Mindestlohn
Seit Inkrafttreten des Mindestlohngesetzes am 1. Januar 2015 gilt ein allgemeingültiger flächendeckender Mindestlohn in Deutschland. Lohnuntergrenzen gibt es in beinahe allen europäischen Staaten und den USA. Die Mindestlohn-Gesetze haben das Ziel, Lohn-Dumping, also die nicht verhältnismäßige Bezahlung von Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmern, zu verhindern.
Dieses Themendossier dokumentiert die Diskussion rund um die Einführung des flächendeckenden Mindestlohns in Deutschland und die Ergebnisse empirischer Forschung der zu flächendeckenden und branchenspezifischen Mindestlöhnen. Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Grundsätzliches zum flächendeckenden Mindestlohn
- Auswirkungen des flächendeckenden Mindestlohns auf
- Auswirkungen des flächendeckenden Mindestlohns auf Personengruppen
- Ausnahmen vom flächendeckenden Mindestlohn u.a. für
- Ausweichreaktionen auf Mindestlöhne in Deutschland
- Bundesländer
- Branchenspezifische Mindestlöhne und deren Auswirkungen auf
- Mindestlohn in anderen Ländern
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Literaturhinweis
Effects of the Minimum Wage (MW) on Income Inequality: Systematic Review and Analysis of the Spanish Case (2024)
Zitatform
Paz Báñez, Manuela A. de, Celia Sánchez-López & María José Asensio-Coto (2024): Effects of the Minimum Wage (MW) on Income Inequality: Systematic Review and Analysis of the Spanish Case. In: Economies, Jg. 12, H. 9. DOI:10.3390/economies12090223
Abstract
"The minimum wage has become a standard measure in the economic and social policies of countries all over the world. The primary objective of this measure is to guarantee that workers receive a minimum wage that allows them to lead a decent life, thereby reducing inequality and poverty. However, studies on the minimum wage have not focused on assessing the effects on these dimensions but only on employment. The objective of this study is to address this research gap by analysing the effects of minimum wage increases on income inequality and poverty. To this end, firstly, a systematic review of the empirical analyses was conducted using the PRISMA methodology, with a view to ensuring that all empirical evidence was available. Secondly, the Spanish case was examined. The significant increase in minimum wage in Spain in 2019 (21.3% in real terms) presents an invaluable opportunity to utilise this event as a natural experiment to generate new evidence. A difference-in-differences approach was employed to assess the impact of this phenomenon in the period 2018-2019 with microdata from European Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC for Spain). In doing so, two basic scientific contributions were made. The first one, a systematic, exhaustive, and up-to-date literature review (up to June 2024), as there is, to our knowledge, no recent systematic review of this relationship (minimum wage vs. inequality). The available evidence indicates a clear inverse relationship between the minimum wage and inequalities and poverty. The second one, regarding the Spanish case, there has been a dearth of scientific studies on this subject. Thus, this paper provides new scientific evidence demonstrating that a significant increase in the minimum wage can significantly improve the income of low-wage earners, thereby reducing income inequality and in-work poverty. Furthermore, there is evidence of a spillover effect towards income groups closer to the treatment group." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum Wages and the Uptake of Supplemental Security Income (2024)
Zitatform
Regmi, Krishna (2024): Minimum Wages and the Uptake of Supplemental Security Income. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17074), Bonn, 60 S.
Abstract
"This study investigates whether the minimum wage affects the uptake of Supplemental Security Income (SSI). To disentangle the effect of the minimum wage from underlying macroeconomic conditions, I use a triple-differences-type model that exploits cross-state and temporal differences in the minimum wage and its differential effects on those individuals with and without a high school diploma. The results show that a one percent increase in the minimum wage leads to a 0.33 percent decline in SSI uptake. To substantiate the findings, this study employs an alternative approach, leveraging the discontinuity in minimum wage legislation at state borders by comparing SSI uptake within the contiguous state-border counties. Using this approach yields qualitatively similar findings, corroborating the baseline estimates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of minimum wage on automotive companies' performance (2024)
Zitatform
Rossi, Remo, Malgorzata Graczyk, Lenka Viskotová & David Hampel (2024): The impact of minimum wage on automotive companies' performance. In: Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research, Jg. 11, H. 5, S. 931-944. DOI:10.15549/jeecar.v11i5.1736
Abstract
"This paper aims to verify the relationship between minimum wage growth and the financial indicators of automotive companies. As a hi-tech sector, the automotive industry is usually not expected to be affected by minimum wage policies. The introduction of the minimum wage in Germany and the dynamic development of the minimum wage in Eastern European countries make it possible to assess this relationship. German, Czech, Polish, and Slovak automotive company data was obtained from the Orbis database. Panel regression models were applied to test for dependencies. The paper detects the association between the growth of the minimum wage and the increase in personnel cost, which is next to the associations with several financial indicators at the company level. The identified impact is specific to small and medium-sized companies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Why We Need Minimum Wages: Pay, Recognition, and Economic Citizenship (2024)
Zitatform
Schemmel, Christian & Georg Picot (2024): Why We Need Minimum Wages: Pay, Recognition, and Economic Citizenship. In: American Political Science Review, S. 1-14. DOI:10.1017/s0003055424001096
Abstract
"Statutory minimum wages have become an important tool for regulating labor markets. One major reason is the decline in collective wage bargaining. But how can minimum wages be justified? We show that their best justification does not lie in their economic effects but in the respect for social contributors that they express. The article takes an innovative interdisciplinary approach, bridging political philosophy and comparative political economy. We first discuss existing justifications in political practice and theory. We then show how a distinctive and robust justification should regard minimum wages as paying necessary respect to those who fulfill their obligation to contribute to social cooperation. Our justification thus suggests a new concept of economic citizenship and advances recognition theory applied to work. We outline further implications of the argument, such as the desirability of setting minimum wages through collective bargaining, and a tentative case for a maximum income." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Incentives to Comply with the Minimum Wage in the US and UK (2024)
Zitatform
Stansbury, Anna (2024): Incentives to Comply with the Minimum Wage in the US and UK. (SocArXiv papers), 24 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/7kxdw
Abstract
"There is substantial evidence of minimum wage noncompliance in the US and the UK. In this paper, I compile new, comprehensive data on the costs minimum wage violators incur when detected. In both countries, the costs violators face upon detection are often little more than the money they saved by underpaying. To have an incentive to comply under existing penalty regimes, typical US firms would thus have to expect a 47%-83% probability of detection by the DOL, or a 25% probability of a successful FLSA suit. In the UK, typical firms would have to expect a 44%-56% probability of detection. Actual probabilities of detection are substantially lower than this for many firms, and would likely remain so even with realistic increases in enforcement capacity. Improved enforcement alone is thus insufficient: expected penalties must also substantially increase to ensure that most firms have an incentive to comply. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper)" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Ambitioniert, aber vertretbar: Einordnung eines 16-Euro-Mindestlohns (2024)
Steuernagel, Anne; Krahé, Max;Zitatform
Steuernagel, Anne & Max Krahé (2024): Ambitioniert, aber vertretbar: Einordnung eines 16-Euro-Mindestlohns. (Research report / Dezernat Zukunft - Institut für Makrofinanzen 297838), Berlin, 28 S.
Abstract
"Am 1. Januar 2015 wurde in Deutschland erstmals ein flächendeckender gesetzlicher Mindestlohn von 8,50 Euro eingeführt. Dem sind Jahre vorausgegangen, in denen die Größe des Niedriglohnsektors in Deutschland erst stark anwuchs und dann auf hohem Niveau stagnierte (Grabka & Schröder 2019). Debatten um armutssichere Arbeit prägten die Diskussion. Außerhalb von Deutschland hatten zu diesem Zeitpunkt bereits viele andere Staaten einen gesetzlichen Mindestlohn eingeführt. Bei der Einführung 2015 bewegte sich die Höhe des Mindestlohns in Deutschland gemessen am Kaitz-Index1 im internationalen Mittelfeld" (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Effekte einer allgemeinen Lohnuntergrenze für Österreich (2024)
Titelbach, Gerlinde; Forstner, Susanne; Ertl, Martin;Zitatform
Titelbach, Gerlinde, Martin Ertl & Susanne Forstner (2024): Effekte einer allgemeinen Lohnuntergrenze für Österreich. In: Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Jg. 50, H. 2, S. 19-43. DOI:10.59288/wug502.232
Abstract
"In diesem Artikel untersuchen wir die potenziellen Auswirkungen der Einführung einer allgemeinen Lohnuntergrenze in Österreich. Im Jahr 2021 hätten rund 16 % der Beschäftigten von der Einführung einer Lohnuntergrenze in Höhe von monatlich brutto 2.000 Euro (14-mal pro Jahr) profitiert. Fast die Hälfte der Betroffenen war in Dienstleistungsbranchen (Einzelhandel, freiberufliche Dienstleistungen, Tourismus) beschäftigt, und überdurchschnittlich oft betroffen waren jüngere Beschäftigte, Arbeiter:innen, Beschäftigte mit maximal Pflichtschulabschluss oder mit ausländischer Staatsbürgerschaft. Die Verteilungswirkungen auf die verfügbaren Netto-Haushaltseinkommen werden mithilfe eines Steuertransfer-Mikrosimulationsmodells simuliert. Vor allem Haushalte am unteren Rand der Einkommensverteilung würden profitieren, die Effekte auf die gesamte Einkommensverteilung sind jedoch zu vernachlässigen. Simulationen der Einführung der Lohnuntergrenze in einem makroökonomischen Modell der österreichischen Volkswirtschaft ergeben insgesamt nur moderate Effekte auf gesamtwirtschaftliche Aggregate." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum Wages at a Turning Point? (2024)
Égert, Balázs; Turner, Dave; Botev, Jarmila;Zitatform
Égert, Balázs, Jarmila Botev & Dave Turner (2024): Minimum Wages at a Turning Point? (CESifo working paper 11586), München, 33 S.
Abstract
"This paper uses cross-country macroeconomic empirical evidence among OECD countries to examine possible non-linear effects on employment of raising the minimum wage, in particular that marginal disemployment effects become larger when the initial minimum wage is already high. Some evidence is found for such effects, particularly for female and older workers, although the estimated threshold beyond which this occurs -- at roughly 50%-60% of the median wage – above which such effects become apparent should be viewed as indicative rather than precise point estimates. The paper also finds that these non-linear disemployment effects are much more apparent for countries with strict Employment Protection Legislation (EPL) and/or with a high labour tax wedge. This suggests caution in applying the findings from much of the 'new' minimum wage literature based on US evidence to other OECD countries where EPL and tax wedges are typically stricter/higher." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum Wage and Skills - Evidence from Job Vacancy Data (2023)
Andrieu, Elodie; Kuczera, Malgorzata;Zitatform
Andrieu, Elodie & Malgorzata Kuczera (2023): Minimum Wage and Skills - Evidence from Job Vacancy Data. (TPI working papers / The Productivity Institute 034), Manchester, 62 S.
Abstract
"Low-wage occupations tend to be populated by workers with low levels of education. An increase in the minimum wage, while designed to protect workers in the lower part of the wage distribution, might result in unintended consequences for those same workers. In this paper, we study firms’ reaction to higher minimum wages, exploiting a change to the minimum-wage policy in the UK in 2016. We document how an increase in the minimum wage affects the labour hiring for different education and technical skill levels of workers. The results show that an increase in the minimum wage compressed both the demand for low educated workers and the demand for workers with low levels of technical skills (tech workers) for graduates in low and middle skilled occupations. Using a difference-in-differences framework, we find that a large and unexpected change to the minimum wage led to a 11 percentage point decrease in the proportion of non-graduate vacancies and a 15 percentage point decline in the share of low-tech ads. There is evidence for labour-labour substitution at the low-end of the skill distribution and labour-technology substitution for more educated workers as a way to compensate for labour costs increases." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
In the Land of AKM: Explaining the Dynamics of Wage Inequality in France (2023)
Zitatform
Babet, Damien, Olivier Godechot & Marco G. Palladino (2023): In the Land of AKM: Explaining the Dynamics of Wage Inequality in France. (INSEE documents de travail / Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques 2023-20), Paris, 63 S.
Abstract
"We use a newly built and quasi-exhaustive matched employer-employee database to study firms contribution towage inequalities in France. We employ the Abowd, Kramarz, and Margolis (1999) model (hereafter AKM) to decompose log-wage variance into between- and within-firm components. Our analysis covering the period from 2002 to 2019 reveals a significant increase in between-firm inequalities, driven by a growing tendency of high-wage workers to cluster together in high premium firms. These phenomena are directly associated with changes in firms demographics and workforce composition. Over the same period, bottom earnings percentiles increased more than the rest of the distribution, in line with the rise in the legal minimum wage. As a result, within-firm inequalities decreased, almost offsetting the rising between-firm inequalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum Wages and Racial Discrimination in Hiring: Evidence from a Field Experiment (2023)
Zitatform
Brandon, Alec, Justin E. Holz, Andrew Simon & Haruka Uchida (2023): Minimum Wages and Racial Discrimination in Hiring: Evidence from a Field Experiment. (Upjohn Institute working paper 389), Kalamazoo, Mich., 90 S. DOI:10.17848/wp23-389
Abstract
"When minimum wages increase, employers may respond to the regulatory burdens by substituting away from disadvantaged workers. We test this hypothesis using a correspondence study with 35,000 applications around ex-ante uncertain minimum wage increases in three U.S. states. Before the increases, applicants with distinctively Black names were 19 percent less likely to receive a callback than equivalent applicants with distinctively white names. Announcements of minimum wage hikes substantially reduce callbacks for all applicants but shrink the racial callback gap by 80 percent. Racial inequality decreases because firms disproportionately reduce callbacks to lower-quality white applicants who benefited from discrimination under lower minimum wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Minimum Wage, Turnover, and the Shape of the Wage Distribution (2023)
Zitatform
Brochu, Pierre, David A. Green, Thomas Lemieux & James Townsend (2023): The Minimum Wage, Turnover, and the Shape of the Wage Distribution. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16514), Bonn, 62 S.
Abstract
"This paper proposes an empirical approach to decompose the distributional effects of minimum wages into effects for workers moving out of employment, workers moving into employment, and workers continuing in employment. We estimate the effects of the minimum wage on the hazard rate for wages, which provides a convenient way of re-scaling the wage distribution to control for possible employment effects. We find that minimum wage increases do not result in an abnormal concentration of Job Leavers below the new minimum wage, which is inconsistent with employment effects predicted by a neoclassical model. We also find that, for Job Stayers, the spike and spillover effects of the minimum wage are simply shifted right to the new minimum wage. Our findings are consistent with a model where entry wages are set according to a job ladder, and where firms preserve their internal wage structure due to fairness or internal incentives issues." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The minimum wages, turnover, and the shape of the wage distribution (2023)
Zitatform
Brochu, Pierre, David A. Green, James Townsend & Thomas Lemieux (2023): The minimum wages, turnover, and the shape of the wage distribution. (IFS working paper / Institute for Fiscal Studies 2023,32), London, 62 S.
Abstract
"This paper proposes an empirical approach to decompose the distributional effects of minimum wages into effects for workers moving out of employment, workers moving into employment, and workers continuing in employment. We estimate the effects of the minimum wage on the hazard rate for wages, which provides a convenient way of re-scaling the wage distribution to control for possible employment effects. We find that minimum wage increases do not result in an abnormal concentration of Job Leavers below the new minimum wage, which is inconsistent with employment effects predicted by a neoclassical model. We also find that, for Job Stayers, the spike and spillover effects of the minimum wage are simply shifted right to the new minimum wage. Our findings are consistent with a model where entry wages are set according to a job ladder, and where firms preserve their internal wage structure due to fairness or internal incentives issues." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum Wages and Poverty: New Evidence from Dynamic Difference-in-Differences Estimates (2023)
Zitatform
Burkhauser, Richard V., Drew McNichols & Joseph J. Sabia (2023): Minimum Wages and Poverty: New Evidence from Dynamic Difference-in-Differences Estimates. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31182), Cambridge, Mass, 97 S.
Abstract
"Advocates of minimum wage increases have long touted their potential to reduce poverty. This study assesses this claim. Using data spanning nearly four decades from the March Current Population Survey, and a dynamic difference-in-differences approach, we find that a 10 percent increase in the minimum wage is associated with a (statistically insignificant) 0.17 percent increase in the probability of longer-run poverty among all persons. With 95% confidence, we can rule out long-run poverty elasticities with respect to the minimum wage of less than -0.129, which includes central poverty elasticities reported by Dube (2019). Prior evidence suggesting large poverty-reducing effects of the minimum wage are (i) highly sensitive to researcher’s choice of macroeconomic controls, and (ii) driven by specifications that limit counterfactuals to geographically proximate states (“close controls”), which poorly match treatment states’ pre-treatment poverty trends. Moreover, an examination of the post-Great Recession era — which saw frequent, large increases in state minimum wages — failed to uncover poverty-reducing effects of the minimum wage across a wide set of specifications. Finally, we find that less than 10 percent of workers who would be affected by a newly proposed $15 federal minimum wage live in poor families." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does Wage Theft Vary by Demographic Group? Evidence from Minimum Wage Increases (2023)
Zitatform
Clemens, Jeffrey & Michael R. Strain (2023): Does Wage Theft Vary by Demographic Group? Evidence from Minimum Wage Increases. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16550), Bonn, 30 S.
Abstract
"Using Current Population Survey data, we assess whether and to what extent the burden of "wage theft" - wage payments below the statutory minimum wage - falls disproportionately on various demographic groups following minimum wage increases. For most racial and ethnic groups at most ages we find that underpayment rises similarly as a fraction of realized wage gains in the wake of minimum wage increases. We also present evidence that the burden of underpayment falls disproportionately on relatively young African American workers and that underpayment increases more for Hispanic workers among the full working-age population." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Politicizing the minimum wage: A multilingual text analysis of minimum wages in European electoral manifestos (2023)
Zitatform
Cova, Joshua (2023): Politicizing the minimum wage: A multilingual text analysis of minimum wages in European electoral manifestos. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 33, H. 4, S. 469-483. DOI:10.1177/09589287231199561
Abstract
"This article examines the determinants of the growing political salience of minimum wages in European party manifestos. By using multilingual quantitative text analysis, I show that the electoral salience of minimum wages has increased in the past decades. Although left-wing parties emphasize minimum wages more than right-wing parties, I find that the electoral salience of this policy follows a U-shaped relationship: right-wing populist parties dedicate greater attention to minimum wages than centre-right parties do. A sentiment analysis finds that compared to other policies designed to supplement the income of low-wage workers, such as strengthening collective bargaining institutions and in-work benefits/wage subsidies, there do not seem to be specific party-political characteristics, which determine the sentiment with which discussions on minimum wages are framed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How are minimum wages set? (2023)
Zitatform
Dickens, Richard (2023): How are minimum wages set? (IZA world of labor 211), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.211.v2
Abstract
"The minimum wage has never been as high on the political agenda as it is today, with politicians in Germany, the UK, the US, and other OECD countries implementing substantial increases in the rate. One reason for the rising interest is the growing consensus among economists and policymakers that minimum wages, set at the right level, may help low paid workers without harming employment prospects. But how should countries set their minimum wage rate? The processes that countries use to set their minimum wage rate and structure differ greatly, as do the methods for adjusting it. The different approaches have merits and shortcomings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum wage and tolerance for high incomes (2023)
Zitatform
Fazio, Andrea & Tommaso Reggiani (2023): Minimum wage and tolerance for high incomes. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 155. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2023.104445
Abstract
"We suggest that stabilizing the baseline income can make low-wage workers more tolerant towards high income earners. We present evidence of this attitude in the UK by exploiting the introduction of the National Minimum Wage (NMW), which institutionally sets a baseline pay reducing the risk of income losses and providing a clear reference point for British workers at the lower end of the income distribution. Based on data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), we show that workers who benefited from the NMW program became relatively more tolerant of high incomes and more likely to support and vote for the Conservative Party. As far as tolerance for high incomes is related to tolerance of inequality, our results may suggest that people advocate for equality also because they fear income losses below a given reference point." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum Wage and Tolerance for High Incomes (2023)
Zitatform
Fazio, Andrea & Tommaso G. Reggiani (2023): Minimum Wage and Tolerance for High Incomes. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16107), Bonn, 27 S.
Abstract
"We suggest that stabilizing the baseline income can make low-wage workers more tolerant towards high income earners. We present evidence of this attitude in the UK by exploiting the introduction of the National Minimum Wage (NMW), which institutionally sets a baseline pay reducing the risk of income losses and providing a clear reference point for British workers at the lower end of the income distribution. Based on data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), we show that workers who benefited from the NMW program became relatively more tolerant of high incomes and more likely to support and vote for the Conservative Party. As far as tolerance for high incomes is related to tolerance of inequality, our results may suggest that people advocate for equality also because they fear income losses below a given reference point." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Impact of Minimum Wages on Income Inequality in the EU (2023)
Zitatform
Filauro, Stefano, Klaus Grünberger & Edlira Narazani (2023): The Impact of Minimum Wages on Income Inequality in the EU. (JRC working papers on taxation and structural reforms 2023,04), Seville, 33 S.
Abstract
"A number of studies documents that minimum wage policies have the potential to reduce income inequality. The recently adopted EU Commission's proposal for a Directive on adequate minimum wages was supported by a detailed analysis of the social impacts of hypothetical minimum wage levels in countries with a statutory minimum wage. This paper extends these country-level analyses by exploring the impact of minimum wage policies on EU-level income inequality. To our knowledge, this is the first study that uses a microsimulation model such as EUROMOD to assess the impact of EU-promoted policies on the distribution of income in the EU, beyond their national effects. Assuming no employment effects, static simulation results show that a hypothetical minimum wage corresponding to 60% of the national median wage would bring about a small but significant reduction in EU-level disposable income inequality (by 0.75% in 2019 as measured through the Gini index). This result stems primarily from a reduction in the within-country component of income inequality as the effect on inequality between countries is rather muted. The reduction in EU-level income inequality is the highest in disposable incomes, but some reduction is detectable also in market incomes. In turn, the withdrawal of social benefits because of higher minimum wages seems to neutralise part of this inequality reduction." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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- Grundsätzliches zum flächendeckenden Mindestlohn
- Auswirkungen des flächendeckenden Mindestlohns auf
- Auswirkungen des flächendeckenden Mindestlohns auf Personengruppen
- Ausnahmen vom flächendeckenden Mindestlohn u.a. für
- Ausweichreaktionen auf Mindestlöhne in Deutschland
- Bundesländer
- Branchenspezifische Mindestlöhne und deren Auswirkungen auf
- Mindestlohn in anderen Ländern