Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Das Themendossier "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Converging mothers' employment trajectories between East and West Germany? A focus on the 2008‐childcare‐reform (2025)
Zitatform
Fauser, Sophia, Emanuela Struffolino & Asaf Levanon (2025): Converging mothers' employment trajectories between East and West Germany? A focus on the 2008‐childcare‐reform. In: Journal of Marriage and Family, Jg. 87, H. 2, S. 566-589. DOI:10.1111/jomf.13040
Abstract
"Objective: Aiming to generate evidence on how contextual conditions shape individuals' opportunities and constraints and, ultimately, life courses, we focus on a period of childcare expansion in reunified Germany. We investigate differences in employment trajectories around mothers' first childbirths to identify potential East–West convergence. Background: During Germany's division (1949–1990), universal public childcare and female full-time employment were the norm in East Germany, while the male breadwinner model was dominant in the West. These differences, although declining, persisted even decades after reunification. In 2008, a reform aimed at expanding childcare availability to facilitate mothers' employment throughout the country. Methods: We measure East–West differences in employment trajectories around childbirth pre- (1990–2007) and post-reform(2008–2021) in terms of timing, order, and duration of events over time. We use data on 359 East and 986 West German first-time-mothers from the German Socio-Economic Panel and sequence analysis tools. Results: Before the reform, employment trajectories between East and West German mothers differed both in timing and duration of employment states. After the reform, these differences decreased, showing a general convergence in the prevalence of post-birth part-time employment. Nonetheless, longer maternity leave is still more prevalent among West German mothers, while East German mothers are more likely to maintain full-time jobs. Conclusion: Our findings show how policy settings and reforms shape life courses in a context-dependent fashion. They illustrate the importance of a methodological approach that focuses on process outcomes and supports a theoretical perspective that highlights how historical time and place shape life courses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do I feel entitled to it? Caring dads after the equalization of parental leave in Spain (2025)
Fernández-Cornejo, José Andrés ; Palomo-Vadillo, Maite; Escot, Lorenzo ; Del Pozo-García, Eva ; Cáceres-Ruiz, Juan Ignacio; Castellanos-Serrano, Cristina ;Zitatform
Fernández-Cornejo, José Andrés, Cristina Castellanos-Serrano, Eva Del Pozo-García, Maite Palomo-Vadillo, Juan Ignacio Cáceres-Ruiz & Lorenzo Escot (2025): Do I feel entitled to it? Caring dads after the equalization of parental leave in Spain. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 45, H. 3/4, S. 346-364. DOI:10.1108/ijssp-08-2024-0406
Abstract
"Purpose: In January 2021, Spanish paid parental leave for fathers was fully equated with that for mothers. Is this facilitating working fathers developing an identity of caring fathers? Design/methodology/approach We conducted qualitative research based on 31 interviews with heterosexual fathers residing in Spain, who had a child from January 1, 2021 onwards, who cohabited with the baby ’s mother, and who were salaried. We also added two mothers with the same characteristics and seven human resources managers from large companies. Findings There has been a rapid acceptance and normalization of the use of these new equalized leaves. For many fathers this has been accompanied by the experience of a greater sense of “being legitimized ” to engage in caregiving. The intensity of this process could be subject to two opposing forces. One in favor, especially when fathers care alone for as long as possible; and one against, when fathers assume the role of the mother’s helper and when the support of significant and relevant others is lacking in several domains, including the work place. Social implications Whether this ambivalence is resolved in favor of advancement could depend on how successful public policy is. Reforms of parental leave systems should encourage men to take on single-handed care, and companies should be encouraged to become more aware of the need for co-responsibility between fathers and mothers in childcare. Originality/value Spain now has one of the most gender-equal parental leave systems in the world. It is important to know what meaning new fathers are giving to this advance and to what extent this is facilitating the emergence of a caregiving masculinity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © EmeraldGroup) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The 'two lives' of Esping-Andersen and the revival of a research program: Gender equality, employment and redistribution in contemporary social policy (2025)
Zitatform
Ferragina, Emanuele (2025): The 'two lives' of Esping-Andersen and the revival of a research program: Gender equality, employment and redistribution in contemporary social policy. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 59, H. 1, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1111/spol.13029
Abstract
"This article makes two conceptual contributions to social policy literature. First, we summarise key concepts and insights from Gøsta Esping-Andersen's major books, tracing his work in ‘two lives’: ‘the foundations, or the welfare state between states and markets’ and ‘the demographic turn’. Analyzing the ‘first life’, we revisit the centrality of the decommodification and social stratification concepts and the seeds of the social investment approach. Further, we explore Esping-Andersen's masterful analysis of the double bind of the welfare state (supporting full-employment and redistributional harmony) in a post-industrial era and how countries belonging to different regimes have dealt with it. Through his ‘second life’, we explore the ‘impossible marriage’ between full employment and equality, and the development of the social investment approach. Our second contribution is to critically analyse a tension—generated by the shift from a broad to a narrow social policy perspective—between the two lives and how it raises questions for contemporary social policy. We suggest the field should take stock of Esping-Andersen's work holistically, going beyond a simplistic use of welfare regime typologies and the universal proposition of a Scandinavian-style social investment approach. This approach tends to overlook factors related to the international context (e.g., the expansion of the market logic, and questions of exchange, inflation and debt) when assessing the impact of social policy on key outcomes. Our ultimate goal is to revive a research program based on the integration between social policy and international political economy, a program geared at critically assessing issues related to gender equality, employment and redistribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Added Worker Effects in Canada: The Effect of Spousal Job Loss on Transitions into Employment (2025)
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Ferrer, Ana, Yazhuo (Annie) Pan & Tammy Schirle (2025): Added Worker Effects in Canada: The Effect of Spousal Job Loss on Transitions into Employment. In: Canadian public policy, Jg. 51, H. 1, S. 16-34. DOI:10.3138/cpp.2024-012
Abstract
"We examine added worker effects in Canada using the Labour Force Survey. At the extensive margin, we find that married women who are not employed are more likely to enter employment the month after a spouse has lost a job. Spousal job loss does not affect women's transition into employment in later months, and there are no significant effects for men. The effects do not appear to represent a behavioural response to an exogenous or unexpected spousal layoff. Rather, the women most likely to move in and out of employment have spouses who are more likely to experience a layoff that the family might anticipate, and they are prepared to respond. The added worker effect is stronger for more educated women, for homeowners, and when spouses’ wages are higher. At the intensive margin, we do not see significant changes in hours worked among employed persons when their spouse loses a job." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Harmonizing French and German administrative data on maternal employment: A practical guide how to create comparable data sets from DADS-EDP and SIAB (2025)
Filser, Andreas ; Amend, Inga Marie; Wagner, Sander; Frodermann, Corinna ; Achard, Pascal ; Gaede, Inga;Zitatform
Filser, Andreas, Pascal Achard, Inga Marie Amend, Corinna Frodermann, Inga Gaede & Sander Wagner (2025): Harmonizing French and German administrative data on maternal employment. A practical guide how to create comparable data sets from DADS-EDP and SIAB. (SocArXiv papers), 18 S. DOI:10.31219/osf.io/rcsng
Abstract
"This paper provides a guide how to harmonize large-scale administrative datasets from France (DADS-EDP) and Germany (SIAB) for comparative social science research. France and Germany. While both datasets offer rich, longitudinal information on individual employment trajectories which can be augmented with firm-level information, they differ in structure, sample coverage, and variable coding. Harmonizing these datasets unlocks new potential for comparative research, particularly in examining the labor market trajectories of mothers in both countries. This paper outlines the necessary steps to harmonize these data sources and gives an overview on the set of harmonized variables. The harmonized data is of significant value for researchers, providing a foundation for comparative studies on labor market outcomes in France and Germany, especially in the context of welfare state differences and their importance within the EU and worldwide. The code for harmonization is provided for further adaptation to specific research questions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
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Literaturhinweis
Die spezifische Berufs- und Betriebsstruktur vor Ort führt zu deutlichen regionalen Unterschieden in der Lohnlücke zwischen Männern und Frauen (Serie "Equal Pay Day 2025") (2025)
Zitatform
Fuchs, Michaela, Antje Weyh & Gabriele Wydra-Somaggio (2025): Die spezifische Berufs- und Betriebsstruktur vor Ort führt zu deutlichen regionalen Unterschieden in der Lohnlücke zwischen Männern und Frauen (Serie "Equal Pay Day 2025"). In: IAB-Forum H. 05.03.2025 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20250318.01
Abstract
"Frauen in Deutschland verdienen im Schnitt deutlich weniger als Männer. Weniger bekannt ist, dass sich der sogenannte Gender-Pay-Gap zwischen einzelnen Regionen deutlich unterscheidet. So verdienen vollzeitbeschäftigte Männer in Dingolfing-Landau gut 40 Prozent mehr als vollzeitbeschäftigte Frauen, in Dessau-Roßlau 1,2 Prozent weniger. Eine wichtige Erklärung bieten regionale Geschlechterunterschiede in den ausgeübten Berufen und in der Betriebsstruktur vor Ort." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Siehe auch "Aktuelle Daten und Indikatoren: Regionale Unterschiede im Gender Pay Gap in Deutschland 2023" -
Literaturhinweis
Regionale Unterschiede im Gender Pay Gap in Deutschland 2023 (2025)
Zitatform
Fuchs, Michaela, Anja Rossen, Antje Weyh & Gabriele Wydra-Somaggio (2025): Regionale Unterschiede im Gender Pay Gap in Deutschland 2023. (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Aktuelle Daten und Indikatoren), Nürnberg, 16 S.
Abstract
"Die vorliegenden Auswertungen beinhalten Angaben zum Tagesentgelt sozialversicherungspflichtig vollzeitbeschäftigter Frauen und Männer sowie zum unbereinigten und bereinigten Gender Pay Gap in den Bundesländern und Kreisen Deutschlands für das Jahr 2023. Nähere Erläuterungen zu den Einflussfaktoren auf die unterschiedlichen regionalen Gender Pay Gaps finden sich im IAB-Forumsbeitrag von Fuchs, Weyh und Wydra-Somaggio (2025). Wir nutzen Daten der Beschäftigtenhistorik (BeH) des IAB. Die BeH enthält u. a. Angaben zum täglichen Bruttoarbeitsentgelt aller sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten. Das Bruttoentgelt enthält auch Sonderzahlungen, wie beispielsweise Weihnachts- oder Urlaubsgeld, bezahlte Überstunden oder Nacht- und Feiertagszuschläge. Als regionalen Lohn verwenden wir den Durchschnitt des nominalen Bruttotagesentgelts aller sozialversicherungspflichtig vollzeitbeschäftigten Frauen und Männer (ohne Auszubildende) mit Arbeitsort in dem betrachteten Kreis zum Stichtag 30.06.2023. Die Angaben aus der BeH ergänzen wir mit Informationen aus den Integrierten Erwerbsbiographien (IEB). Hierdurch wird die Erwerbsbiographie der einzelnen Personen berücksichtigt und gewährleistet, dass auch Zeiten der Nichtbeschäftigung Berücksichtigung finden. Betriebliche Merkmale ergänzen wir aus dem Betriebs-Historik-Panel (BHP). Für die Analyse der Lohnlücke zwischen Frauen und Männern greifen wir auf die klassische Oaxaca-Blinder-Zerlegungsmethode (Oaxaca 1973 und Blinder 1973) zurück. Hierbei werden für die Kreise zunächst getrennte Schätzungen der logarithmierten Löhne für Frauen und für Männer durchgeführt, um die geschlechtsspezifischen Einflüsse der berücksichtigten individuellen und betriebsspezifischen Bestimmungsfaktoren zu quantifizieren. Individuelle Merkmale der Beschäftigten umfassen Alter, Nationalität, Qualifikation, Beruf und die Dauer einer möglichen Erwerbsunterbrechung (siehe Fuchs u. a. 2019a). Wir berücksichtigen zudem, ob die Person einen befristeten Arbeitsvertrag oder eine Führungsposition innehat. Da die Arbeitskräftemobilität zwischen den Kreisen teilweise sehr groß ist, kontrollieren wir außerdem für Pendeln zum Arbeitsort sowie dafür, wie lange eine Person schon an ihrem aktuellen Arbeitsort tätig ist. Zu den berücksichtigten Merkmalen der Betriebe, in denen die Beschäftigten arbeiten, zählen die Betriebsgröße, die Qualifikationsstruktur im Betrieb und die mittlere Lohnhöhe wie auch die Lohnspreizung im Betrieb (Fuchs u. a. 2019b). Aufgrund der starken Korrelation zwischen der Berufs- und Branchenvariable verwenden wir in den Modellen nur den Beruf, den eine Person ausübt." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Kann eine Reform der Ehegattenbesteuerung die Beschäftigung erhöhen? – Eine Fachdiskussion mit Ökonominnen und Ökonomen im BMWK (2025)
Zitatform
Fuchs-Schündeln, Nicola, Andreas Peichl, Carla Krolage & Stefan Bach (2025): Kann eine Reform der Ehegattenbesteuerung die Beschäftigung erhöhen? – Eine Fachdiskussion mit Ökonominnen und Ökonomen im BMWK. In: Schlaglichter der Wirtschaftspolitik H. 5, S. 17-22.
Abstract
"In Wissenschaft und Politik wird seit langem intensiv und zunehmend auch evidenzbasiert debattiert, ob und inwiefern die steuerliche Behandlung der Erwerbseinkünfte von Ehepaaren ökonomische Fehlanreize generiert und insbesondere für Zweitverdienende – überwiegend Frauen – ein Beschäftigungshindernis darstellt. Zudem stellt sich die Wissenschaft die Frage, ob die fehlende Berücksichtigung alternativer Familienmodelle und der Existenz von Kindern im Rahmen des Ehegattensplittings noch zeitgemäß ist und fordert eine Anpassung der Regelungen. Die Ampelkoalition hatte sich im Koalitionsvertrag für die 20. Legislaturperiode auf eine Reform bei den Lohnsteuerklassen geeinigt: Die Lohnsteuerklassenkombination III/V sollte in das Faktorverfahren der Lohnsteuerklasse IV überführt werden. Ziel war es, für mehr Fairness bei der unterjährigen Lohnbesteuerung zu sorgen und so Erwerbsimpulse zu setzen. Die Maßnahme war zwar im Regierungsentwurf für ein Steuerfortentwicklungsgesetz enthalten, wurde aber letztlich nicht mehr vom Bundestag beschlossen. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat das BMWK Anfang Februar 2025 zu einem Seminar eingeladen, um mit namhaften Ökonominnen und Ökonomen die Anreizwirkungen der bestehenden Ehegattenbesteuerung zu diskutieren und wirtschaftspolitisch sinnvolle Reformoptionen für die 21. Legislaturperiode zu beleuchten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Hier finden Sie den kompletten Monatsbericht Mai 2025 -
Literaturhinweis
Recent trends in the gender wage gap in Portugal: a distributional analysis (2025)
Zitatform
Galego, Aurora (2025): Recent trends in the gender wage gap in Portugal: a distributional analysis. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 32, H. 3, S. 369-372. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2023.2270223
Abstract
"Portugal displays a persistent gender wage gap which increased during the 2010-2013 economic crisis. This paper aims at examining the developments in the gender wage gap for the private sector from 2009 to 2019 using a decomposition across the wage distribution. We conclude that the gap has decreased at the lower and middle quantiles but remains quite wide at the top. The largest part of the gap stems from the structure effect, which suggests persistent discrimination." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Crowded-out? Changes in informal childcare during the expansion of formal services in Germany (2025)
Zitatform
Gambaro, Ludovica, Clara Schäper & C. Katharina Spieß (2025): Crowded-out? Changes in informal childcare during the expansion of formal services in Germany. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 59, H. 3, S. 383-398. DOI:10.1111/spol.13067
Abstract
"Informal childcare care by grandparents, other relatives or friends is an important source of support in many Western countries, including Germany. Yet the role of this type of care is often overlooked in accounts of social policies supporting families with children, which tend to focus on formal childcare. This article examines whether the large formal childcare expansion occurring in Germany in the last two decades has been accompanied by similar or opposite trends in informal childcare usage. It argues that accounting for both formal and informal childcare can offer a more accurate assessment of defamilisation effects of family policies. Drawing on representative data from the German Socio-Economic Panel the analysis identifies long-run developments of childcare arrangements for children aged 1–10 between 1997 and 2020, offering for the first time a comprehensive picture of how families with children of different ages mix informal care and service provision. Results show that on average the expansion of formal childcare was not associated with an equal reduction in informal childcare, lending little support to the crowding-out hypothesis. Further analyses distinguishing between population groups with different propensity to use formal childcare reveal, unexpectedly, remarkable similarities in the use of informal care throughout the period examined. The only exception are families with a migrant background, who tend to use informal childcare less than their counterparts. The general trend is, however, one whereby informal and formal care are increasingly combined." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
From homemakers to breadwinners? How mandatory kindergarten affects maternal labor market outcomes (2025)
Zitatform
Gangl, Selina & Martin Huber (2025): From homemakers to breadwinners? How mandatory kindergarten affects maternal labor market outcomes. In: Journal of Population Economics, Jg. 38, H. 2. DOI:10.1007/s00148-025-01099-y
Abstract
"The majority of Swiss children attend mandatory and cost-free kindergarten at age four. We examine the effect of this policy on maternal labor market outcomes. Using administrative data from Switzerland, we exploit the birthday cut-off for kindergarten entry in the same or in the following year and apply a non-parametric regression discontinuity design (RDD). We find that mandatory kindergarten has a statistically significant positive effect on the labour market attachment of previously non-employed mothers, increasing their employment probability by 4 percentage points. In contrast, there are no significant effects on other groups or in the total sample of mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender and Occupational Prestige. Testing the Devaluation Theory in Spain (2025)
Zitatform
García‐Mainar, Inmaculada, Pablo García‐Ruiz & Victor M. Montuenga (2025): Gender and Occupational Prestige. Testing the Devaluation Theory in Spain. In: Gender and Occupational Prestige. Testing the Devaluation Theory in Spain. DOI:10.1111/gwao.13262
Abstract
"The devaluation theory, that is, that occupations where women predominate become less socially valued than those where men are in the majority, has not reached a unanimous conclusion in the empirical literature, especially when prestige is used as an indicator of the valuation of the occupation. The changing economic and social circumstances may influence the fulfillment of this hypothesis over time. Using regression analysis, this article tests the adequacy of the devaluation theory in the Spanish labor market at two points in time, 1991 and 2013. Previously, it also describes and analyzes whether the ordering of occupations has changed substantially in this period, using two different comparable scales. The results confirm a weakening in the support of the devaluation theory such that gender segregation of occupations does not necessarily imply differences in their social valuation. This result can be attributed to (i) the increase of prestige in some feminized occupations and (ii) the increase of women's participation in prestigious occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The global gender gap in labour income (2025)
Zitatform
Gebrewolde, Tewodros M., James Rockey & Akbar Ullah (2025): The global gender gap in labour income. In: Oxford economic papers, S. 1-31. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpaf011
Abstract
"This article introduces a new measure of economic gender inequality (EGI) based on the ratio of women’s share of national labor income to men’s. This measure captures both the principles of equal pay for equal work and nondiscrimination. Importantly, it can be calculated from existing data and is comparable between countries and over time. If we simply consider an unweighted average of our measure of EGI, there has been an improvement between 1994 and 2014. However, once we weight countries by population, average EGI has been increasing. Much of the higher EGI in poorer, more populous, countries is explained by the lower rates of female employment in those countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Perceived fairness and legitimacy of parental workplace discrimination (2025)
Zitatform
Gerich, Joachim & Martina Beham-Rabanser (2025): Perceived fairness and legitimacy of parental workplace discrimination. In: Community, work & family, S. 1-27. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2025.2453175
Abstract
"Parental discrimination has been shown to be related to several risks, including impaired health, increased job stress, and decreased job satisfaction, which calls for increased awareness of parental discrimination. This paper analyzes fairness and legitimacy judgments of unequal treatment based on parental status at work and the antecedents that influence these judgments. Stereotypes of symbolic vilification that suggest lower commitment due to caring responsibilities, and symbolic amplification, which refers to rational economic organizational needs, are expected to rationalize discrimination. Moreover, we expect specific values and ideologies to be related to judgments of fairness and legitimacy, mediated by resonance with symbolic vilification and amplification. Analyses are based on survey data from a sample of employees aged between 20 and 45 years (n = 376). Respondents' evaluations of parental discrimination were measured using two fictional cases. The results suggest that greater acceptance of vilifying and amplifying justifications is triggered by a stronger preference for the ideal worker norm and traditional gender role expectations. Women tend to view discrimination as more unfair and illegitimate than men, while men's judgments are more strongly driven by economic reasoning." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Breadwinners and caregivers: Examining the global relationship between gender norms and economic behavior (2025)
Zitatform
Goldstein, Markus, Paula Gonzalez, Talip Kilic, Sreelakshmi Papineni & Philip Wollburg (2025): Breadwinners and caregivers: Examining the global relationship between gender norms and economic behavior. In: Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 72, H. 2, S. e12406. DOI:10.1111/sjpe.12406
Abstract
"Gender norms are often emphasized to help explain gender gaps in the labor market. We examine global patterns of gender attitudes and norms toward the stereotypical gender roles of the male breadwinner and female caregiver , and broad support for gender equality in opportunities , and study their relationship with economic behavior. Using data collected via Facebook from 150,000 individuals across 111 countries the paper explores how gender beliefs and norms are related to labor supply, household production, and intra-household decision-making power within a country. We provide descriptive evidence that the more gender equitable or counter-stereotypical are beliefs and norms, the more likely women are to work, the more time men spend on household chores, and the higher the likelihood of joint decision-making among married couples. Our findings suggest an underestimation of the support for gender equality globally and the extent of underestimation varies by gender and region. The paper concludes with a discussion of potential entry points for policy to help address gender norms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender and unemployment: a vignette experiment on recruiters’ hiring intentions in sex-segregated occupations (2025)
Zitatform
Gutfleisch, Tamara & Robin Samuel (2025): Gender and unemployment: a vignette experiment on recruiters’ hiring intentions in sex-segregated occupations. In: European Societies, S. 1-35. DOI:10.1162/euso_a_00040
Abstract
"This study investigates the interplay between occupational sex composition and gender-specific unemployment patterns from the perspective of demand-side mechanisms, an area where existing research is scant. Experimental evidence suggests that unemployment is often perceived more negatively for men than women in hiring decisions. However, it is unclear how the disadvantages from unemployment and those associated with applying for gender-atypical jobs combine to (re-)produce gender inequality in re-employment chances. Utilizing secondary data from a multi-country vignette experiment, we examined how recruiters across different sex-segregated occupational fields assess male and female job applicants with unemployment experience. We found gender differences in the effect of unemployment, with disadvantages for men increasing with the share of women in an occupation. While the reverse pattern was observed in occupations with lower shares of women, the gender difference in unemployment effects was somewhat larger for men in female-dominated occupations. This was due to occupational variation in unemployment effects for both genders. However, focusing on applicants meeting the minimum skill requirements, only men's unemployment effect varied across occupational fields. Thus, occupational sex composition is an important factor in recruiter evaluations of unemployed applicants, intensifying the challenge of re-employment, particularly for men in female-dominated occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Rentenansprüche von Frauen bleiben mit steigender Kinderzahl deutlich hinter denen von Männern zurück (2025)
Zitatform
Haan, Peter, Michaela Kreyenfeld, Sarah Schmauk & Tatjana Mika (2025): Rentenansprüche von Frauen bleiben mit steigender Kinderzahl deutlich hinter denen von Männern zurück. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 92, H. 12, S. 183-189. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2025-12-1
Abstract
"Der Gender Pension Gap, der den Unterschied bei den Rentenansprüchen zwischen Männern und Frauen misst, liegt laut Daten der Deutschen Rentenversicherung im Alter von 60 Jahren bei 32 Prozent. Darüber hinaus zeigt sich auch ein deutlicher Unterschied bei den gesetzlichen Rentenansprüchen zwischen Müttern und kinderlosen Frauen (Motherhood Pension Gap). Diesem Gap wirken die im Jahr 1986 eingeführten und seither mehrfach modifizierten Kindererziehungszeiten entgegen. Die Anrechnung von Kindererziehungszeiten reduziert die Unterschiede der Rentenanwartschaften zwischen kinderlosen Frauen und Müttern zwar deutlich, allerdings nur für die Jahre nach der Geburt. Für die Geburtsjahrgänge 1952 bis 1959 liegt der Motherhood Pension Gap im Alter von 60 Jahren in Westdeutschland bei 26 Prozent: Kindererziehungszeiten können den Rentennachteil von Müttern nicht ausgleichen. Weitere sozial- und steuerpolitische Maßnahmen, die eine gleichberechtigte Aufteilung von Sorge- und Erwerbsarbeit fördern, sind notwendig. Neben dem Ausbau der Kinderbetreuung sind Reformen des Ehegattensplittings und der Minijobs sowie ein Umbau der Arbeitswelt erforderlich, der die Bedürfnisse von Sorgetragenden stärker berücksichtigt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Winning the Bread and Baking it Too: Gendered Frictions in the Allocation of Home Production (2025)
Zitatform
Hancock, Kyle, Jeanne Lafortune & Corinne Low (2025): Winning the Bread and Baking it Too: Gendered Frictions in the Allocation of Home Production. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 33393), Cambridge, Mass, 66 S.
Abstract
"We document that female breadwinners do more home production than their male partners, driven by “housework” like cooking and cleaning. By comparing to same sex couples, we highlight that specialization within heterosexual households does not appear to be “gender neutral ” even after accounting for average earnings differences. One possible explanation would be a large comparative advantage in housework by women, a supposition commonly used to match aggregate labor supply statistics. Using a model, we show that while comparative advantage can match some stylized facts about how couples divide housework, it fails to match others, particularly that men's housework time is inelastic to relative household wages. Matching these facts requires some gendered wedge between the opportunity cost of housework time and its assignment within the household. We then turn to the implications for household formation. Gendered rigidities in the allocation of household tasks result in lower surplus for couples where women out-earn men than vice versa, providing a micro-founded reason for substantial literature showing that lower relative earning by men decreases marriage rates. We show that our mechanism —allocation of housework, rather than norms about earnings—plays a role by relating marriage rates to the ratio of home production time in US immigrants' countries of origin." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Paid parental leave and long-term outcomes of children — Quasi-experimental evidence from former East Germany (2025)
Zitatform
Heisig, Katharina & Larissa Zierow (2025): Paid parental leave and long-term outcomes of children — Quasi-experimental evidence from former East Germany. In: Labour Economics. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102740
Abstract
"This study investigates the impact of an increase in paid parental leave from six to twelve months on children’s long-term outcomes. Our setting, former East Germany, features high labor market participation of mothers and universal supply of standardized childcare. It thus mitigates identification issues such as selection into the labor market and provides a clear counterfactual to maternal care. Applying a difference-in-differences design and using representative survey data, we exploit the specific timing of parental leave reforms in 1976 and 1986. We find significant and robust positive effects on children’s life satisfaction in adult age for both reforms. Effects on gross wages are positive, but not robust to different specifications. A heterogeneity analysis by gender reveals positive effects on trust and health of males." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Economic uncertainty and men's fertility: analysing the 2010s fertility decline in Finland by field of education and employment characteristics (2025)
Zitatform
Hellstrand, Julia, Jessica Nisén & Mikko Myrskylä (2025): Economic uncertainty and men's fertility: analysing the 2010s fertility decline in Finland by field of education and employment characteristics. (MPIDR working paper / Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research 2025-001), Rostock, 38 S. DOI:10.4054/MPIDR-WP-2025-001
Abstract
"In the Nordic countries, the total fertility rate (TFR) fell sharply in the 2010s, and increasing disparities in childbearing outcomes across different levels and fields of education have been documented in previous research. However, the role of economic uncertainty in shaping these fertility trends is not well understood. This study examines the male fertility decline in Finland during the 2010s, focusing on how fertility levels and trends vary by field of education and the economic uncertainty associated with these fields. Using full population register data, the analysis explores total fertility rates (TFR) and the expected shares of men having a first birth (TFRp1) across 122 detailed education groups. We find that fertility declines were stronger in fields with initially lower fertility levels, such as ICT, arts, and humanities, and weaker in fields like health, teaching, and agriculture. Weighted linear regression was used to analyse the association between characteristics reflecting uncertainty and the fertility decline. Fields with higher unemployment, lower income, and lower occupational match saw sharper fertility declines. Additionally, as unemployment decreased and income grew during the 2010s, fertility declines were less pronounced in fields that experienced stronger improvements in these areas. The predictive power of the uncertainty variables increased in the 2010s. The uncertainty model accounted for approximately half of the TFR decline and two-thirds of the TFRp1 decline across different fields. The study highlights the growing disparities in fertility patterns by educational field, underlining the increasing importance of economic security in shaping men's fertility. Keywords: men's fertility, Finland, unemployment, income, occupational match, occupation specificity" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug