Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Die IAB-Infoplattform "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Zurück zur Übersicht- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
What Firms Do: Gender Inequality in Linked Employer-Employee Data (2024)
Zitatform
Casarico, Alessandra & Salvatore Lattanzio (2024): What Firms Do: Gender Inequality in Linked Employer-Employee Data. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 42, H. 2, S. 325-355. DOI:10.1086/723177
Abstract
"We study the extent to which employer heterogeneity affects gender gaps in earnings across the distribution, over time, and over the life cycle, accounting for cohort effects. Using a linked employer-employee dataset for Italy, we show that the gender gap in firm pay premia explains 34 percent of the mean gender pay gap, mainly due to between-firm components. Within-firm differences are more important at the top of the distribution, and have become more relevant over time. Gender differences in mobility towards firms with higher pay premia and within-firm gender inequality partly explain the gender gap in firm pay premia" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender Quotas, Board Diversity and Spillover Effects. Evidence from Italian Banks (2024)
Del Prete, Silvia; Tonello, Marco; Papini, Giulio;Zitatform
Del Prete, Silvia, Giulio Papini & Marco Tonello (2024): Gender Quotas, Board Diversity and Spillover Effects. Evidence from Italian Banks. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1368), Essen, 48 S.
Abstract
"We study the impact of a law, which required the increase of the proportion of women on boards of listed companies to at least one third. We look at its impact on listed banks, but also test whether it led to spillovers into non-listed banks belonging to listed groups or along other board diversity dimensions. Using administrative data, we compare diversity measures of boards of listed and non-listed banks in listed groups with those in non-listed groups, before and after the introduction of the law, in a difference-in-differences specifi- cation. We find that the imposition of the gender quota only changed the composition of the boards of listed banks, with no effect on their economic performance, nor spillovers on other non-listed banks in listed groups. The law enhanced diversity of boards of listed banks, also along individual characteristics other than gender." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Goldin's Last Chapter on the Gender Pay Gap: An Exploratory Analysis Using Italian Data (2024)
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Destefanis, Sergio, Fernanda Mazzotta & Lavinia Parisi (2024): Goldin's Last Chapter on the Gender Pay Gap: An Exploratory Analysis Using Italian Data. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 38, H. 2, S. 549-572. DOI:10.1177/09500170221143724
Abstract
"This article explores the application to Italy of Goldin’s hypothesis that the unexplained gender pay gap is crucially linked to firms’ incentive to disproportionately reward individuals who work long and particular hours. The study draws mainly on Italian responses to the 2014 European Structure of Earnings Survey for data on earnings and the individual characteristics of employees and their employer, but also uses data from the Occupational Information Network and the Italian Sample Survey on Professions to measure characteristics reflecting the work context within occupations. For graduate and non-graduate workers, the results reveal a positive relationship between various measures of the unexplained gender pay gap and the elasticity of earnings with respect to work hours. For graduate workers, in accordance with Goldin’s hypothesis, both these variables are correlated with the occupational characteristics that impose earnings penalties on workers seeking more workplace flexibility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
(Un)deserving of work-life balance? A cross country investigation of people's attitudes towards work-life balance arrangements for parents and childfree employees (2024)
Zitatform
Filippi, Silvia, Mara Yerkes, Michèlle Bal, Bryn Hummel & John de Wit (2024): (Un)deserving of work-life balance? A cross country investigation of people's attitudes towards work-life balance arrangements for parents and childfree employees. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 27, H. 1, S. 116-134. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2022.2099247
Abstract
"Work-life balance (WLB) represents a fundamental part of people’s well-being and is a key policy priority at national and organizational levels in many industrialized countries. Yet a significant gap exists in our understanding of employees’ ability to use WLB arrangements, particularly employees without children. We address this gap by exploring the perceived deservingness of childfree employees to use WLB arrangements in Italy and the Netherlands. Using a 2 × 2 experimental design, we study the perceived deservingness of childfree people to use organisational work-life balance arrangements compared to parents, with a particular focus on gender and country differences. We further investigate the attribution of priority to make use of work-life balance arrangements across these same groups. While we find no significant differences in perceptions of deservingness, the results do show significant differences in who is considered to need priority in using WLB arrangements in the workplace. Respondents attribute greater priority to female employees with children than female employees without children. The attribution of priority for male employees does not differ between parents and childfree employees. This interaction effect was only found in the Italian sample. We discuss the implications of our results for our understanding of work-life balance policy supports." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Insights about the barriers to achieve gender equality in the decision-making roles and power positions (2023)
Bahadori, Negar;Zitatform
Bahadori, Negar (2023): Insights about the barriers to achieve gender equality in the decision-making roles and power positions. (DiSSE working papers / Dipartimento di scienze sociali ed economiche, Sapienza Università di Roma 2023,06), 17 S.
Abstract
"Despite significant advancements in recent years, numerous barriers hinder the full participation and representation of women in higher influential domains. To effectively address the disparities and foster more inclusive and equitable societies, this article presents a literature review, examining the barriers that impede gender equality in decision-making roles and power positions. By shedding light on the complex dynamics and systemic challenges, it aims to contribute to the design of effective strategies for dismantling gender disparities. To investigate why women, struggle to fully advance along the corporate ladder, this study explores the contributing factors to gender inequality in the labor market at three levels: micro, meso, and macro level. Additionally, the article leverages the Varieties of Capitalism framework proposed by Hall and Soskice (2001) to gain insights at a macro level into how gender inequalities in the workplace are shaped and to understand the positioning of Italy within the international context while emphasizing the importance of empirical research to bridge the gap between theory and practice. Understanding the real-world experiences of individuals and organizations working towards gender equality is essential for developing effective strategies to overcome these obstacles and promote equitable representation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Persistence of the Gender Earnings Gap: Cohort Trends and the Role of Education in Twelve Countries (2023)
Zitatform
Bar-Haim, Eyal, Louis Chauvel, Janet Gornick & Anne Hartung (2023): The Persistence of the Gender Earnings Gap: Cohort Trends and the Role of Education in Twelve Countries. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 165, H. 3, S. 821-841. DOI:10.1007/s11205-022-03029-x
Abstract
"Studying twelve countries over 30 years, we examine whether women's educational expansion has translated into a narrowing of the gender gap in earnings when including persons with zero earnings. As educational attainment is cohort-dependent, an Age-Period-Cohort analysis is most appropriate in our view. Using the micro data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Database, we show that while, in terms of attainment of tertiary education, women have caught up and often even outperform men, substantial gender differences in our earnings measure persist in all countries. Using the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method in an innovative age-period-cohort approach, we demonstrate that the role of education in explaining gender earnings differences has been limited and even decreased over cohorts. We also conclude that, when including persons not receiving earnings, earnings differences at levels far from gender equality will likely persist in the future, even if the “rise of women” in terms of education continues—as the share of women in higher education increases and the returns to education in particular for women declines." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Effects of Fiscal Decentralisation on Publicly Provided Services and Labour Markets (2023)
Bianchi, Nicola; Martino, Enrica Maria; Giorcelli, Michela;Zitatform
Bianchi, Nicola, Michela Giorcelli & Enrica Maria Martino (2023): The Effects of Fiscal Decentralisation on Publicly Provided Services and Labour Markets. In: The Economic Journal, Jg. 133, H. 653, S. 1738-1772. DOI:10.1093/ej/uead022
Abstract
"This paper studies how fiscal decentralisation affects labour supply. It explores a reform that increased the fiscal autonomy of Italian municipalities by replacing government transfers with revenues from a local property tax. Our identification leverages cross-municipal variation in the degree of decentralisation that stems from differences in the average age of buildings caused by World War II bombings. Decentralisation expanded municipal services, such as nursery schools, especially in areas with greater political competition. The paper then investigates how the reform affected labour markets. Decentralisation increased female labour supply—probably through expanded availability of nursery schools—thereby reducing the gender gap in employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Short and Medium Term Effects of Full-Day Schooling on Learning and Maternal Labor Supply (2023)
Bovini, Giulia; Sestito, Paolo; Cattadori, Niccolò; De Philippis, Marta;Zitatform
Bovini, Giulia, Niccolò Cattadori, Marta De Philippis & Paolo Sestito (2023): The Short and Medium Term Effects of Full-Day Schooling on Learning and Maternal Labor Supply. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16378), Bonn, 47 S.
Abstract
"This paper considers the case of Italy to analyze the short- and medium-term effect of a longer school day in primary school on both students' learning and mothers' labor supply. we rely on unique application-to-primary-school data: first, we control for parental preferences, proxied by individual applications; second, we exploit variation in the probability of attending the full-time (FT) scheme that only stems from nonlinearities in the mix of FT and part-time (PT) applications received by the school and from class size limits set by the law. We show that attending the FT scheme increases Math test scores in grades 2 and 5 and Italian scores in grade 2 by around 4.5% of a standard deviation, but the effects fade away by grade 8. Conversely, there is a positive impact on maternal labor force participation and employment, which is long-lasting (approximately 2 p.p.). No effect is found on fathers' employment. Finally, we find some evidence of negative selection on gains, as the groups of students and mothers for whom the effect seems to be larger are not those more likely to apply to the FT scheme or to attend it conditional on applying." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A Further Look at the Gender Gap in Italian Academic Careers (2023)
Brunetti, Marianna; Zoli, Mariangela; Fabretti, Annalisa;Zitatform
Brunetti, Marianna, Annalisa Fabretti & Mariangela Zoli (2023): A Further Look at the Gender Gap in Italian Academic Careers. (CEIS Tor Vergata research papers Vol.21 (2023),7,No.570), Rom, 39 S.
Abstract
"In developed countries women have now achieved educational parity with men. Yet disparities persist in reaching top positions in the job market, with academia making no exception. This paper assesses the gender gap in career advancements in Italian universities over the 2013-2021 period, and explores the potential role of a third factor, i.e. mobility, besides competitiveness and scientific productivity typically investigated in the literature. The results, strongly robust, show a gender gap in advancements to associate professorship of about 4 percentage points, which is only partially explained by competitiveness, while scientific productivity and mobility do not seem to play a role. The estimated gender gap almost doubles for transitions to full professorship, and it remains unaffected when both competitiveness and scientific productivity are considered. Interestingly, mobility in this case matters: the gap is still there but (as much as 5 times) smaller when career advancements occur along with a move to a different University." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Measuring Gender Gaps in Time Allocation in Europe (2023)
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Campaña, Juan Carlos, Jose Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal & Jorge Velilla (2023): Measuring Gender Gaps in Time Allocation in Europe. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 165, H. 2, S. 519-553. DOI:10.1007/s11205-022-03026-0
Abstract
"This paper explores the gender gap in time allocation in European countries, offering a comparison of the 2000s and the 2010s, along with an explanation of the documented gender gaps, based on social norms and institutional factors. The results show that the gender gap in both paid and unpaid work has decreased in most countries, but with a significant level of cross-country heterogeneity in the size of the gender gaps. More traditional social norms are related to greater gender inequalities in paid and unpaid work, while countries with better family-friendly policies and a greater representation of women in politics and in the labour market exhibit smaller gender inequalities. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of gender gaps in Europe, and attempts to monitor the progress towards the elimination of gender inequalities. Despite that some degree of gender convergence in paid and unpaid work has taken place, there remain inequalities in the distribution of labour in European countries, and possible solutions may be related to social norms and family-friendly policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Behind the child penalty: understanding what contributes to the labour market costs of motherhood (2023)
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Casarico, Alessandra & Salvatore Lattanzio (2023): Behind the child penalty: understanding what contributes to the labour market costs of motherhood. In: Journal of Population Economics, Jg. 36, H. 3, S. 1489-1511. DOI:10.1007/s00148-023-00937-1
Abstract
"We study the short- and long-run effects of having a child on labour market outcomes of mothers compared to non-mothers. Using matched employer-employee data for Italy over 1985–2018, through an event study methodology around childbirth, we show that the long-run child penalty in annual earnings is 52 log points and the penalty largely depends on the reduction in weeks worked by mothers. We then investigate sorting of women with and without children across different types of firms, providing evidence that mothers work in firms with lower productivity, sales, capital and wages after childbirth. Differences in rent-sharing between mothers and non-mothers explain 11.3% of the long-run child penalty in weekly wages, mostly due to between-firm components. Finally, we explore the individual-level, firm-level, and cultural factors that influence the size of child penalties. We find that the child penalty is higher for young, low-wage mothers and those taking longer leaves. It is larger in small firms with less generous pay and worse peers, and in more gender-conservative regions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Maternal Employment and Childcare Use from an Intersectional Perspective: Stratification along Class, Contractual and Gender Lines in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the UK (2023)
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Ferragina, Emanuele & Edoardo Magalini (2023): Maternal Employment and Childcare Use from an Intersectional Perspective: Stratification along Class, Contractual and Gender Lines in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the UK. In: Social Politics, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 871-902. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxad021
Abstract
"Connecting streams of feminist and comparative social policy literature, this article investigates stratification in maternal employment and childcare use along class, contractual, and gender lines across six countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) and five family policy models. Detailing the different stratifying factors that intervene in the relation between maternal employment and childcare use offers a concrete analysis of the complex link between social reproduction and work. Employing multivariate regressions and EU-SILC (2007–2018) data, it provides an intersectional perspective to the literature. First, we observe a process of formalization in childcare use with a parallel reduction of nonformal care for couples; this process is slower for single mothers. Second, we document a paradox in relation to the social investment approach: the relation between childcare use and maternal employment is stronger in countries that recently expanded childcare to modify their male-breadwinner orientation, but in these countries childcare use is more stratified along class/contract types, a concern for the outcomes of social investment strategies outside of Scandinavia. Being out of work, being in a lower social class, fulfilling domestic tasks and/or care activities, and having an atypical contract negatively correlates with childcare use in most countries. Third, households where partners have more similar earning levels use childcare to a greater extent. The article also provides models employing different dependent and independent variables, alternative family structures, full and part-time work, formal and nonformal childcare, and rich country details." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The attachment of adult women to the Italian labour market in the shadow of COVID-19 (2023)
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Fiaschi, Davide & Cristina Tealdi (2023): The attachment of adult women to the Italian labour market in the shadow of COVID-19. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 83. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102402
Abstract
"We investigate the attachment to the labour market of women in their 30s, who are combining career and family choices, through their reactions to an exogenous, and potentially symmetric shock, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that in Italy a large number of women with small children, living in the North, left permanent (and temporary) employment and became inactive in 2020. Despite the short period of observation after the burst of the pandemic, the identified impacts appear large and persistent, particularly with respect to the men of the same age. We argue that this evidence is ascribable to specific regional socio-cultural factors, which foreshadow a potential long-term detrimental impact on female labour force participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
In-work poverty and family policy in Italy: from a frozen to a thawing landscape? (2023)
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Giuliani, Giovanni Amerigo & Nicola De Luigi (2023): In-work poverty and family policy in Italy: from a frozen to a thawing landscape? In: Community, work & family online erschienen am 20.11.2023, S. 1-21. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2023.2282356
Abstract
"The article investigates in-work poverty (IWP) in Italy through the lens of family policies. Adopting a longitudinal perspective, the work scrutinizes whether and to what extent the configuration of family policy tools - family allowances, leave and ECEC (Early Childhood Care and Education) - has been effective in contrasting IWP in Italy. Furthermore, it probes whether the Italian family policy has reconfigured over time as a tool for countering IWP. The study shows that family policy can be useful both directly - by providing income support for the most disadvantaged families - and indirectly - by fostering the transition to a dual-earner family model. However, the analysis of the Italian case shows that such positive effects are only potential, and not automatic. In Italy, historically, family policy has been scarcely effective. Nevertheless, in the last few years a pattern of slow change has initiated, and its effectiveness as a device to tackle IWP appears to have increased." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Women's Involuntary Part-Time Employment and Household Economic Security in Europe (2023)
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Maestripieri, Lara (2023): Women's Involuntary Part-Time Employment and Household Economic Security in Europe. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 223-251. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2023.2251991
Abstract
"The rate of involuntary part-time work among women has increased sharply. Scholars have demonstrated its links with diminished career opportunities, deteriorated working conditions, and low pay at an individual level. However, less attention has been paid to the effects of these contracts on economic security at the household level. This article investigates to what extent women being in part-time work involuntarily hinders their household's ability to attain reasonable living standards and examines whether this would be any different if women were in part-time employment voluntarily. The results show that part-time work in itself does not necessarily constitute a threat to household economic security, but when it is involuntary, part-time employment jeopardizes a household's financial well-being. This occurs in countries that deregulated peripheral corners of their labor markets, or "dualized" countries such as Italy, Spain, and France, and fully liberalized countries, such as Switzerland and the United Kingdom." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Inequality at the top. The gender earnings gap among the Italian educational elite (2023)
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Passaretta, Giampiero & Moris Triventi (2023): Inequality at the top. The gender earnings gap among the Italian educational elite. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 85. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2023.100796
Abstract
"Does a gender earnings gap exist at the top of the educational distribution? Based on population data on two recent cohorts of PhD graduates in Italy, we find that women’s monthly earnings are on average 16 % lower than men’s after 5–6 years in the labor market. The gender earnings gap is even wider at the bottom and top of the earnings distribution, reaching approximately 22 % and 19 %, respectively. Educational pathways before and during PhD studies, occupational characteristics, and family situation explain almost half of women’s average penalty and working hours alone one-fifth of it. The wider penalties at the bottom and top of the earnings distribution remain largely unexplained." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job Satisfaction and Gender in Italy: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach (2023)
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Piccitto, Giorgio, Hans M. A. Schadee & Gabriele Ballarino (2023): Job Satisfaction and Gender in Italy: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 169, H. 3, S. 775-793. DOI:10.1007/s11205-023-03187-6
Abstract
"The aim of this study was to propose a reliable measurement model for the concept of job satisfaction in Italy and to test its measurement invariance across gender. We used the 2003 and 2009 Italian National Statistical Office (ISTAT) Family and Social Subjects (FSS) data, containing information on 8 dimensions of job satisfaction. The best-fitting model was a four-factor one, including the dimensions of intrinsic, rewards, timing and socio-contextual job satisfaction. Multi-group analysis supported the measurement invariance across gender. Additionally, we evaluated the role of several job and individual characteristics as determinants of job satisfaction for men and women. While for a number of them the patterns of association with job satisfaction were similar over genders, some differences also did emerge." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Marriage patterns and the gender gap in labor force participation: Evidence from Italy (2023)
Zitatform
Righetto, Giovanni (2023): Marriage patterns and the gender gap in labor force participation: Evidence from Italy. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 82. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102359
Abstract
"The Italian rate of gender participation gap, defined as the differential between female and male rates of labor force participation, was 18.2% in 2020, the second highest among EU countries. In this paper, we present evidence highlighting a new possible determinant of this unbalance in the labor force: endogamy intensity. We define endogamy as “marriage within the community”, and we argue that it helps preserve and reinforce social norms stigmatizing working women, along with reducing the probability of divorce, which in turn disincentivizes women's participation in the labor force. We proxy the endogamy rate of a community by the degree of concentration of its surnames' distribution, and we provide evidence that a more intense custom of endogamy contributed to enlarging gender participation gaps across Italian municipalities in 2001. In order to deal with endogeneity issues, we make use of an instrumental variable strategy, by instrumenting the endogamy measure of a municipality by the degree of ruggedness of its territory: the asperity of a municipality's surface indeed contributes to its geographical isolation, thus incentivizing in- marriage. In our main 2SLS result, a standard deviation increase in our proxy of endogamy is linked to roughly a 0.3 standard deviation increase in the gender participation gap of 2001. In addition, we provide evidence supporting our main hypothesis, documenting how higher rates of in-marriage are linked to the preservation of social norms and to greater marriage stability, with a lower probability of divorce." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The labour market entry of immigrant women in Germany: disentangling the determinants of labour force participation (2023)
Zitatform
Schieckoff, Bentley (2023): The labour market entry of immigrant women in Germany: disentangling the determinants of labour force participation. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies online erschienen am 20.06.2023, S. 1-26. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2222915
Abstract
"The labour market entry of immigrants is key to their integration, but also one of the stages where disadvantage arises. In seeking to understand this disadvantage, much of the existing research does not acknowledge the gender-specific dynamics at play and for immigrant women, this often means that their labour force participation (LFP) is overlooked. Thus, this study seeks to investigate the LFP decision in its own right, exposing the gender-specific nature of this stage of labour market integration and its determinants, including labour market resources, like education and language skills, and motivations, like childcare pressures, gender role attitudes and personality traits. Relying on data from the Recent Immigration Processes and Early Integration Trajectories in Germany (ENTRA) survey of recently-arrived immigrants, I investigate the LFP of women from four different origin groups – Poland, Italy, Syria and Turkey. The results highlight that, unlike immigrant men, for immigrant women, the LFP decision is much more salient, and both labour market resources as well as motivations are decisive determinants. Nonetheless, even after accounting for these factors, Turkish and Syrian women still show persistently lower LFP compared to immigrant women from European origins. Moreover, childcare responsibilities are identified as a crucial female-specific barrier." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labour Market Participation and Fertility in Seven European Countries: A Comparative Perspective (2023)
Zitatform
Tomatis, Francesca & Roberto Impicciatore (2023): Labour Market Participation and Fertility in Seven European Countries. A Comparative Perspective. In: Comparative Population Studies, Jg. 48. DOI:10.12765/cpos-2023-08
Abstract
"Although evidence suggests a correlation between fertility and employment, comparative studies on this topic are relatively scarce, particularly when considering the diverse ways in which the two variables interact in different countries. The aim of this article is to analyse the relationship between the employment and reproductive behaviours of women born between 1940 and 1979 in seven European countries (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Georgia, Italy, and Lithuania). Using data from the second wave of Generation and Gender Surveys (GGS) and the Istat survey Famiglia e Soggetti Sociali (FSS) in Italy, we estimated the propensity of first and second childbirth through multi-process modelling. The article’s contribution is both theoretical and methodological. First, this research aims to investigate the correlation between employment and the timing of first and second births in a comparative perspective challenging the traditional East-West divide in Europe and the potential convergence in the impact of employment on fertility behaviours across European countries. Furthermore, the study asks whether the relationship between employment and fertility is changing similarly across European countries or whether differences tend to persist over time. The results are discussed considering women’s emancipation in different institutional settings, highlighting how women’s participation in labour markets affects reproductive behaviour. In particular, the relationship between employment and fertility behaviour is examined in relation to the opposing macro-level thesis, which suggests that the association between employment and fertility changed from negative to positive after the mid-80s. The second contribution of the article is a methodological one. It involves using simultaneous models with three equations to account for potential unobserved factors that influence the timing of the first and second childbirth and the potential endogeneity of employment status on fertility behaviour. The three equations include two log-Hazard equations for the transitions to the first and second birth order and an additional probit model to estimate the probability of being currently employed over the life course. By using this approach, we aim to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between employment and fertility, while controlling for potential confounding factors. Results suggest relevant national differences. On the one hand, the three Western countries considered in the analysis, France, Germany, and Italy, show a clear incompatibility of work and childbearing. However, in the first two, younger cohorts seem to be less affected by employment, likely because they benefitted from family policies introduced after the mid-1980s. On the other hand, the post-socialist countries are highly heterogeneous. In this area, we can find three different models. First, in Bulgaria and the Czech Republic employment is largely compatible with fertility choices resulting in a higher propensity of having the first and the second childbirth among working women. Second, in Lithuania the positive impact of employment for the first childbirth turns negative for the second one. Third, in Georgia we found a clear postponement of childbirth among working women for both birth orders. Overall, our results show deep differences across countries, suggesting that some European countries are far from demonstrating convergence in the relationship between employment and fertility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug