkey in 2015 in order to explain these processes. The theoretical framework analyses the interplay of what I describe as secondary root causes for flight. It examines conditions in Turkey as first country of arrival and considers the migration infrastructure as well as political opportunities and constraints. This paper is based on findings from two research projects conducted in 2014 and 2015 which included qualitative interviews with refugees and stakeholders, as well as field observations. It considers the main patterns emerging during this period of both inward and secondary migration, as well as changes over time from 2014 to 2016." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Two and a half million Syrian refugees, skill mix and capital intensity (2018)

    Akgündüz, Yusuf Emre ; Torun, Huzeyfe;

    Zitatform

    Akgündüz, Yusuf Emre & Huzeyfe Torun (2018): Two and a half million Syrian refugees, skill mix and capital intensity. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 186), Maastricht, 27 S.

    Abstract

    "We investigate how the rapid increase in the low-skilled labor supply induced by the inflow of 2.5 million Syrian refugees changed the tasks performed by native workers and the amount of capital used by firms in Turkey. Despite the unexpected nature of the refugee inflow, location choice of the refugees may be endogenous to the labor market opportunities of hosting regions. To handle this endogeneity issue, we use an instrument for the refugee intensity based on the distance of Turkish regions to the Syrian ones. The results based on Labor Force Survey suggest that the inflow of refugees increased natives' task complexity, reducing the intensity of manual tasks, and raising the intensity of abstract, routine and ICT tasks. This effect is particularly strong for natives with medium level of education. Exploiting the administrative firm data that contains the entirety of firms in the country, we find that the firms reduced their fixed assets. The fixed asset reduction is largest in machinery and equipment, which can be interpreted as a decline in the capital intensity of production. We conclude that tasks provided by Syrian refugees are substitutes for natives' manual tasks and firms' capital, and complementary to natives' more complex tasks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The economic impact of Syrian refugees on host countries: quasi-experimental evidence from Turkey (2016)

    Tumen, Semih ;

    Zitatform

    Tumen, Semih (2016): The economic impact of Syrian refugees on host countries. Quasi-experimental evidence from Turkey. In: The American economic review, Jg. 106, H. 5, S. 456-460. DOI:10.1257/aer.p20161065

    Abstract

    "The Syrian Conflict generated forced immigration from northern Syria to southeastern Turkey. Arrival of refugees resembles a natural experiment, which offers good opportunities to study the economic impact of immigration. I study three main outcomes: labor markets, consumer prices, and housing rents. I document moderate employment losses among native informal workers, which suggests that they are partly substituted by refugees. Prices of the items produced in informal labor intensive sectors declined due to labor cost advantages generated by refugee inflows. Finally, refugee inflows increased the rents of higher quality housing units, while there is no effect on lower quality units." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The impact of Syrian refugees on natives' labor market outcomes in Turkey: evidence from a quasi-experimental design (2015)

    Ceritoglu, Evren; Gurcihan Yunculer, H. Burcu; Torun, Huzeyfe; Tumen, Semih ;

    Zitatform

    Ceritoglu, Evren, H. Burcu Gurcihan Yunculer, Huzeyfe Torun & Semih Tumen (2015): The impact of Syrian refugees on natives' labor market outcomes in Turkey. Evidence from a quasi-experimental design. (IZA discussion paper 9348), Bonn, 47 S.

    Abstract

    "Civil war in Syria, which started in March 2011, has led to a massive wave of forced immigration from the Northern Syria to the South-eastern regions of Turkey. This paper exploits this natural experiment to estimate the impact of Syrian refugees on the labor market outcomes of natives in Turkey. Using a difference-in-differences strategy, we find that immigration has considerably affected the employment outcomes of natives, while its impact on wage outcomes has been negligible. We document notable employment losses among informal workers as a consequence of refugee inflows. The majority of those who lost their informal jobs have either left the labor force or remained unemployed. Overall, unemployment rates have increased, while labor force participation, informal employment, and job finding rates have declined among natives. Disadvantaged groups - i.e., females, younger workers, and less-educated workers - have been affected the worst. The prevalence of informal employment in the Turkish labor markets has amplified the negative impact of Syrian refugee inflows on natives' labor market outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The impact of Syrians refugees on the Turkish labor market (2015)

    Del Carpio, Ximena V.; Wagner, Mathis;

    Zitatform

    Del Carpio, Ximena V. & Mathis Wagner (2015): The impact of Syrians refugees on the Turkish labor market. (Policy research working paper 7402), Washington, DC, 32 S.

    Abstract

    "Civil war in Syria has resulted in more than four million refugees fleeing the country, of which 1.8 million have found refuge in Turkey, making it the largest refugee hosting country worldwide. This paper combines newly available data on the 2014 distribution of Syrian refugees across subregions of Turkey with the Turkish Labour Force Survey, to assess the impact on Turkish labor market conditions. Using a novel instrument, the analysis finds that the refugees, who overwhelmingly do not have work permits, result in the large-scale displacement of informal, low-educated, female Turkish workers, especially in agriculture. While there is net displacement, the inflow of refugees also creates higher-wage formal jobs, allowing for occupational upgrading of Turkish workers. Average Turkish wages have increased primarily as the composition of the employed has changed because of the inflow of refugees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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