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OECD (2019): International migration outlook 2019. (International migration outlook 43), Paris, 407 S. DOI:10.1787/c3e35eec-en

Abstract

"This report looks at ways to improve the resilience of systems to deal with the unexpected arrival of large inflows of refugees and other vulnerable migrants. It begins with an overview of the recent flows of migrants seeking protection, discusses the expected economic impact of these flows, and notes what has been an unprecedented multilateral response. It then examines the process of integrating refugees and other vulnerable migrants, in terms of their economic and social outcomes, as well as specific factors of vulnerability. It also provides a comprehensive assessment of the transition policies in place to support their livelihood in destination and transit countries, as well as in origin countries upon return. Finally, the report tackles issues of anticipation, monitoring and reacting, examining the role of early warning mechanisms and the challenge of improving information so as to better monitor integration outcomes and frame policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Abel, Guy J. (2018): Estimates of global bilateral migration flows by gender between 1960 and 2015. In: International migration review, Jg. 52, H. 3, S. 809-852. DOI:10.1177/0197918318781842

Abstract

"An indirect estimation method is used to derive country to country migration flows from changes in global bilateral stock data. Estimates are obtained over five- and 10-year periods between 1960 and 2015 by gender, providing a comprehensive picture of past migration patterns. The estimated total of global international migrant flows generally increases over the 55-year time frame. The global rate of migration over five- and 10-year periods fluctuate at around 0.65 and 1.25 percent of the population, respectively. The sensitivity of estimates to alternative input stock and demographic data are explored." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Adamuti-Trache, Maria, Paul Anisef & Robert Sweet (2018): Differences in language proficiency and learning strategies among immigrant women to Canada. In: Journal of language, identity and education, Jg. 17, H. 1, S. 16-33. DOI:10.1080/15348458.2017.1390433

Abstract

"Immigrant women to Canada face unique challenges in gaining mastery of English or French, the country's two official languages. The study focuses on differences among women with respect to pre-migration and post-migration characteristics that position them differently with respect to language learning in the social contexts where they assert their immigrant identity. This study examines issues in language acquisition among adult immigrant women and their strategies to improve language skills within four years of arrival, using nationally representative data from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada (LSIC). The study shows that older women, less educated women, and some immigration class groups (i.e., spouse/dependents, family class, refugees) have lower language proficiency at arrival and less chances to improve. Since immigrant women represent a heterogeneous group in terms of pre-migration language skills and access to language learning, adequate language learning support is required to facilitate their effective integration in the Canadian society." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ala-Mantila, Minna & Fenella Fleischmann (2018): Gender differences in labour market integration trajectories of recently arrived migrants in the Netherlands. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 44, H. 11, S. 1818-1840. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1382340

Abstract

"This study investigates gender differences in recently arrived migrants' labour market activity and occupational status both shortly after arrival and with increasing length of stay. We examine the role of education, household composition and traditional gender role values by estimating multi-group multilevel models based on three waves of the New Immigrants to the Netherlands Survey. In line with findings regarding gender gaps in labour market behaviour, recent female migrants are less active on labour market than their male counterparts, and we observe a clear motherhood penalty and fatherhood premium on the number of hours worked. Men and women show only marginal differences in their occupational statuses. Changes over time do not differ between men and women, indicating persistent gender inequality in labour market attainment. Moreover, interesting differences between the nationalities were found. Polish migrants show the highest activity levels and lowest occupational status, also when compared to Bulgarians. Spanish migrants hold the highest occupational statuses. Recent Turkish migrants seem to be better integrated and show fewer gender differences than the more established Turkish minority in the Netherlands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Amior, Michael (2018): The contribution of foreign migration to local labor market adjustment. (CEP discussion paper 1582), London, 86 S.

Abstract

"The US suffers from large regional disparities in employment rates which have persisted for many decades. It has been argued that foreign migration offers a remedy: it 'greases the wheels' of the labor market by accelerating the adjustment of local population. Remarkably, I find that new migrants account for 30 to 60 percent of the average population response to local demand shocks since 1960. However, population growth is not significantly more responsive in locations better supplied by new migrants: the larger foreign contribution is almost entirely offset by a reduced contribution from internal mobility. This is fundamentally a story of 'crowding out': I estimate that new foreign migrants to a commuting zone crowd out existing US residents one-for-one. The magnitude of this effect is puzzling, and it may be somewhat overstated by undercoverage of migrants in the census. Nevertheless, it appears to conflict with much of the existing literature, and I attempt to explain why. Methodologically, I offer tools to identify the local impact of immigration in the context of local dynamics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina & Mary J. Lopez (2018): Impeding or accelerating assimilation? Immigration enforcement and its impact on naturalization patterns. (CReAM discussion paper 2018,14), London, 56 S.

Abstract

"Naturalization bestows economic benefits to immigrants, their families and communities through greater access to employment opportunities, higher earnings, and homeownership. It is the cornerstone of immigrant assimilation in the United States. Yet, less than 800,000 of the estimated 8.8 million legal permanent residents eligible to naturalize do so on a yearly basis. Using data from the 2008-2016 American Community Survey, we analyze how the expansion of interior U.S. immigration enforcement affects naturalization patterns. We find that the intensification of interior enforcement increases migrants' propensity to naturalize and accelerates their naturalization, possibly in response to increased uncertainty about future immigration policy. Yet, the impacts are highly heterogeneous. For eligible-to-naturalize immigrants living in mixed-status households - households with at least one unauthorized member, we find the opposite effects. Intensified enforcement makes them less likely to naturalize or to delay their status adjustment, possibly to avoid any contact with immigration officials. Understanding how immigration policy influences naturalization decisions is important given the benefits to naturalization and the potential to counter the adverse impacts of tougher enforcement on the 16 million individuals, many of them U.S. citizens, residing in mixed-status households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ansala, Laura, Olof Åslund & Matti Sarvimäki (2018): Immigration history, entry jobs, and the labor market integration of immigrants. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2018,20), Uppsala, 50 S.

Abstract

"We examine how immigrants enter the labor market and whether their integration process varies by host country's immigration history. We focus on two countries - Finland and Sweden - that have similar formal institutions, but differ vastly in their past immigration experience. Nevertheless, in both countries, immigrants tend to find their first jobs in low-paying establishments where the manager and colleagues often share their ethnic background. Time to entry and entry job characteristics vary widely by region of origin. Furthermore, entry job characteristics predict earnings dynamics and job stability. The patterns and associations are remarkably similar in Finland and Sweden. These findings suggest strong regularities in labor market integration and ethnic segregation that are independent of immigration history and ethnic diversity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Baltagi, Badi H., Ying Deng & Xiangjun Ma (2018): Network effects on labor contracts of internal migrants in China. A spatial autoregressive model. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 55, H. 1, S. 265-296. DOI:10.1007/s00181-017-1333-3

Abstract

"This paper studies the fact that 37% of the internal migrants in China do not sign a labor contract with their employers, as revealed in a nationwide survey. These contract-free jobs pay lower hourly wages, require longer weekly work hours, and provide less insurance or on-the-job training than regular jobs with contracts. We find that the co-villager networks play an important role in a migrant's decision on whether to accept such insecure and irregular jobs. By employing a comprehensive nationwide survey in 2011 in the spatial autoregressive logit model, we show that the common behavior of not signing contracts in the co-villager network increases the probability that a migrant accepts a contract-free job. We provide three possible explanations on how networks influence migrants' contract decisions: job referral mechanism, limited information on contract benefits, and the 'mini-labor union' formed among co-villagers, which substitutes for a formal contract. In the subsample analysis, we also find that the effects are larger for migrants whose jobs were introduced by their co-villagers, male migrants, migrants with rural Hukou, short-term migrants, and less educated migrants. The heterogeneous effects for migrants of different employer types, industries, and home provinces provide policy implications." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Baum, Christopher F., Hans Lööf & Andreas Stephan (2018): Economic impact of STEM immigrant workers. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 257), Maastricht, 22 S.

Abstract

"STEM-focused industries are critical to the innovation-driven economy. As many firms are running short of STEM workers, international immigrants are increasingly recognized as a potential for high-tech job recruitment. This paper studies STEM occupations in Sweden 2011-2015 and tests hypotheses on new recruitment and the economic impact of foreign STEM workers. The empirical analysis shows that the probability that a new employee is a STEM immigrant increases with the share of STEM immigrants already employed, while the marginal effect on average firm wages is positively associated with the share of immigrant STEM workers. We also document heterogeneity in the results, suggesting that European migrants are more attractive for new recruitment, but non-EU migrants have the largest impact on wage determination." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Baysu, Gülseli, Ahu Alanya & Helga AG de Valk (2018): School trajectories of the second generation of Turkish immigrants in Sweden, Belgium, Netherlands, Austria, and Germany. The role of school systems. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 59, H. 5/6, S. 451-479. DOI:10.1177/0020715218818638

Abstract

"In this article, we aim to explain the school careers of the second generation of Turkish immigrants in nine cities in five Western European countries and show the influence of the national school systems ranging from comprehensive to hierarchical tracking structures. We apply sequence analyses, optimal matching, and cluster analyses to define school trajectories complemented with propensity score matching to study the differences between young adults of different origin. Participants were 4516 young adults of Turkish second generation and native origin aged between 18 and 35. Findings show that the school system makes a difference for school careers: (1) in rigid systems with higher differentiation and early tracking, the gap between the second-generation and native school trajectories begins to unfold early in the school career; (2) in the rigid systems, the track in which students enter secondary education determine the routes they take as well as their final outcomes; and (3) more open systems allow for 'second-chance' opportunities for immigrant students to improve their track placement. However, across school systems, second-generation youth follow more often non-academic or short school careers, while native youth follow academic careers. When individual and family background are controlled via propensity score matching, the ethnic gap is explained better in more stratified systems highlighting the important role of family background in more stratified school systems." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bertoli, Simone & Ilse Ruyssen (2018): Networks and migrants' intended destination. In: Journal of economic geography, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 705-728. DOI:10.1093/jeg/lby012

Abstract

"Social networks are known to influence migration decisions, but connections between individuals remain usually unobserved. Surveys conducted by Gallup in 147 countries provide information on migration intentions and on distance-one connections in each destination. The distribution of distance-one connections mirrors the one of migrant stocks, and intentions are informative about actual decisions. The estimation of origin-specific conditional logit models reveals that distance-one connections can alter the ranking of most pairs of destinations. We test the validity of the distributional assumptions that underlie identification and perform extensive robustness checks, thus mitigating the concerns about the threats to identification posed by unobservables." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bia, Michela, Alfonso Flores-Lagunes & Andrea Mercatanti (2018): Evaluation of language training programs in Luxembourg using principal stratification. (GLO discussion paper 289), Maastricht, 46 S.

Abstract

"In a world increasingly globalized, multiple language skills can create more employment opportunities. Several countries include language training programs in active labor market programs for the unemployed. We analyze the effects of a language training program on the re-employment probability and hourly wages of the unemployed simultaneously, using highquality administrative data from Luxembourg. We address selection into training by exploiting the rich administrative information available, and account for the complication that wages are 'truncated' by unemployment by adopting a principal stratification framework. Estimation is undertaken with a mixture model likelihood-based approach. To improve inference, we use the individual's hours worked as a secondary outcome and a stochastic dominance assumption. These two features considerably ameliorate the multimodality problem commonly encountered in mixture models. We also conduct sensitivity analysis to assess the unconfoundedness assumption employed. Our results strongly suggest a positive effect (of up to 12.7 percent) of the language training programs on the re-employment probability, but no effects on wages for those who are observed employed regardless of training participation. It appears that, in the context of an open and multilingual economy, language training improve employability but the language skills acquired are not sufficiently rewarded to be reflected in higher wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Biagi, Bianca, Alessandra Faggian, Isha Rajbhandari & Viktor A. Venhorst (Hrsg.) (2018): New frontiers in interregional migration research. (Advances in spatial science), Cham: Springer London, 252 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-75886-2

Abstract

"This book focuses on the latest advances and challenges in interregional migration research. Given the increase in the availability of 'big data' at a finer spatial scale, the book discusses the resulting new challenges for researchers in interregional migration, especially for regional scientists, and the theoretical and empirical advances that have been made possible. In presenting these findings, it also sheds light on the different migration drivers and patterns in the developed and developing world by comparing different regions around the globe. The book updates and revisits the main academic debates in interregional migration, and presents new emerging lines of investigation and a forward-looking research agenda." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Biavaschi, Constanza, Giovanni Facchini, Anna Maria Mayda & Mariapia Mendola (2018): South-South migration and the labor market. Evidence from South Africa. In: Journal of economic geography, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 823-853. DOI:10.1093/jeg/lby010

Abstract

"Using census data for 1996, 2001 and 2007, we study the labor market effect of immigration to South Africa. We exploit the variation - both at the district and at the national level - in the share of foreign-born male workers across schooling and experience groups over time. In addition, we use an instrumental variable empirical strategy to estimate the causal effect of immigration on the local labor market. At the district level, we show that increased immigration has a negative and significant effect on natives' employment rates but not on total income. At the national level, we find that increased immigration has a negative and significant effect on natives' total income but not on employment rates. Our results are consistent with outflows of natives to other districts as a consequence of migration, as in Borjas (2006)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Birkelund, Gunn E., Edvard N. Larsen & Adrian F. Rogne (2018): Perfect for the job? Overqualification of immigrants and their descendants in the Norwegian labor market (2018). In: Social Inclusion, Jg. 6, H. 3, S. 78-103. DOI:10.17645/si.v6i3.1451

Abstract

"Compared to the majority population, studies have shown that non-western immigrants are more likely to work in jobs for which they are overqualified. These findings are based on coarse measures of jobs, and an important question is how sensitive these findings are to the definition of jobs. By using detailed information from Norwegian register data 2014, we provide a methodological innovation in comparing individuals working in the same occupation, industry, sector, firm, and municipality. In this way, we measure the degree of overqualification among workers within more than 653,000 jobs. We differentiate between immigrants and their descendants originating from Western Europe, the New EU countries, other Western countries, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Africa and Asia (except MENA countries), and South and Central America, and compare their outcomes with the majority population holding the same jobs. We find that immigrants from all country of origin groups are more likely to be overqualified compared to the majority population and to descendants of immigrants. However, the prevalence of overqualification decreases with time since immigration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Borowczyk-Martins, Daniel, Jake Bradley & Linas Tarasonis (2018): Racial discrimination in the U.S. labor market. Employment and wage differentials by skill. In: Labour economics, Jg. 50, H. March, S. 45-66. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2018.02.010

Abstract

"In the U.S. the average black worker has a lower employment rate and earns a lower wage compared to his white counterpart. Lang and Lehmann (2012) argue that black-white wage and employment gaps are smaller for high-skill workers. We show that a model combining employer taste-based discrimination, search frictions and skill complementarities can replicate these regularities, and estimate it using data from the U.S. manufacturing sector. We find that discrimination is quantitatively important to understand differences in wages and job finding rates across workers with low education levels, whereas skill differences are the main driver of those differences among workers with high education levels." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Burzynski, Michal, Frédéric Docquier & Hillel Rapoport (2018): The changing structure of immigration to the OECD. What welfare effects on member countries? (CESifo working paper 6992), München, 38 S.

Abstract

"We investigate the welfare implications of two pre-crisis immigration waves (1991-2000 and 2001-2010) and of the post-crisis wave (2011-2015) for OECD native citizens. To do so, we develop a general equilibrium model that accounts for the main channels of transmission of immigration shocks - the employment and wage effects, the fiscal effect, and the market size effect - and for the interactions between them. We parameterize our model for 20 selected OECD member states. We find that the three waves induce positive effects on the real income of natives, however the size of these gains varies considerably across countries and across skill groups. In relative terms, the post-crisis wave induces smaller welfare gains compared to the previous ones. This is due to the changing origin mix of immigrants, which translates into lower levels of human capital and smaller fiscal gains. However, differences across cohorts explain a tiny fraction of the highly persistent, cross-country heterogeneity in the economic benefits from immigration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Carey, David (2018): Making the most of immigration in Canada. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1520), Paris, 54 S. DOI:10.1787/6813672e-en

Abstract

"Canada's immigration policy aims to promote economic development by selecting immigrants with high levels of human capital, to reunite families and to respond to foreign crises and offer protection to endangered people. Economic-class immigrants, who are selected for their skills, are by far the largest group. The immigration system has been highly successful and is well run. Outcomes are monitored and policies adjusted to ensure that the system's objectives are met. A problematic development, both from the point of view of immigrants' well-being and increasing productivity, is that their initial earnings in Canada relative to the native-born fell sharply in recent decades to levels that are too low to catch up with those of the comparable native-born within immigrants' working lives. Important causes of the fall include weaker official language skills and a decline in returns to pre-immigration labour market experience. Canada has responded by modifying its immigration policy over the years to select immigrants with better earnings prospects, most recently with the introduction in 2015 of the Express Entry system. It has also developed a range of settlement programmes and initiatives to facilitate integration. This chapter looks at options for further adjusting the system to enhance the benefits it generates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Carling, Jørgen & Kerilyn Schewel (2018): Revisiting aspiration and ability in international migration. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 44, H. 6, S. 945-963. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1384146

Abstract

"It is a refreshingly simple thought that migration is the combined result of two factors: the aspiration to migrate and the ability to migrate. Without having to resort to overly structural or individualistic explanations, this analytical distinction helps disentangle complex questions around why some people migrate but others do not. Still, aspiration and ability raise their own thorny theoretical and methodological questions. To begin with, what does it mean to have migration aspirations? How can such concepts be objects of empirical research? And is it meaningful to say that individuals possess the ability to migrate if their preference is to stay? The aspiration/ability model was originally proposed in this journal and has since been diversely applied and adapted. In this article, we look back at more than a decade of research to examine a series of theoretical and empirical developments related to the aspiration/ability model and its extensions. We identify two-step approaches as a class of analytical frameworks that share the basic logic of the aspiration/ability model. Covering expansive theoretical, methodological and empirical ground, we seek to lay a foundation for new research on global migration in its diverse forms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))