Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Die IAB-Infoplattform "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Zurück zur Übersicht- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Ausbau der Pflegeversicherung könnte Gender Care Gap in Deutschland reduzieren (2024)
Zitatform
Geyer, Johannes, Peter Haan & Mia Teschner (2024): Ausbau der Pflegeversicherung könnte Gender Care Gap in Deutschland reduzieren. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 91, H. 7, S. 95-104. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2024-7-1
Abstract
"In vielen europäischen Ländern zeigen sich erhebliche geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in der informellen Pflege von Angehörigen: Frauen pflegen Familienmitglieder wesentlich öfter als Männer. Der Unterschied in der Pflege zwischen den Geschlechtern, der Gender Care Gap, variiert stark zwischen den europäischen Ländern. Deutschland befindet sich im Mittelfeld. Dieser Wochenbericht analysiert länderübergreifend, welche institutionellen, gesellschaftlichen und arbeitsmarktspezifischen Faktoren in einem Zusammenhang mit dem Gender Care Gap in der Pflege stehen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Gender Care Gap in Ländern kleiner ist, in denen mehr für das formelle Pflegesystem ausgegeben wird. Auch zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass in Ländern mit einer generell größeren Geschlechterungleichheit und einer stärkeren Ungleichheit in der Erwerbsbeteiligung zwischen Männern und Frauen tendenziell auch der Gender Care Gap größer ist. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen damit, dass die Geschlechterungleichheiten in der informellen Pflege mit Ausgaben im Gesundheitswesen, dem Pflegesystem und der Struktur des Arbeitsmarktes zusammenhängen. Um den Gender Care Gap zu reduzieren, sollten die Ausgaben für formelle Pflege erhöht werden, um pflegende Angehörige zu entlasten und die Qualität von Pflege in Einrichtungen zu erhöhen. Gleichzeitig sollte die Politik mit steuerlichen und familienpolitischen Anreizen die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen stärken, damit sich die Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit im Haushalt gleichmäßiger verteilt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Poor labour market prospects due to intensive caregiving? Childcare and eldercare among welfare recipients in Germany (2024)
Zitatform
Hamann, Silke & Gabriele Wydra-Somaggio (2024): Poor labour market prospects due to intensive caregiving? Childcare and eldercare among welfare recipients in Germany. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 33, H. 1, S. 290-308., 2023-03-15. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12601
Abstract
"Despite the favourable economic situation in Germany over the last decade, the number of welfare recipients (~5 million) remained at a persistently high level. One factor limiting individuals' abilities to exit welfare dependency into employment is informal care. This article analyses two aspects of informal care: childcare, considering the number of caregivers in a given family constellation, and the amount of time spent on eldercare. A panel of survey data with comprehensive information on welfare recipients is used. The waves from 2006 to 2017 are included. The results suggest that the chances of exiting welfare dependency for those in jobs covering needs are strongly impacted by the intensity of caregiving. Single parents, as well as welfare recipients who spend >10 h/wk on eldercare, especially persons providing both of these types of caregiving, have the lowest probabilities of leaving welfare dependency among all recipient groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Dependent on one's past? how lifetime employment shapes later life work-care reconciliation (2023)
Zitatform
Bertogg, Ariane & Jason Settels (2023): Dependent on one's past? how lifetime employment shapes later life work-care reconciliation. In: Community, work & family online erschienen am 30.06.2023, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2023.2229002
Abstract
"This article investigates the association between older Europeans’ earlier employment biographies and their probability of leaving the labour market when becoming a caregiver. Based on theoretical ideas about life course path-dependencies and gender role socialisation, we argue that accumulated durations of lifetime employment are associated with both labour market exits in general, and conditional on caregiving. We draw on six panel waves from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and use information from retrospective interviews (SHARELIFE) to measure earlier participation in six different types of (non-)employment between ages 20 and 50. We analyse a large sample of men and women aged 50–68 years in 18 European countries (n = 35,766 respondents).Based on fixed effects regression models, we find that employment biographies and current caregiving jointly affect labour market exits. Explanations for these linkages are gender-specific: Upon initiation of caregiving, men are more likely to extend working lives when their previous employment biographies are characterised by homemaking, pointing at neutralising deviance from non-standard male biographies. For women, we find evidence for path-dependencies: Concomitant to beginning caregiving, women are more likely to stay in the labour market the longer their previous employment was characterised by homemaking." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
"work & care" im Gesundheitswesen – Impulse für die bessere Vereinbarkeit von Erwerbstätigkeit und Angehörigenpflege (2023)
Zitatform
Bischofberger, Iren & Anke Jähnke (2023): "work & care" im Gesundheitswesen – Impulse für die bessere Vereinbarkeit von Erwerbstätigkeit und Angehörigenpflege. In: Gesundheits- und Sozialpolitik, Jg. 77, H. 2, S. 47-55. DOI:10.5771/1611-5821-2023-2-47
Abstract
"Das Gesundheitswesen ist mehrfach von der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie betroffen. Im Zentrum dieses Aufsatzes stehen Mitarbeitende von Gesundheitseinrichtungen mit hilfe- und pflegebedürftigen Nächsten und der Herausforderung, Erwerbstätigkeit und Angehörigenpflege zu vereinbaren. Der Beitrag zeichnet ihre „doppelte“ Lebenswelt nach, wechselt zur Perspektive der Gesundheitsbetriebe und skizziert den Weg zur Vereinbarkeitskompetenz." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The "Demise of the Caregiving Daughter"? Gender Employment Gaps and the Use of Formal and Informal Care in Europe (2023)
Bonsang, Eric; Costa-Font, Joan;Zitatform
Bonsang, Eric & Joan Costa-Font (2023): The "Demise of the Caregiving Daughter"? Gender Employment Gaps and the Use of Formal and Informal Care in Europe. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16615), Bonn, 51 S.
Abstract
"We revisit the universality of the "caregiving daughter effect", which holds that daughters tend to provide more care to their older parents than sons. Based on rich European data, we document evidence of such an effect in countries with large gender disparities in employment rates, where having daughters also depresses the demand for formal care. In contrast, we find evidence consistent with the "demise of the caregiving daughter" when exposed to narrower gender gaps, where there is no more daughters' effect on formal care. These results point to a reconsideration of caregiving system design amidst the rise of female employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How to support adult caregivers?: Caregiving for older adults is detrimental to caregivers' well-being and requires policy interventions to support them (2023)
Costa-Font, Joan;Zitatform
Costa-Font, Joan (2023): How to support adult caregivers? Caregiving for older adults is detrimental to caregivers' well-being and requires policy interventions to support them. (IZA world of labor 510), Bonn, 9 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.510
Abstract
"Some studies estimate that the value of time spent on unpaid caregiving is 2.7% of the GDP of the EU. Such a figure exceeds what EU countries spend on formal long-term care as a share of GDP (1.5%). Adult caregiving can exert significant harmful effects on the well-being of caregivers and can exacerbate the existing gender inequalities in employment. To overcome the detrimental cognitive costs of fulfilling the duty of care to older adults, focus should be placed on the development of support networks, providing caregiving subsidies, and enhancing labor market legislation that brings flexibility and level-up pay." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Association between Family Care and Paid Work among Women in Germany: Does the Household Economic Context Matter? (2023)
Zitatform
Ehrlich, Ulrike (2023): The Association between Family Care and Paid Work among Women in Germany: Does the Household Economic Context Matter? In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 117-136. DOI:10.1177/09500170211069841
Abstract
"Previous studies found contradictory results on whether women benefit in terms of earnings from having a female manager. This mixed-method study draws on survey data from the Netherlands to determine whether female employees have higher wages if they work under a female manager and combines these with data from interviews with Dutch female managers to interpret and contextualize its findings. The survey data show that having a female manager does not affect the wages of female (or male) employees in the Netherlands. The interviews revealed different ways in which managers can improve outcomes for female employees and suggest several reasons as to why some female managers experience a lack of motivation to enhance female employees’ earnings. This detailed focus on mechanisms that underlie female managers position to act as ‘cogs in the machine’ emphasizes the importance of incorporating context and looking at outcomes other than earnings in future research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Effects on Labor Supply of Living with Older Family Members Needing Assistance with Activities of Daily Living (2023)
Zitatform
Wilcox, Virginia & Herman Sahni (2023): The Effects on Labor Supply of Living with Older Family Members Needing Assistance with Activities of Daily Living. In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 44, H. 4, S. 900-918. DOI:10.1007/s10834-022-09880-x
Abstract
"Using a sample of 18,201 observations of working age respondents drawn from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 1996–2018, this research examined the labor supply effects for younger family members of living with older persons needing assistance with activities of daily living. We report the effects for three labor supply outcomes of younger family members: working hours, full-time work, and occupational flexibility of working hours. Our results indicate that living with an older family member needing assistance significantly reduced younger women's working hours and the probability of working full-time among younger women, but increased both of these labor outcomes among younger men. In addition, living with an older family member needing help led younger women to work in occupations with significantly larger average variances in working hours. This suggests that these women occupied positions that allowed greater flexibility of working hours. We found little effect on flexibility of working hours for younger men. We conclude that the need for assistance among older family members has important effects on the labor market outcomes of younger family members." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Care and careers: Gender (in)equality in unpaid care, housework and employment (2022)
Zitatform
Samtleben, Claire & Kai-Uwe Müller (2022): Care and careers: Gender (in)equality in unpaid care, housework and employment. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 77. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2021.100659
Abstract
"This article examines whether reducing care and housework duties and redistributing them within different-sex couples could further enhance gender equality on the labor market in terms of labor market participation for different employment types and actual working hours. Women around the world perform the majority of unpaid care and housework, with a large and persistent gap to men. Most research explains the unequal gender division of domestic chores, but less frequently their consequences for employment outcomes and career outlooks. Based on the German Socio-Economic Panel (2001–2017 N = 40,419 for employment probabilities / N = 30,795 for working hours) matched with regional data on external child- and elderly care, the authors use an instrumental variables approach and eliminate time-constant individual effects in first-differenced regressions to address endogeneity issues and to disentangle the reciprocal relationship. Results show that both the overall amount as well as the unequal division of housework and care in couple households have detrimental effects on women's labor market participation and actual working hours. Reducing the overall burden from housework and care duties and achieving a more symmetric within-couple distribution improves female integration into the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender inequality reinforced: the impact of a child's health shock on parents' labor market trajectories (2022)
Zitatform
Vaalavuo, Maria, Henri Salokangas & Ossi Tahvonen (2022): Gender inequality reinforced. The impact of a child's health shock on parents' labor market trajectories. (INVEST working papers 2022,51), Helsinki, 46 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/wx83z
Abstract
"This article employs a couple-level framework to examine how a child’s severe illness affects within-family gender inequality in a Northern European context. We study the parental labor market responses to a child’s cancer diagnosis by exploiting an event study methodology and individual-level administrative data on hospitalizations and labor market variables for the total population in Finland. We focus on the differences in the effects by gender, breadwinner status, cancer severity and age of children. We find that child cancer has a negative impact on the labor income of both the mother and the father. This effect is considerably larger for women, and therefore leads to an increase in gender inequality on top of the well-documented motherhood penalty related to childbirth. However, mothers who are the main breadwinners in the family experience a smaller reduction in their contribution to household income. Additionally, older age of the child at cancer diagnosis and less severe cancer type potentially protect against gendered responses. These new insights provide evidence on gender roles when a child falls ill and show how child health affects gender inequality in two-parent households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug