Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Das Themendossier "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
How Care Inequalities are Reproduced in ‘Carer-Friendly’ Jobs: The Case of Employer-Led Carer’s Leave (2025)
Zitatform
Allard, Camille (2025): How Care Inequalities are Reproduced in ‘Carer-Friendly’ Jobs: The Case of Employer-Led Carer’s Leave. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 39, H. 4, S. 814-835. DOI:10.1177/09500170251337682
Abstract
"This article investigates how working carers – workers with care responsibilities for a long-term ill, ageing or disabled relative – negotiate their care responsibilities when employed in a ‘carer-friendly’ job with access to paid carer’s leave. Based on narrative interviews with 17 working carers in the UK, the article explores how the availability of carer’s leave influences carers ’ perception and legitimization of their roles as ‘carers’ within their families. By drawing on, and extending Acker’s concept of ‘inequality regimes’, the article uncovers the organizational processes, discourses of legitimization and normative pressures that shape carers’ roles both in their workplaces and at home. It argues that having ajob supported by a ‘carer-friendly’ employer – but without a right to statutory paid carer’s leave – can reinforce the normative perceptions of ‘who’ should be a carer at home." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Immigration and Adult Children's Care for Elderly Parents: Evidence from Western Europe (2025)
Zitatform
Berlanda, Andrea, Elisabetta Lodigiani & Lorenzo Rocco (2025): Immigration and Adult Children's Care for Elderly Parents: Evidence from Western Europe. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17984), Bonn, 41 S.
Abstract
"In this paper, we use the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), complemented with register data on the share of the foreign population in the European regions, to examine the effects of migration on the level of informal care provided by children to their senior parents. Our main results show that migration decreases informal care among daughters with a university degree, while it increases the provision of informal care among daughters with low-to-medium levels of education. Viceversa, migration has practically no effect on sons’ care provision who remain little involved in care activities. These results depend on the combination of two supply effects. First, migration increases the supply of domestic and personal services, making formal care more affordable and available. Second, as immigrants compete with low-to-medium-educated native workers, while improve the labor market opportunities of the better educated, the supply of informal care can increase among the less educated daughters and decrease among the more educated." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Dependent on one's past? how lifetime employment shapes later life work-care reconciliation (2025)
Zitatform
Bertogg, Ariane & Jason Settels (2025): Dependent on one's past? how lifetime employment shapes later life work-care reconciliation. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 28, H. 4, S. 479-498. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2023.2229002
Abstract
"This article investigates the association between older Europeans’ earlier employment biographies and their probability of leaving the labour market when becoming a caregiver. Based on theoretical ideas about life course path-dependencies and gender role socialisation, we argue that accumulated durations of lifetime employment are associated with both labour market exits in general, and conditional on caregiving. We draw on six panel waves from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and use information from retrospective interviews (SHARELIFE) to measure earlier participation in six different types of (non-)employment between ages 20 and 50. We analyse a large sample of men and women aged 50–68 years in 18 European countries (n = 35,766 respondents).Based on fixed effects regression models, we find that employment biographies and current caregiving jointly affect labour market exits. Explanations for these linkages are gender-specific: Upon initiation of caregiving, men are more likely to extend working lives when their previous employment biographies are characterised by homemaking, pointing at neutralising deviance from non-standard male biographies. For women, we find evidence for path-dependencies: Concomitant to beginning caregiving, women are more likely to stay in the labour market the longer their previous employment was characterised by homemaking." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Informal employment in the health sector: Examining gender disparities (2025)
Zitatform
Ehab, Maye & Fatma Mossad (2025): Informal employment in the health sector: Examining gender disparities. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 34, H. 2, 2024-09-20. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12704
Abstract
"This paper investigates the association between informal employment as a form of non-standard employment and the prevalence of in-work poverty for women in the health sector. We measured in-work poverty using a binary indicator that provides information on whether an individual has earnings above or below the low earnings threshold. The indicator takes into account household size and whether other household members are also in paid work. Using data from the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey for the years 2012 and 2018 and logit models, we found that being employed within the health sector increased the likelihood of in-work poverty among non-standard employees, both men and women. However, higher risks of in-work poverty were witnessed among women working informally in the health sector compared to other sectors. This increased risk was particularly observed when comparing non-standard employment in the health sector to non-standard employment in non-health sectors. Furthermore, marital status plays a critical role in economic wellbeing, with never-married women being more susceptible to in-work poverty compared to ever-married women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Wiley) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Predicting the Uptake of Long-Term Care Benefits in Austria (2025)
Zitatform
Famira-Mühlberger, Ulrike & Klaus Nowotny (2025): Predicting the Uptake of Long-Term Care Benefits in Austria. (WIFO working papers 707), Wien, 32 S.
Abstract
"We use administrative microdata and statistical learning methods to analyse how personal characteristics and the consumption of healthcare services help predict the first-time receipt of "long-term care allowance" (LTCA), a needs-tested cash-for-care benefit in Austria. Our findings suggest that short-term information from the health-care sector, particularly in the quarter prior to LTCA enrolment, provides substantial explanatory power. Apart from old age, the most influential predictors include the frequency of doctor visits and hospital stays as well as diagnoses such as dementia, cerebral infarction, and hypertension. Our findings emphasise the importance of data-driven approaches in anticipating the uptake of long-term care benefits and informing policy, especially against the background of the demographic transition." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The balancing and conflict between work and family life of sandwiched caregivers: A scoping review (2025)
Zitatform
Honda, Ayumi, Mayo Ono, Takahiro Nishida & Sumihisa Honda (2025): The balancing and conflict between work and family life of sandwiched caregivers: A scoping review. In: Safety and Health at Work, Jg. 16, H. 2, S. 156-163. DOI:10.1016/j.shaw.2025.04.004
Abstract
"The aim of this scoping review was to advance our understanding of the balancing and conflict between work and family life experienced by sandwiched caregivers. Five online databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, PubMed, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Library) were systematically searched between 20 Apr 2024 to 11 July 2024 for articles written in English and published between 1999 and July 2024, focused on the impact factors on work–family life balance and/or conflict of sandwiched caregivers. These database searches identified 58 citations, which results in 46 unique articles following the removal of duplicates. Title and abstract screening were identified for full-text review, twenty of these were excluded at full-text review, and leaving 13 articles for inclusion. We identified and categorized into three key themes: (1) Conflicts between work and family life and (2) Impact of conflicts between work and family life on psychological well-being and (3) Coping for conflicts between work and family life. The literature reviews suggested that the balancing and conflict between work and family life were associated with work hours, flexibilities in work and workplace, and partner support in the sandwiched caregivers. Especially, flexible work arrangements and maintaining social connection were the stress coping strategies for balancing of work and family life. In an aging society, building a truly supportive and flexible workplace culture, along with increasing and utilizing formal care services for child-rearing and aged care, is more effective in promoting the well-being of sandwiched caregivers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Institute, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Veränderungen am deutschen Arbeitsmarkt - Einflüsse und Entwicklungen: Stellungnahme des IAB zur Anhörung beim Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung am 9.7.2025 (2025)
Hummel, Markus; Weber, Enzo ; Popp, Martin ; Zika, Gerd ; Kohaut, Susanne; Schwengler, Barbara; Schmidtke, Julia ; Kunaschk, Max; Kovalenko, Tim ;Zitatform
Hummel, Markus, Susanne Kohaut, Tim Kovalenko, Max Kunaschk, Martin Popp, Julia Schmidtke, Barbara Schwengler, Enzo Weber & Gerd Zika (2025): Veränderungen am deutschen Arbeitsmarkt - Einflüsse und Entwicklungen. Stellungnahme des IAB zur Anhörung beim Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung am 9.7.2025. (IAB-Stellungnahme 02/2025), Nürnberg, 18 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.SN.2502
Abstract
"Zur Vorbereitung des Jahresgutachtens 2025/2026 des Sachverständigenrats zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung wurde das IAB um seine Expertise zur Einschätzung der folgenden Themen gebeten: - Entwicklung des deutschen Arbeitsmarkts - Auswirkungen der Handelspolitik, des Sondervermögens Infrastruktur und der erhöhten Verteidigungsausgaben auf den Arbeitsmarkt - Entwicklung der Beschäftigung im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe - Auswirkungen der informellen Pflege auf den Arbeitsmarkt. Die Erkenntnisse, die das IAB bereits Juli 2025 hierzu vorgelegt hat, werden in der vorliegenden Stellungnahme zusammengefasst." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Hummel, Markus; Weber, Enzo ; Popp, Martin ; Zika, Gerd ; Kohaut, Susanne; Schwengler, Barbara; Schmidtke, Julia ; Kunaschk, Max; Kovalenko, Tim ; -
Literaturhinweis
Alles beim Alten: Der Gender Care Gap in der Erwerbsbevölkerung (2025)
Zitatform
Lott, Yvonne (2025): Alles beim Alten: Der Gender Care Gap in der Erwerbsbevölkerung. In: Theorie und Praxis der sozialen Arbeit, Jg. 76, H. 1, S. 39-53. DOI:10.3262/tup2501039
Abstract
"Beim Gender Care Gap, der Verteilung von unbezahlter Arbeit zwischen erwerbstätigen Frauen und Männern, bleibt die Lage unverändert: Erwerbstätige Frauen leisten nach wie vor den größten Teil an Kinderbetreuung, Pflege und Hausarbeit. Im Durchschnitt arbeiten sie eine Stunde pro Woche mehr als Männer. Eine Sonderauswertung der Zeitverwendungserhebung 2022 für Deutschland bestätigt dies, so Yvonne Lott. Die Corona-Pandemie wurde oft als Chance gesehen, die unbezahlte Arbeit gerechter zu verteilen, da beide Partner häufig zuhause waren. Tatsächlich engagierten sich während der Pandemie nicht nur Mütter, sondern auch Väter stärker in der Kinderbetreuung. Vor allem zu Beginn der Pandemie gab es positive Erfahrungen engagierter Väter. Dennoch zeigte sich schnell, dass diese Veränderungen nicht dauerhaft waren. Die Sonderauswertung für die Erwerbstätigen bezieht sich auf alle Personen, die tatsächlich erwerbstätig waren. Dies schließt Selbstständige, Angestellte und andere Erwerbstätige im Alter von 18 bis 64 Jahren ein. Unbezahlte Arbeit umfasst Aktivitäten wie Hausarbeit, Kinderbetreuung und Unterstützung von Haushaltsmitgliedern. Die Zeitverwendungserhebung wird jährlich durchgeführt und erfasst, wie viel Zeit die Menschen für verschiedene Aktivitäten aufwenden, indem sie Tagebuch führen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass erwerbstätige Frauen im Durchschnitt fast eine Stunde mehr pro Woche arbeiten (54 Stunden) als Männer (53 Stunden). Frauen investieren mehr Zeit in unbezahlte Arbeit (über 25 Stunden pro Woche) als Männer (etwa 8 Stunden weniger als Frauen) und in bezahlte Arbeit (ungefähr 28 Stunden), was hauptsächlich auf Unterschiede bei Teilzeitbeschäftigten zurückzuführen ist." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Unpaid Working Time and Disproportionate Female Hazard: an Intersectionality Perspective (2025)
Zitatform
Manicardi, Caterina & Maria Enrica Virgillito (2025): Unpaid Working Time and Disproportionate Female Hazard: an Intersectionality Perspective. (LEM working paper series / Laboratory of Economics and Management 2025/01), Pisa, 36 S. DOI:10.57838/sssa/0v9f-0384
Abstract
"How has the distribution of unpaid working time between men and women evolved over the last twenty years? Does unpaid working time still disproportionately affect women, more than fifty years after the massive entry of the female labor force into formal employment? And, if so, which market and non-market factors drive this stratification and could possibly facilitate the transition out of an unequal intrahousehold division of labor? This paper leverages the most complete dataset collecting individual time diaries, the ATUS-CPS 2003-2022, to investigate the role of market variables such as real wages, household income, industry and occupation vis-a -vis non-market factors such as gender, race, household type and state of residence in explaining variations in unpaid time allocation. By exploiting both the cross-sectional and panel dimensions of the dataset, we provide novel evidence on individual time allocation and its gendered distribution, integrating an intersectional perspective that looks at the role of income classes and socio-material conditions in affecting the likelihood of escaping disproportionate exposure to unpaid work. Our results indicate that, despite clear class-based patterns, belonging to the upper income class is not enough for women to escape disproportionate burdens." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unpaid care in the EU (2025)
Zitatform
Nivakoski, Sanna & Marianna Baggio (2025): Unpaid care in the EU. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 80 S. DOI:10.2806/5774709
Abstract
"As countries face increasing pressure when it comes to providing care services, unpaid caregivers make an invaluable contribution. Care is needed at all ages of life, particularly when individuals face health issues or disabilities. The majority of care is provided within families, without financial compensation. This report investigates the situation of unpaid carers, focusing on their characteristics and the type of care and support they provide. It also looks at their time-use patterns, their well-being and the challenges they encounter. The report analyses how unpaid caregivers are defined across the EU and examines national-level policies aimed at supporting them. While the analysis covers all unpaid carers, including those providing childcare and long-term care, a specific focus is placed on two groups: young caregivers and those providing multiple types of unpaid care." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wage Premium or Wage Penalty? Gendered Long-term Wage Development of Family Caregivers (2025)
Zitatform
Raiber, Klara, Katja Möhring, Mark Visser & Ellen Verbakel (2025): Wage Premium or Wage Penalty? Gendered Long-term Wage Development of Family Caregivers. In: Work, Employment and Society. DOI:10.1177/09500170251348856
Abstract
"This study theoretically and empirically assesses the gendered relationship between family caregiving (excluding regular childcare) and wage development in the Netherlands applying conflict theory, which predicts a wage penalty due to difficulties in combining paid work and care, and enrichment theory, which expects a wage premium because of acquired skills and recognition. Growth curve modelling was used to analyse hourly wages from 19 years of register data combined with information on caregiving episodes, retrospectively collected among a Dutch sample (N = 2659 respondents and 324,940 months). Caregiving was distinguished by have-never cared, current caregivers and past caregivers, as well as by duration and intensity. The results showed that men’s wage growth slightly improved after caregiving stopped and when they provided intensive care. Women’s wage development was slightly weaker after caregiving stopped and when they provided intensive care. Thus, only men benefit from caregiving in terms of their wage growth, not women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of providing intensive care and practical help in mid-life on employment transitions in Europe (2025)
Zitatform
Spijker, Jeroen J. A., Maike van Damme & Bruno Arpino (2025): The impact of providing intensive care and practical help in mid-life on employment transitions in Europe. In: European Journal of Ageing, Jg. 22, H. 1. DOI:10.1007/s10433-025-00857-x
Abstract
"This paper examines how caregiving influences employment transitions among employed mid-life adults (50–69 years) who began providing non-professional care on a daily basis to someone inside or outside their household. Using data from the Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) from 2004 to 2017, we apply a difference-in-difference model with propensity score weighting to estimate probabilities of various employment change outcomes for each care status. These outcomes include reducing working hours, exiting the labor market, and retiring. Results are compared to those who continue to work. We assess heterogeneities by gender, income and three empirically identified care regime types from the first article in this special collection: strong defamilialism/supported familialism (strong DF/SF), moderate DF/SF and familialism-by-default (FbD). Results show that overall and for each gender and care regime, retiring is the most likely employment transition for new caregivers. However, low-income persons that make the transition into co-resident care in moderate DF/SF care regime countries are more likely to reduce working hours than non-carers. Regarding labor market exits, no significant overall effect was found. Nonetheless, exit was less likely among men in FbD regime countries when care occurred outside their household. This pattern may reflect financial pressures to stay in employment in contexts of limited state support (hence, an income effect). Women, on the other hand, are less likely to exit in strong DF/SF countries, which might be an income effect in that context. To conclude, caregiving significantly affects employment transitions, with notable differences across gender, income levels, and care regimes. These results underscore the importance of policies that support caregivers—particularly in familialist contexts—by providing affordable formal care options and flexible workplace arrangements to help them remain in employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege im neuen Verantwortungsmix – mehr Sicherheit oder neue Ungleichheit? (2025)
Völz, Silke; Evans-Borchers, Michaela; Lenzen, Julia; Wirth, Lena Marie; von Spee, Adelheid; Hampel, Sarah;Zitatform
Völz, Silke, Julia Lenzen, Lena Marie Wirth, Sarah Hampel, Adelheid von Spee & Michaela Evans-Borchers (2025): Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege im neuen Verantwortungsmix – mehr Sicherheit oder neue Ungleichheit? In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 74, H. 2/3, S. 177-197. DOI:10.3790/sfo.2024.1457807
Abstract
"Personen, die Sorge- und Erwerbsarbeit erbringen, tragen Verantwortung für das Vereinbaren dieser Handlungsbereiche und übernehmen das Risiko für drohende Nachteile nicht gelingender Vereinbarkeit. Unternehmen, die zunehmend von Personalmangel betroffen sind, bieten immer häufiger Maßnahmen an, um Pflegevereinbarkeit zu unterstützen, die Beschäftigungsfähigkeit von Individuen zu stärken sowie die Arbeitgeberattraktivität zu verbessern. Diese Vereinbarkeitsangebotsgestaltung wird anhand von Daten aus einer Unternehmensbefragung in diesem Beitrag analysiert. Die Verantwortungsübernahme von Unternehmen als Akteur:innen im Verantwortungsmix Pflege wird zwar begrüßt, dennoch wird davor gewarnt, dass neue Ungleichheitsdimensionen dadurch entstehen können, dass sozialstaatliche Aufgaben auf Unternehmen übertragen und nicht zugleich Infrastrukturen der Daseinsvorsorge gestärkt werden. Darauf basierend reflektiert der Beitrag sozial-, arbeits- und versorgungspolitische Handlungs- und Gestaltungsimplikationen" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The Impact of Demographic Change on Spousal Caregiving and Future Gaps in Long-term Care: Microsimulation Projections for Austria and Italy (2025)
Warum, Philipp ; Famira-Mühlberger, Ulrike; Pohl, Pauline; Culotta, Fabrizio; Horvath, Thomas ; Spielauer, Martin ; Leoni, Thomas ;Zitatform
Warum, Philipp, Fabrizio Culotta, Ulrike Famira-Mühlberger, Thomas Horvath, Thomas Leoni, Pauline Pohl & Martin Spielauer (2025): The Impact of Demographic Change on Spousal Caregiving and Future Gaps in Long-term Care: Microsimulation Projections for Austria and Italy. (WIFO working papers 709), Wien, 60 S.
Abstract
"As populations age, the sustainability of long-term care systems increasingly depends on the availability of informal care, particularly from partners. This paper addresses the question of how much care we may expect partners to provide in the future by projecting demand for long-term care (LTC), the care supply mix based on current patterns, and the resulting care gaps up to 2070. Using a comparative dynamic microsimulation model, we contrast the results for Austria and Italy, two countries at very different stages in the ageing process and with pronounced institutional differences. Our results suggest that delayed widowhood due to improvements in mortality is a mitigating factor for the increased need for formal care in ageing societies, although it can only offset this increase to a limited extent. Even under optimistic assumptions, potential care gaps substantially increase in both countries, primarily due to demographic change. The size of these gaps is influenced by institutional settings, partnership patterns and gains in longevity, but no scenario reverses the overall upward trend. These findings emphasize the need for comprehensive LTC reforms that extend beyond merely promoting informal care and highlight the necessity for substantial investment in formal care infrastructure." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Verantwortung darf kein Risiko sein: Vereinbarkeitsperspektiven im Umfeld von Erwerbstätigkeit und privaten Sorgeaufgaben (2025)
Wirth, Lena Marie; Evans-Borchers, Michaela; Lange, Joachim; Völz, Silke;Zitatform
Wirth, Lena Marie, Michaela Evans-Borchers, Silke Völz & Joachim Lange (2025): Verantwortung darf kein Risiko sein: Vereinbarkeitsperspektiven im Umfeld von Erwerbstätigkeit und privaten Sorgeaufgaben. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 74, H. 2/3, S. 83-97. DOI:10.3790/sfo.2024.1457802
Abstract
"Erwerbstätige sehen sich zunehmend mit der Herausforderung konfrontiert, Beruf und private Pflege zu kombinieren, was eine intensivere Auseinandersetzung mit den Perspektiven, Rahmenbedingungen und Herausforderungen zwischen den betrieblichen Produktions- und den Lebenswirklichkeiten pflegender Erwerbstätiger erfordert. Die Übernahme von An- und Zugehörigenpflege hat Einfluss sowohl auf die freistellenden Betriebe als auch auf die Erwerbstätigen und ihr familiäres Umfeld. Im Rahmen des Beitrags werden neben der Darstellung von Vereinbarkeitsperspektiven ein Überblick über die Beiträge des Schwerpunktheftes gegeben sowie Impulse aufgeführt, welche Akteur:innen zukünftig bei der Bewältigung dieser Herausforderungen unterstützen und eine Balance zwischen Beruf und Pflege fördern können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Entgelte von Pflegekräften 2023 (2024)
Carstensen, Jeanette; Wiethölter, Doris; Seibert, Holger;Zitatform
Carstensen, Jeanette, Holger Seibert & Doris Wiethölter (2024): Entgelte von Pflegekräften 2023. (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Aktuelle Daten und Indikatoren), Nürnberg, 19 S.
Abstract
"Der Pflegebranche fehlen akut Fachkräfte. Mit der demografisch bedingten Alterung der Bevölkerung verschärft sich die Lage auf lange Sicht weiter. Als eine Ursache für den Fachkräftemangel werden u. a. zu niedrige Gehälter angeführt. Bis 2019 sind die Entgelte in der Krankenpflege weitgehend entsprechend der allgemeinen Entgeltentwicklung gestiegen, in der Altenpflege waren die Steigerungen überdurchschnittlich. Nach 2019 sind die Entgelte sowohl in der Kranken- als auch in der Altenpflege im Gegensatz zur allgemeinen Entgeltentwicklung überdurchschnittlich gewachsen. Letztere stagnierte im Coronajahr 2020 vor allem wegen der umfangreichen Inanspruchnahme des Kurzarbeitergeldes (Pusch/Seifert 2021: 99). Seit 2021 spielte die Inflation eine zunehmend große Rolle, weil mit ihrem überdurchschnittlichen Anstieg die realen Entgeltzuwächse deutlich stärker geschmälert wurden, als in der Vergangenheit. Zur Einordnung der nominalen Entgeltentwicklung berechnen wir daher auf der Basis des vom Statistischen Bundesamt erstellten Verbraucherpreisindex zusätzlich die preisbereinigte Realentgeltentwicklung. Die hier vorgenommenen Entgeltanalysen beziehen sich auf Vollzeitbeschäftigte in den folgenden vier häufigsten Berufsgattungen unter den Pflegeberufen (Stichtag jeweils 31.12.): - Helfer*innenberufe in der Krankenpflege; - Fachkraftberufe in der Krankenpflege; - Helfer*innenberufe in der Altenpflege; - Fachkraftberufe in der Altenpflege. Von allen Beschäftigten in den Berufen der Kranken- und Altenpflege, sind 85 Prozent in diesen vier ausgewählten Hauptpflegeberufen tätig." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Ausbau der Pflegeversicherung könnte Gender Care Gap in Deutschland reduzieren (2024)
Zitatform
Geyer, Johannes, Peter Haan & Mia Teschner (2024): Ausbau der Pflegeversicherung könnte Gender Care Gap in Deutschland reduzieren. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 91, H. 7, S. 95-104. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2024-7-1
Abstract
"In vielen europäischen Ländern zeigen sich erhebliche geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in der informellen Pflege von Angehörigen: Frauen pflegen Familienmitglieder wesentlich öfter als Männer. Der Unterschied in der Pflege zwischen den Geschlechtern, der Gender Care Gap, variiert stark zwischen den europäischen Ländern. Deutschland befindet sich im Mittelfeld. Dieser Wochenbericht analysiert länderübergreifend, welche institutionellen, gesellschaftlichen und arbeitsmarktspezifischen Faktoren in einem Zusammenhang mit dem Gender Care Gap in der Pflege stehen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Gender Care Gap in Ländern kleiner ist, in denen mehr für das formelle Pflegesystem ausgegeben wird. Auch zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass in Ländern mit einer generell größeren Geschlechterungleichheit und einer stärkeren Ungleichheit in der Erwerbsbeteiligung zwischen Männern und Frauen tendenziell auch der Gender Care Gap größer ist. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen damit, dass die Geschlechterungleichheiten in der informellen Pflege mit Ausgaben im Gesundheitswesen, dem Pflegesystem und der Struktur des Arbeitsmarktes zusammenhängen. Um den Gender Care Gap zu reduzieren, sollten die Ausgaben für formelle Pflege erhöht werden, um pflegende Angehörige zu entlasten und die Qualität von Pflege in Einrichtungen zu erhöhen. Gleichzeitig sollte die Politik mit steuerlichen und familienpolitischen Anreizen die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen stärken, damit sich die Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit im Haushalt gleichmäßiger verteilt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The Gender Division of Work across Countries (2024)
Zitatform
Gottlieb, Charles, Cheryl Doss, Douglas Gollin & Markus Poschke (2024): The Gender Division of Work across Countries. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16896), Bonn, 64 S.
Abstract
"Across countries, women and men allocate time differently between market work, domestic services, and care work. In this paper, we document the gender division of work, drawing on a new harmonized data set that provides us with high-quality time use data for 50 countries spanning the global income distribution. A striking feature of the data is the wide dispersion across countries at similar income levels. We use these data to motivate a macroeconomic model of household time use in which country-level allocations are shaped by wages and a set of "wedges" that resemble productivity, preferences, and disutilities. Taking the model to country-level observations, we find that a wedge related to the disutility of market work for women plays a crucial role in generating the observed dispersion of outcomes, particularly for middle-income countries. Variation in the division of non-market work is principally shaped by a wedge indicating greater disutility for men, which is especially large in some low- and middle-income countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Poor labour market prospects due to intensive caregiving? Childcare and eldercare among welfare recipients in Germany (2024)
Zitatform
Hamann, Silke & Gabriele Wydra-Somaggio (2024): Poor labour market prospects due to intensive caregiving? Childcare and eldercare among welfare recipients in Germany. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 33, H. 1, S. 290-308., 2023-03-15. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12601
Abstract
"Despite the favourable economic situation in Germany over the last decade, the number of welfare recipients (~5 million) remained at a persistently high level. One factor limiting individuals' abilities to exit welfare dependency into employment is informal care. This article analyses two aspects of informal care: childcare, considering the number of caregivers in a given family constellation, and the amount of time spent on eldercare. A panel of survey data with comprehensive information on welfare recipients is used. The waves from 2006 to 2017 are included. The results suggest that the chances of exiting welfare dependency for those in jobs covering needs are strongly impacted by the intensity of caregiving. Single parents, as well as welfare recipients who spend >10 h/wk on eldercare, especially persons providing both of these types of caregiving, have the lowest probabilities of leaving welfare dependency among all recipient groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work and family interaction management: the case for zigzag working (2024)
Zitatform
Harris, Candice & Jarrod Haar (2024): Work and family interaction management: the case for zigzag working. In: The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 35, H. 18, S. 3001-3023. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2024.2390986
Abstract
"The present study seeks to advance understanding of the interaction of work and family roles. Typically, while the intersection of these domains is established as either being detrimental (i.e. work-family conflict) or beneficial (i.e. work-family enrichment), we argue there is a fundamental issue with timing. Specifically, we offer zigzag working as an approach to understanding how work and family interact. We suggest, rather than roles operating separately (e.g. work to family or family to work), the reality of work is where employees have work and family roles intersecting simultaneously. We believe this provides unique insights for those with dependent responsibilities, representing potentially both a unique challenge and benefit. Our study has two samples (n?=?318 employees and n?=?373 managers) and we find support for zigzag working at the day-level and while it is positively related to work-family conflict dimensions it is also positively related to happiness. Overall, our paper offers a new lens on work-family border negotiation, providing empirical evidence showing that zigzag working does occur and that it appears to have unique properties. Importantly, zigging and zagging around work and dependents during a typical day represents both positive and negative effects, highlighting a unique occurrence within the literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug