Fluchtmigrantinnen und -migranten – Bildung und Arbeitsmarkt
Auf der Flucht vor Krieg und politischer Verfolgung verlassen viele Menschen ihr Heimatland und suchen Schutz und neue Perspektiven in Deutschland und beantragen Asyl. Die Beteiligung am Arbeitsmarkt wird häufig als Schlüssel für die gesellschaftliche Integration der Fluchtmigrantinnen und -migranten gesehen.
Welche Qualifikationen bringen die Menschen mit, welche arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen sind hilfreich? Wie gehen die einzelnen Bundesländer damit um, welche Auswirkungen auf die deutsche Wirtschaft und die Sozialsysteme sind zu erwarten, wie sieht die Situation in anderen Ländern aus?
Dieses Themendossier stellt wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zum Thema zusammen und ermöglicht den Zugang zu weiterführenden Informationen sowie zu Positionen der politischen Akteure.
Literatur zur besonderen Situation der Geflüchteten aus der Ukraine finden Sie im
Themendossier Auswirkungen des Krieges gegen die Ukraine auf Wirtschaft, Arbeitsmarkt und Fluchtmigration in Deutschland
- Literatur und Forschung aus dem IAB
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Zur Situation in Deutschland
- Positionen und Stellungnahmen
- zur Rechtslage
- Bildungstand und -förderung / Anerkennung von Qualifikation
- betriebliche Berufsausbildung/Berufsorientierung
- Studium
- Arbeitsmarktintegration, Maßnahmen und Programme
- Betriebe und Wirtschaftsbereiche
- Beschäftigungsformen
- Erwerbstätigkeit und Arbeitslosigkeit
- Geflüchtete im SGB II
- Löhne
- Arbeitsmarkteffekte der Flüchtlingszuwanderung
- Regionale Aspekte, Wohnsitzauflage
- Rückwanderung
- Daten und Statistik
- Quellen mit Unterscheidung nach Herkunftsregion
- Quellen mit Geschlechtsbezug
- Quellen mit Altersbezug
- Quellen mit regionalem Bezug
- Zur Situation in anderen Ländern
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Literaturhinweis
Welfare Benefit Generosity and Refugee Integration (2024)
Zitatform
Arendt, Jacob Nielsen (2024): Welfare Benefit Generosity and Refugee Integration. In: International migration review, Jg. 58, H. 2, S. 706-733. DOI:10.1177/01979183231160713
Abstract
"This study examines how welfare benefit generosity impacts refugees' integration into their new country. The effects of welfare benefit generosity are identified from a policy reform that reduced welfare benefits, first for newly arrived refugees, and second for those who had been in the country for at least 10 months. The results suggest that refugees respond quickly to the benefit reduction, but men and women react on different margins. Male refugees enter employment faster when they experience a benefit reduction, whereas no effect on the labor market is found for female refugees. Even though some men succeed in finding a job, both men and women experience a drop in disposable income of 20 percent. This seems to adversely affect women as they seek more health care, are more often hospitalized, and are more often charged with property crimes. No such unintended effects are found for men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Trade-offs between work-first and language-first strategies for refugees (2023)
Zitatform
Arendt, Jacob Nielsen & Iben Bolvig (2023): Trade-offs between work-first and language-first strategies for refugees. In: Economics of Education Review, Jg. 92. DOI:10.1016/j.econedurev.2022.102353
Abstract
"This study investigates how local integration strategies that prioritize a work-first approach affect refugee's participation in language courses and their medium run labor market outcomes. We utilize a gradual rollout of the work-first approach (on-the-job training within the first year after arrival) combined with a dispersal policy of refugees across municipalities in Denmark. We find that being placed in municipalities emphasizing the work-first approach is positively associated with later employment and earnings but show that the associations are temporary. A higher local propensity to use the work-first approach is negatively related to time spent in language courses, level of courses completed and the grade point average for language course exam attendees. We discuss whether the reduced language course attendance could be an explanation of the lack of a persistent labor market effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Permanent Residency and Refugee Immigrants' Skill Investment (2023)
Zitatform
Arendt, Jacob Nielsen, Christian Dustmann & Hyejin Ku (2023): Permanent Residency and Refugee Immigrants' Skill Investment. (CESifo working paper 10579), München, 46 S.
Abstract
"We analyze an immigration reform in Denmark that tightened refugee immigrants' eligibility criteria for permanent residency to incentivize their labor market attachment and acquisition of local language skills. Contrary to what the reform intended, the overall employment of those affected decreased while their average language proficiency remained largely unchanged. This was caused by a disincentive effect, where individuals with low pre-reform labor market performance reduced their labor supply. Our findings suggest that stricter permanent residency rules, rather than incentivizing refugees' skill investment, may decrease the efforts of those who believe they cannot meet the new requirements." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Refugee Benefit Cuts (2023)
Dustmann, Christian; Landersø, Rasmus; Andersen, Lars Højsgaard;Zitatform
Dustmann, Christian, Rasmus Landersø & Lars Højsgaard Andersen (2023): Refugee Benefit Cuts. (CESifo working paper 10386), München, 89 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyzes the effects of Denmark's Start Aid welfare reform that targets refugees. Implemented in 2002, it enables us to study not only the reform's immediate effects, but also its longer-term consequences, and its repeal a decade later. The reform-induced large transfer cuts led to an increase in employment rates, but only in the short run. Overall, the reform increased poverty rates and led to a rise in subsistence crime. Moreover, local demand conditions generate substantial heterogeneity in the reform's effects on immediate and longer-term employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Access to language training and the local integration of refugees (2023)
Zitatform
Foged, Mette & Cynthia van der Werf (2023): Access to language training and the local integration of refugees. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 84. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102366
Abstract
"This paper examines whether language classes raise refugees’ language proficiency and improve their socioeconomic integration. Our identification strategy leverages the opening, closing, and gradual expansion of local language training centers in Denmark, as well as the quasi-random assignment of the refugees to locations with varying proximity to a language training center. First, we show that refugees’ distance from the assigned language training center is as good as random conditional on initial placement. Second, we show that a one-hour decrease in commuting time increases the total hours of class attended by 46 to 71 hours. Third, we use this novel identification strategy to show that 100 additional hours of language class increases fluency in the Danish language by 8–9 percent, post-language training human capital acquisition by 11–13 percent and improve the integration of the refugees in the communities where they were initially placed, as measured by the lower exit rates from those same communities and an almost 70 percent reduction in mobility to the largest, most immigrant-dense cities in Denmark" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Which employers have refugee employees - And which do not? Employer typologies developed through hierarchical cluster analyses (2023)
Zitatform
Ravn, Rasmus Lind (2023): Which employers have refugee employees - And which do not? Employer typologies developed through hierarchical cluster analyses. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 57, H. 1, S. 67-86. DOI:10.1111/spol.12873
Abstract
"Employers can be regarded as gatekeepers of jobs. They decide how to post vacancies, whom to recruit and whom to dismiss. In recent years, a growing body of research has highlighted the crucial role of employers in relation to labour market participation of disadvantaged groups. This article contributes to this research by exploring which types of employers have refugee employees—and which do not. We develop the typologies through hierarchical cluster analyses using a nationally representative survey of Danish workplaces. We find that the employers who have experiences with having refugee employees can be grouped into three based on their attitudes and preconceptions; knights, knaves and squires. Likewise, employers who have never had refugee employees can also be divided into three groups; aspiring knights, knights of fortune, and commoners. The groups differ in their attitudes and motivations for (not) having refugee employees. Our main contribution to the literature is the development of new nuanced employer typologies, and the finding that employers differ in their motivations for having, or not having, refugee employees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Refugee Migration and the Labor Market: Lessons from 40 Years of Post-arrival Policies in Denmark (2022)
Zitatform
Arendt, Jacob Nielsen, Christian Dustmann & Hyejin Ku (2022): Refugee Migration and the Labor Market: Lessons from 40 Years of Post-arrival Policies in Denmark. In: Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Jg. 38, H. 3, S. 531-556. DOI:10.1093/oxrep/grac021
Abstract
"Denmark has accepted refugees from a large variety of countries and for more than four decades. Denmark has also frequently changed policies and regulations concerning integration programmes, transfer payments, and conditions for permanent residency. Such policy variation in conjunction with excellent administrative data provides an ideal laboratory to evaluate the effects of different immigration and integration policies on the outcomes of refugee immigrants. In this article, we first describe the Danish experience with refugee immigration over the past four decades. We then review different post-arrival refugee policies and summarize studies that evaluate their effects on the labour market performance of refugees. Lastly, we discuss and contrast these findings in the context of international studies of similar policies and draw conclusions for policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Integrating Refugees by Addressing Labor Shortages? A Policy Evaluation (2022)
Zitatform
Foged, Mette, Janis Kreuder & Giovanni Peri (2022): Integrating Refugees by Addressing Labor Shortages? A Policy Evaluation. (NBER working paper 29781), Cambridge, Mass, 19 S. DOI:10.3386/w29781
Abstract
"We evaluate the effect on newly arrived refugees' employment of a policy, introduced in Denmark in 2013, that matched refugees to occupations with local labor shortages after basic training for those jobs. Leveraging the staggered roll-out across municipalities, we find that the policy increased employment by 5-6 percentage points one year after arrival and 10 percentage points two years after. The policy was especially effective for male refugees and refugees with some secondary education. The findings suggest that this type of policy could alleviate long-term labor shortages and integrate low-skilled immigrants, while having minimal competition effects on natives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labour market marginalisation in young refugees and their majority peers in Denmark and Sweden: The role of common mental disorders and secondary school completion (2022)
de Montgomery, Christopher Jamil ; Mittendorfer-Rutz, Ellenor; Björkenstam, Emma; Klimek, Peter; Berg, Lisa; Krasnik, Allan; Hjern, Anders; Petersen, Jørgen Holm ; Sijbrandij, Marit; Norredam, Marie;Zitatform
de Montgomery, Christopher Jamil, Marie Norredam, Allan Krasnik, Jørgen Holm Petersen, Emma Björkenstam, Lisa Berg, Anders Hjern, Marit Sijbrandij, Peter Klimek & Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz (2022): Labour market marginalisation in young refugees and their majority peers in Denmark and Sweden: The role of common mental disorders and secondary school completion. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 17, H. 2. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0263450
Abstract
"Due to the circumstances of their early lives, young refugees are at risk of experiencing adverse labour market and health outcomes. The post-settlement environment is thought to play a decisive role in determining how this vulnerability plays out. This study compared trends in labour market marginalisation in young refugees and their majority peers during early adulthood in two national contexts, Denmark and Sweden, and explored the mediating role of common mental disorders and secondary school completions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Language Training and Refugees' Integration (2021)
Zitatform
Arendt, Jacob Nielsen, Iben Bolvig, Mette Foged, Linea Hasager & Giovanni Peri (2021): Language Training and Refugees' Integration. (IZA discussion paper 14145), Bonn, 69 S.
Abstract
"We evaluate a Danish reform focused on improving Danish language training for those granted refugee status on or after January 1, 1999. Using a Regression Discontinuity Design we find a significant, permanent, positive effect on earnings. This effect emerged after completion of language classes and was accompanied by additional schooling and higher probability of working in communication-intensive jobs, suggesting that language training, rather than other minor aspects of the reform, produced it. We also find evidence of higher completion rates of lower secondary school and lower probability of crime for male children with both parents exposed to the reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor Market Effects of a Work-first Policy for Refugees (2020)
Zitatform
Arendt, Jacob Nielsen (2020): Labor Market Effects of a Work-first Policy for Refugees. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 662), Essen, 45 S.
Abstract
"This study estimates the labor market effects of a work-first policy that aimed at speeding up the labor market integration of refugees. The policy added new requirements for refugees to actively search for jobs and to participate in on-the-job training immediately upon arrival in the host country. The requirements were added to an existing policy that emphasizes human capital investments in language training. The results show that the work-first policy speeded up the entry into regular jobs for males, but that they find work in precarious jobs with few hours. The long-run effects are uncertain since the policy crowds out language investments but raises enrollment in education. The policy had no or very small effects for women, which is partly explained by a lower treatment intensity for women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Housing policy and employment outcomes for refugees (2019)
Zitatform
Bevelander, Pieter, Fernando Mata & Ravi Pendakur (2019): Housing policy and employment outcomes for refugees. In: International Migration, Jg. 57, H. 3, S. 134-154. DOI:10.1111/imig.12569
Abstract
"With the rise of refugee flows in both Europe and North America, resettlement policies and programmes aimed at enhancing the integration of refugees have come to the fore. The goal of this article is to look at the impact of asylum reception policies on longer term integration. Internationally such policies can range from placing asylum seekers in reception centres (the Netherlands) to dispersal policies aimed at locating asylum seekers in smaller centres (Denmark) to an open system such as Canada in which asylum seekers are pushed into the free market as soon as they are processed. Our study explores this issue through the analysis of a unique policy in Sweden allowing us to focus on the housing choice made by asylum seekers arriving at the border." (Text excerpt, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How do OECD countries compare in their attractiveness for talented migrants? (2019)
Zitatform
OECD (2019): How do OECD countries compare in their attractiveness for talented migrants? (Migration policy debates 19), Paris, 8 S.
Abstract
"Talented and skilled individuals have a key role to play in countries' future prosperity. They hold jobs that are key for innovation and technological progress and ultimately contribute to stronger economic growth with other employment opportunities and better living conditions for all. OECD countries increasingly compete to attract and retain talented workers notably by adopting more favourable migration policies for the best and the brightest. This competition has led to a convergence of policy frameworks but significant differences in policies and practices remain. Beyond conditions for migration, many other factors contribute to shape countries' attractiveness for foreign talent.
This issue of Migration Policy Debates presents the results of the first edition of the OECD Indicators of Talent Attractiveness, developed by the OECD with support from the Bertelsmann Stiftung. The OECD Indicators of Talent Attractiveness (ITA) measure for the first time the relative attractiveness of countries from a multidimensional perspective focusing on three types of talented migrants: highly skilled workers at master/PhD level, international students in tertiary education and foreign entrepreneurs. This aims at better understanding and comparing strengths and weaknesses of different OECD countries and can help elaborating public policies that are more effective." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Scandinavian exceptionalism?: Civic integration and labour market activation for newly arrived immigrants (2017)
Breidahl, Karen N.;Zitatform
Breidahl, Karen N. (2017): Scandinavian exceptionalism? Civic integration and labour market activation for newly arrived immigrants. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 5, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1186/s40878-016-0045-8
Abstract
"Since the late 1990s, a wide range of so-called new civic integration policies aimed at civilizing or disciplining newcomers have been introduced. Consequently, migration scholars have discussed whether a converging restrictive 'civic turn' has taken place in Western Europe or whether national models have been resilient: Based on an in-depth historical and comparative analysis of labour market activation policies targeting newly arrived immigrants in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark since the early 1990s, the article contributes to the overall question: To what extent do the institutional pathways of the Scandinavian welfare states prevail when confronted with newcomers? Activation policies targeting newly arrived immigrants exemplifies how the ambition of states to promote functional, individual autonomy is also an important, ongoing process in diverse policy areas of the welfare state and not restricted to early integration instruments.
While the Scandinavian welfare states differ on a number of counts with respect to immigration control, national integration philosophies and citizenship policies, the article outlines how activation policies aimed at newly arrived immigrants share several features. One of the key factors in this turn involves path dependency from, among others, a lengthy tradition for strong state involvement and norms about employment. Another factor in this turn involves transnational policy learning. On some points, national versions of these policies are also found due to country-specific citizenship traditions, integration philosophies and party political constellations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
A 'civic turn' in Scandinavian family migration policies?: Comparing Denmark, Norway and Sweden (2017)
Zitatform
Cochran Bech, Emily, Karin Borevi & Per Mouritsen (2017): A 'civic turn' in Scandinavian family migration policies? Comparing Denmark, Norway and Sweden. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 5, S. 1-24. DOI:10.1186/s40878-016-0046-7
Abstract
"Family migration policy, once basing citizens and resident foreigners' possibilities to bring in foreign family members mainly on the right to family life, is increasingly a tool states use to limit immigration and to push newcomers to integrate into civic and economic life. The family migration policies of Denmark, Norway and Sweden range widely - from more minimal support and age requirements to high expectations of language skills, work records and even income levels. While in Denmark and increasingly in Norway growing sets of requirements have been justified on the need to protect the welfare state and a Nordic liberal way of life, in Sweden more minimal requirements have been introduced in the name of spurring immigrants' labor market integration even as rights-based reasoning has continued to dominate. In all three countries, new restrictions have been introduced in the wake of the refugee crisis. These cases show how prioritizations of the right to family life vis-à-vis welfare-state sustainability have produced different rules for family entry, and how family migration policies are used to different extents to push civic integration of both new and already settled immigrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labour market integration of refugees: a comparative survey of Bosnians in five EU countries (2016)
Zitatform
Barslund, Mikkel, Matthias Busse, Karolien Lenaerts, Lars Ludolph & Vilde Renman (2016): Labour market integration of refugees. A comparative survey of Bosnians in five EU countries. (CEPS special report 155), Brüssel, 27 S.
Abstract
"This study traces the integration experience of Bosnian refugees from the Balkan wars with the aim of drawing lessons for the current wave of refugees entering Europe. Integration is a slow-moving process. Looking closely at Bosnian refugees enables us to see past immediate integration outcomes and take a longer-term view. Another consideration in the design of this study is that there is significant overlap among the countries affected by the two refugee crises. Austria, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden all saw a large absolute and relative influx of refugees in both 2015 and in the years between 1992 and 1995, when the largest share of Bosnians arrived in Western Europe. The study carries out an in-depth examination of their labour market integration in those five countries.
This research was funded by the Mercator Foundation in the context of the MEDAM Project (Mercator Dialogue on Asylum and Migration)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Refugee migration - a crisis for the Nordic model? (2016)
Djuve, Anne Britt;Zitatform
Djuve, Anne Britt (2016): Refugee migration - a crisis for the Nordic model? Berlin, 15 S.
Abstract
"- The influx of refugees was subject of particular attention also in the Nordic countries. Issues that were especially discussed involved consequences for the individual welfare states as well as effects on the Nordic model in general. Here, a joint discussion between the Nordics about strategies and measures is required urgently.
-?? The Nordic model's conditions include a combination of a comprehensive welfare state, collective bargaining, labor market regulation and free market capitalism. These pillars are mutually dependent and are based on high employment rates and universal welfare provision. Even given a successful (labor market) integration of the recently arrived, considerable costs will arise. The Nordic welfare states are though able to successfully meet these challenges.
-?? In order to achieve a positive labor market integration (what in turn is required for the functioning of the Nordic model), measures addressing the mismatch of competences, discrimination and the growing competition especially in the low-wage sector have to be developed. For a successful and sustainable integration, the only reasonable alternative would be offering qualification programs for refugees enabling them to enter the labor market. Only paying for their social integration outside the labor market or reducing general labor costs on the employer side would not reach far enough and also threaten the Nordic model in the end.
-?? The challenge to integrate newly arrived refugees both in the society and in the labor market by clearing competence mismatches can also help to develop general education policies. Also, the current refugee-situation may contribute to a strengthened cooperation between the Nordics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Approaches to the labour market integration of refugees and asylum seekers (2016)
Fóti, Klára; Fromm, Andrea;Zitatform
Fóti, Klára & Andrea Fromm (2016): Approaches to the labour market integration of refugees and asylum seekers. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 54 S. DOI:10.2806/18416
Abstract
"This report expands on existing research on the labour market integration of refugees and asylum seekers as a response to the refugee crisis. It updates information on legislation and practical arrangements in the first half of 2016, examines labour market integration in the broader context of receiving asylum seekers and supporting both them and refugees, and explores the role of the social partners. The study finds that the main countries affected made many efforts to provide faster and easier access to their labour markets for asylum seekers. In some, the social partners have been active in designing more effective labour market integration policies and have launched some promising initiatives. The sudden and large inflow of asylum seekers, however, posed many challenges, and it remains to be seen how those obstacles can be overcome." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Executive Summary -
Literaturhinweis
Labour market integration of refugees: strategies and good practices (2016)
Konle-Seidl, Regina; Bolits, Georg;Zitatform
Konle-Seidl, Regina (2016): Labour market integration of refugees. Strategies and good practices. Brüssel, 55 S.
Abstract
"This Policy Department A study provides the Employment and Social Affairs Committee with an analytical review of literature to identify key elements of a strategy for labour market integration of refugees. Strategies and policies are illustrated by examples and good practices from various Member States based upon evidence or expert assessment. The study finds a high degree of international consensus on key elements for a successful integration strategy taking up lessons from the past and research findings. However, a number of challenges for research and policy remain." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Konle-Seidl, Regina; -
Literaturhinweis
Arbeitsintegration von Flüchtlingen - Determinanten und Erfahrungen in europäischen Ländern (2016)
Konle-Seidl, Regina;Zitatform
Konle-Seidl, Regina (2016): Arbeitsintegration von Flüchtlingen - Determinanten und Erfahrungen in europäischen Ländern. In: Wirtschaftspolitische Blätter, Jg. 63, H. 3, S. 607-621.
Abstract
"Der Beitrag geht auf wesentliche Determinanten der Arbeitsintegration von Fluchtmigranten ein, zeigt noch bestehende rechtliche Hürden des Arbeitsmarktzugangs auf und diskutiert arbeits-und integrationsfördernde Unterstützungsmaßnahmen vor dem Hintergrund der bisherigen Erfahrungen mit der Integration von Flüchtlingen in Europa." (Autorenreferat, © MANZ Verlag, Wien)
Der Beitrag ist eine gekürzte und aktualisierte Fassung einer Studie zur Arbeitsintegration von Flüchtlingen, die Frau Konle-Seidl für das Europäische Parlament verfasst hat.Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Konle-Seidl, Regina;Weiterführende Informationen
Langfassung der Studie "Labour market integration of refugees"
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Literatur und Forschung aus dem IAB
-
Zur Situation in Deutschland
- Positionen und Stellungnahmen
- zur Rechtslage
- Bildungstand und -förderung / Anerkennung von Qualifikation
- betriebliche Berufsausbildung/Berufsorientierung
- Studium
- Arbeitsmarktintegration, Maßnahmen und Programme
- Betriebe und Wirtschaftsbereiche
- Beschäftigungsformen
- Erwerbstätigkeit und Arbeitslosigkeit
- Geflüchtete im SGB II
- Löhne
- Arbeitsmarkteffekte der Flüchtlingszuwanderung
- Regionale Aspekte, Wohnsitzauflage
- Rückwanderung
- Daten und Statistik
- Quellen mit Unterscheidung nach Herkunftsregion
- Quellen mit Geschlechtsbezug
- Quellen mit Altersbezug
- Quellen mit regionalem Bezug
- Zur Situation in anderen Ländern