Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Die IAB-Infoplattform "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Zurück zur Übersicht- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Day care availability and awareness of gendered economic risks: How they shape work and care norms (2024)
Zitatform
Büchau, Silke, Marie-Fleur Philipp, Pia S. Schober & C. Katharina Spieß (2024): Day care availability and awareness of gendered economic risks: How they shape work and care norms. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 53-68. DOI:10.1177/09589287231219215
Abstract
"Family policies not only provide money, time and infrastructure to families, but also convey normative assumptions about what is considered desirable or acceptable in paid work and family care. This study conceptualizes and empirically investigates how priming respondents with brief media report-like information on existing day care policy entitlements and economic consequences of maternal employment interruptions may change personal normative judgements about parental work–care arrangements. Furthermore, we analyze whether these effects differ between groups of respondents assumed to vary in their degree of affectedness by the information as well as previous knowledge. The theoretical framework builds on the concept of normative policy feedback effects combined with social norm theory and human cognition theories. The study is based on a fully randomized survey experiment combined with a vignette experiment in Wave 12 of the German Family Panel (pairfam). It applies linear and ordinal logistic regressions with cluster-robust standard errors to a sample of 5,783 respondents. Our results suggest that priming respondents with information on day care policy and long-term economic risks of maternal employment interruptions increases acceptance of intensive day care use across the full sample and especially for mothers with children below school entry age. It further increases support for longer maternal hours spent in paid work among childless women and mothers with school-aged children. Norms regarding paternal working hours are largely unaffected by the information given in this survey experiment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employment leave for early pregnancy endings: A biopolitical reproductive governance analysis in England and Wales (2024)
Middlemiss, Aimee Louise ; Davies, Julie ; Brewis, Joanna; Newton, Victoria Louise ; Boncori, Ilaria ;Zitatform
Middlemiss, Aimee Louise, Ilaria Boncori, Joanna Brewis, Julie Davies & Victoria Louise Newton (2024): Employment leave for early pregnancy endings: A biopolitical reproductive governance analysis in England and Wales. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 31, H. 1, S. 75-91. DOI:10.1111/gwao.13055
Abstract
"When a pregnancy ends in England and Wales, statutory time away from paid employment is limited to circumstances where there is a live birth or stillbirth. Forms of leave, such as Maternity Leave or Paternity Leave, depend on parental status derived from the civil registration of a new person or a post‐viability stillbirth. Other early pregnancy endings, such as miscarriage or abortion, do not provide specific time off work after pregnancy. This paper uses the concept of reproductive governance to analyze current and shifting biopolitical truth discourses, strategies of intervention, and modes of subjectification around post‐pregnancy leaves. It shows how different inclusions and exclusions are generated by the classificatory boundaries which act as political technologies in this field. Contributing to an area that is under‐researched in the literature, we provide a review of post‐pregnancy statutory employment leave entitlements in this context. We then consider proposals for change presented in the United Kingdom political system in relation to more inclusive leave benefits offered by some employers and different pregnancy ending leaves offered in other jurisdictions. We argue that current arrangements and proposals do not adequately reflect the complexity and diversity of pregnancy endings. We conclude with a call to policymakers in all contexts to carefully assess the consequences of new ideas around leaves for pregnancy endings and to formulate inclusive and fair proposals for change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How Daycare Quality Shapes Norms around Daycare Use and Parental Employment: Experimental Evidence from Germany (2024)
Zitatform
Philipp, Marie-Fleur, Silke Büchau, Pia S. Schober, Viktoria Werner & C. Katharina Spieß (2024): How Daycare Quality Shapes Norms around Daycare Use and Parental Employment: Experimental Evidence from Germany. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16729), Bonn, 47 S.
Abstract
"Not only the quantity of formal daycare provision for young children, but also its quality has become an issue of political concern. This experimental study investigates how a hypothetical improvement in the quality of daycare facilities shapes normative judgements regarding daycare use and working hours norms for parents with young children in Germany. The analysis is framed using capability-based explanations combined with theoretical concepts of ideals of care and normative policy feedback theories. We draw on a factorial survey experiment implemented in 2019/2020 in the German Family Panel (pairfam) measuring underlying work-care norms for a couple with a 15-month-old child under different contextual conditions. Ordered logistic and linear multilevel regressions were conducted with 5,324 respondents. On average, high hypothetical daycare quality for young children leads respondents to recommend greater daycare use and longer working hours for mothers and fathers by about 1 hour per week. Respondents who hold more egalitarian gender beliefs, those with tertiary education, native Germans and parents tend to respond more strongly to higher daycare quality by increasing their support for full-daycare use. The results consistently point to the relevance of high quality for increasing the acceptance and subsequently take-up of formal daycare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Ship of Theseus: from ILO Standards to Outcome of Maternity Protection Policy (2024)
Zitatform
Son, Keonhi (2024): Ship of Theseus: from ILO Standards to Outcome of Maternity Protection Policy. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 53, S. 189-217. DOI:10.1017/S0047279422000010
Abstract
"Previous research focuses on the question of whether international standards have prompted any improvement of labor and social standards by law or in practice. This paper complements the literature by showing that the way that international standards are translated and implemented at the national level matters as well. Using a novel historical database on paid maternity leave policies in 160 countries with a time series from 1883 to 2018, I document how informal sector workers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) fell by the wayside in the widespread adoption of the International Labour Organization (ILO) maternity protection standards. First, the analysis shows that while the adoption of the ILO Maternity Protection Conventions triggered the introduction and extension of maternity leave policies throughout the world, LMICs ignored the provision of social assistance benefits. Second, even when LMICs extended the coverage of maternity leave policies to the informal sector, the implementation constraints further hindered the access of women workers in the informal sector to maternity benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does the provision of childcare reduce motherhood penalties in job-related training participation? Longitudinal evidence from Germany (2024)
Zitatform
Zoch, Gundula (2024): Does the provision of childcare reduce motherhood penalties in job-related training participation? Longitudinal evidence from Germany. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 69-84. DOI:10.1177/09589287231217199
Abstract
"Previous studies highlight gender differences in job-related training participation, particularly in countries with few family policies supporting maternal employment. This study examines whether higher levels of state-subsidized childcare provision are positively linked to mothers’ participation in job-related training. It combines individual-level data from the National Educational Panel Study for Germany (NEPS-SC6 adult cohort, N = 5504, 2008–20) with annual administrative records on county-level childcare coverage. Results from fixed effects models provide evidence that higher childcare levels reduce the negative impact of childbirth on mothers’ job-related training participation. Nevertheless, motherhood training penalties exist even in contexts with higher childcare coverage levels, especially in West Germany. The findings highlight the importance of supporting family policies to reduce motherhood training penalties and associated gender inequalities in the labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Transition to fatherhood and adjustments in working hours: The importance of organizational policy feedback (2023)
Zitatform
Abendroth, Anja-Kristin & Laura Lükemann (2023): Transition to fatherhood and adjustments in working hours: The importance of organizational policy feedback. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 35, S. 535-552. DOI:10.20377/jfr-946
Abstract
"Objective: This study investigates whether the normalization of the use of the family-friendly workplace policy flexiplace in the organization affects men's adjustments in working hours following their transition to fatherhood. Background: Men's stable full-time employment after childbirth remains to be a barrier to the equal distribution of care and paid work. Recent research suggests that state family policies promoting dual-earner/dual-carer family models can involve new norm setting of active fatherhood, albeit so far with only modest consequences for fathers' working hours. Unclear is, however, whether family-friendly workplace policies, such as flexiplace, and involved organizational policy feedback are of complementary importance. Method: We estimated fixed-effects regression analyses on men's adjustments in actual and contracted hours after a transition to fatherhood. Analyses are based on linked employer-employee panel data (2012/13; 2014/15; 2018/19) from large German work organizations, considering a random sample of 1,687 men in 131 work organizations. Results: Findings revealed that the normalization of using flexiplace in the work organization was associated with a reduction in men's overall working hours as well as marginal adjustments in their contracted hours after transitioning to fatherhood. Conclusion: Although a normalization of flexiplace is more likely in demanding workplace contexts, men experience at least some leeway in adjusting extensive temporal investments to cater to private demands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Paid parental leave: Big differences for mothers and fathers (2023)
Adema, Willem; Fluchtmann, Jonas; Lloyd, Alexandre; Patrini, Valentina;Zitatform
Adema, Willem, Jonas Fluchtmann, Alexandre Lloyd & Valentina Patrini (2023): Paid parental leave: Big differences for mothers and fathers. In: OECD Statistics blog, S. 1-13.
Abstract
"Employment-protected paid parental leave is a central element of family policy in most OECD countries. Paid parental leave primarily aims to support parents and children by letting both parents take time off paid work to care for a very young child. This is good for many things, including household finances, child development and parental well-being. Paid leave policies can also promote a better sharing of unpaid work within households by encouraging fathers to use their leave entitlements and get more involved in childcare. Data on availability and use of paid leave entitlements is crucial for understanding the effectiveness of such policies. However, the design of paid leave policy varies markedly across countries, which complicates measuring progress in its use. The OECD Family Database provides an overview of parental leave systems and their use across OECD countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Understanding the Impacts of Paid Maternity Leave on Women's Labor Market Outcomes (2023)
Bates, Lillian; Jakiela, Pamela; Hall, Oliver;Zitatform
Bates, Lillian, Oliver Hall & Pamela Jakiela (2023): Understanding the Impacts of Paid Maternity Leave on Women's Labor Market Outcomes. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16565), Bonn, 25 S.
Abstract
"All OECD countries except the United States offer at least four months of paid maternity leave, and the average duration of mandated paid maternity leave has increased steadily from 1970 to the present. There is some evidence that paid leave policies above a certain duration negatively impact women's labor market outcomes. In order to estimate the effects of paid leave, we link data on 40 years of paid leave policy across 24 European countries to survey data using a birth-cohort panel. Following previous work, we show that conventional fixed effects estimation suggests a non-monotonic relationship between leave length and women's labor force attachment, with leaves of three months or less increasing women's labor force attachment while longer leaves reduce it. However, in our context, the putative positive impacts of short-duration maternity leaves on women's employment appear to be driven by negative weighting in fixed effects estimation, which is explained by the fact that all countries in our sample eventually adopt short-duration leave policies. Using a robust imputation-based estimator, we find that maternity leaves longer than three months negatively affect female employment and increase women's domestic work burden. Leaves longer than six months also reduce women's educational attainment and their propensity to raise children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Umverteilung – wie viel sind Deutschland die Familien wert? (2023)
Beblo, Miriam; Fischer, Lilly; Heimann, Sebastian; Blömer, Maximilian Joseph; Meier, Volker; Wrohlich, Katharina ; Bentele, Verena; Krüger, Thomas; Peich, Andreas; Werding, Martin ; Geis-Thöne, Wido;Zitatform
Beblo, Miriam, Wido Geis-Thöne, Katharina Wrohlich, Thomas Krüger, Martin Werding, Verena Bentele, Sebastian Heimann, Volker Meier, Maximilian Joseph Blömer, Lilly Fischer & Andreas Peich (2023): Umverteilung – wie viel sind Deutschland die Familien wert? In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 76, H. 9, S. 3-36.
Abstract
"Miriam Beblo, Universität Hamburg, zeigt, dass die staatlichen Ausgaben in Deutschland für familien- und ehebezogene Maßnahmen im europäischen Mittelfeld liegen. In ihrer Gesamtheit bewirkten die Familienleistungen eine Umverteilung von Haushalten mit hohen zu Haushalten mit niedrigen Einkommen, allerdings seien viele Maßnahmen nicht zielgenau und einige begünstigten eine wenig gleichstellungsförderliche Arbeitsteilung innerhalb des Haushaltes mit entsprechenden Spezialisierungsrisiken. Da die Erwerbstätigkeit beider Elternteile das wichtigste Mittel gegen Kinderarmut darstellt, sollte gerade eine armutsvermeidende Familienpolitik gleichzeitig vereinbarkeitsfördernd sein und der Entstehung solcher asymmetrischen Spezialisierungsrisiken noch stärker entgegenwirken. Wido Geis-Thöne, Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft, zeigt, dass Deutschland im Vergleich mit den anderen EU-Ländern bei dem Erreichen familienpolitischer Ziele, wie beispielsweise der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf oder der Vermeidung von Armutsrisiken für Familien, nur im europäischen Mittelfeld liegt. Es könnte trotz der angespannten Haushaltslage sinnvoll sein, noch mehr Mittel für familienpolitische Leistungen zur Verfügung zu stellen. Dazu gehöre der Ausbau der Betreuungsinfrastruktur, die sowohl für die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf als auch für die Entwicklungschancen der Kinder von entscheidender Bedeutung sei. Die Diskussion um das Elterngeld im Sommer 2023 kreiste vor allem um die Frage, ob es gerecht ist, das Elterngeld für sehr einkommensstarke Elternpaare zu streichen. Aus Sicht von Katharina Wrohlich, DIW Berlin und Universität Potsdam, ist dabei die Diskussion um andere Reformen beim Elterngeld untergegangen. Mehr als 15 Jahre nach seiner Einführung müsse das Elterngeld an anderen Stellen dringend nachgeschärft werden, um die damals erklärten Ziele – unter anderem die ökonomische Eigenständigkeit beider Elternteile und eine gleichmäßigere Aufteilung der Kinderbetreuung zwischen Müttern und Vätern – heute stärker zu befördern. Nach Ansicht von Thomas Krüger, Deutsches Kinderhilfswerk, sind bei den diskutierten Haushaltskürzungen beim Elterngeld und der Kindergrundsicherung Familien, die in prekären Lebens- und Arbeitsverhältnissen leben, die Leidtragenden. Die geplanten Kürzungen des Elterngeldes zielen zwar maßgeblich auf privilegierte Bevölkerungsschichten ab. Dies sei von einem Standpunkt der sozialen Gerechtigkeit legitim. Das Elterngeld müsste aber weitergehend reformiert werden, damit es überhaupt in ausreichendem Maße den Familien zugutekomme, die es dringend brauchen. Eine „Umverteilung von oben nach unten“ sei ein gangbarer Weg für eine verantwortungsvolle Familienpolitik. Für Martin Werding, Ruhr-Universität Bochum und Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, ist es nachvollziehbar aber bedauerlich, dass für die Kindergrundsicherung ab 2025 – nach Anhebung des Kindergelds und anderer familienpolitischer Leistungen – nur ein recht geringer zusätzlicher Betrag zur Verfügung steht. In den kommenden Jahren sollte ein weiterer Ausbau folgen, bei dem einem höheren Zusatzbetrag für armutsgefährdete Kinder mehr Bedeutung gegeben wird als einem höheren Sockelbetrag für alle. Verena Bentele, Sozialverband VdK Deutschland, zeichnet ein ambivalentes Bild von der finanziellen Familienförderung in Deutschland. Zwar würden beträchtliche Mittel für diesen Zweck bereitgestellt, aber es gebe auch beträchtliche Hürden. So trage die Komplexität des Systems, die Anrechnung von Leistungen und die unklare Kommunikation dazu bei, dass eine substanzielle Anzahl von Familien nicht in den vollen Genuss der staatlichen Unterstützung käme. Um sicherzustellen, dass die Leistungen direkt bei den Kindern ankommen, sei eine weitgehende Automatisierung der Auszahlungsprozesse nötig. Ebenso sollten die Leistungen für Kinder, wie Kindergeld, Kinderzuschlag, Kinderregelsätze und Kinderfreibeträge, zu einer einzigen Leistung zusammengefasst werden. Sebastian Heimann, Deutscher Familienverband, fragt nach dem Maß für die richtige Balance zwischen staatlichen Eingriffen zur Umverteilung und individueller Verantwortung. Das Ausmaß für soziale Gerechtigkeit hänge dabei sowohl von dem politischen Gestaltungswillen als auch der Gesetzgebung ab, die dem jeweiligen richterlichen Zeitgeist unterliege. Damit Familien den nötigen Stellenwert in der Politik erhalten, sei ein Wahlrecht ab Geburt zu empfehlen, das auf die Eltern übertragen werden sollte, bis ihre Kinder selbst das Wahlrecht ausüben könnten. In einer Reihe von europäischen Ländern haben sich in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten die gesellschaftlichen Normen gewandelt, was auch mit einer gestiegenen Akzeptanz arbeitender Mütter und somit mit einer erhöhten Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen einherging. Volker Meier, ifo Institut, zeigt, dass letzterer Prozess zu einem temporären Anstieg und einem anschließenden Absinken der Umverteilung zugunsten von Haushalten mit nur einem Verdiener führen kann, wie es in Schweden und Deutschland mit der Einführung und Abschaffung des Betreuungsgelds zu beobachten war. Maximilian Blömer, Lilly Fischer und Andreas Peichl, ifo Institut, stellen eine Aktualisierung des Reformvorschlags für das deutsche Einkommensteuer- und Transfersystem vor. Mit ihm werden Leistungsanreize geschaffen, die die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern erhöhen. Dadurch würden 172.000 Personen eine Beschäftigung aufnehmen und die Zahl der geleisteten Arbeitsstunden um 184.000 Vollzeitäquivalente steigen. Durch die Umwandlung des Ehegattensplittings in ein Ehegattenrealsplitting und die Erhöhung der Kinderfreibeträge würde die Besteuerung von Familien neu konzipiert. Ein weiteres Element reformiert die bestehenden Grundsicherungssysteme durch die Integration von Wohngeld, Kinderzuschlag und Bürgergeld bei angepassten Hinzuverdienstregelungen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Maternal employment effects of paid parental leave (2023)
Bergemann, Annette; Riphahn, Regina T.;Zitatform
Bergemann, Annette & Regina T. Riphahn (2023): Maternal employment effects of paid parental leave. In: Journal of Population Economics, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 139-178. DOI:10.1007/s00148-021-00878-7
Abstract
"We study the short-, medium-, and long-run employment effects of a substantial change in Germany's parental leave benefit program. In 2007, a means-tested parental leave transfer program that paid benefits for up to 2 years was replaced with an earnings-related transfer that paid benefits for up to 1 year. The reform changed the regulation for prior benefit recipients and added benefits for those who were not eligible before. Although long-run labor force participation did not change substantially—the reform sped up mothers' labor market return after their benefits expired. Likely pathways for this substantial reform effect are changes in social norms and in mothers' preferences for economic independence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
- auch erschienen als: SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research, 900
- frühere (möglicherweise abweichende) Version erschienen als: Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy. Working paper, 2020,06
- frühere (möglicherweise abweichende) Version erschienen als: IZA discussion paper, 9073
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Literaturhinweis
The Short and Medium Term Effects of Full-Day Schooling on Learning and Maternal Labor Supply (2023)
Bovini, Giulia; Sestito, Paolo; Cattadori, Niccolò; De Philippis, Marta;Zitatform
Bovini, Giulia, Niccolò Cattadori, Marta De Philippis & Paolo Sestito (2023): The Short and Medium Term Effects of Full-Day Schooling on Learning and Maternal Labor Supply. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16378), Bonn, 47 S.
Abstract
"This paper considers the case of Italy to analyze the short- and medium-term effect of a longer school day in primary school on both students' learning and mothers' labor supply. we rely on unique application-to-primary-school data: first, we control for parental preferences, proxied by individual applications; second, we exploit variation in the probability of attending the full-time (FT) scheme that only stems from nonlinearities in the mix of FT and part-time (PT) applications received by the school and from class size limits set by the law. We show that attending the FT scheme increases Math test scores in grades 2 and 5 and Italian scores in grade 2 by around 4.5% of a standard deviation, but the effects fade away by grade 8. Conversely, there is a positive impact on maternal labor force participation and employment, which is long-lasting (approximately 2 p.p.). No effect is found on fathers' employment. Finally, we find some evidence of negative selection on gains, as the groups of students and mothers for whom the effect seems to be larger are not those more likely to apply to the FT scheme or to attend it conditional on applying." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Persistence in Gendering: Work-Family Policy in Britain since Beveridge (2023)
Zitatform
Chanfreau, Jenny (2023): The Persistence in Gendering: Work-Family Policy in Britain since Beveridge. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 52, S. 981-998. DOI:10.1017/S0047279422000125
Abstract
"Understanding the historical policy pathways that have led to the constellation of policies that both reflect and shape the current gender order can reveal reasons for the persistence of gender inequality in paid work and unpaid family care. Bringing together existing research and policy critique with Carol Bacchi’s framework of policy as ‘gendering practices’, this paper focuses on the role of policy as a process that constructs and upholds an unequal gender order. The discussion traces how UK social policies have since the establishment of the post-war welfare state articulated and positioned gendered possibilities for combining paid work and childrearing, shaping gendered and classed work-family life courses. The analysis illustrates that British social policy has not been consistently committed to a more equal gender regime but instead maintained a heteronormative family ideal and thus, despite various policy changes, the gendering of ‘the worker’ and ‘the parent’ as conceptualised in UK policy has persisted over the last several decades." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Who benefits from cash-for-care? The effects of a home care subsidy on maternal employment, childcare choices, and children’s development (2023)
Zitatform
Collischon, Matthias, Daniel Kühnle & Michael Oberfichtner (2023): Who benefits from cash-for-care? The effects of a home care subsidy on maternal employment, childcare choices, and children’s development. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 58, H. 6, S. 1-58., 2021-12-30. DOI:10.3368/jhr.0720-11051R1
Abstract
"We provide comprehensive evidence on Germany’s home care subsidy for one and two year-old children. In West Germany, take-up was 60% and the subsidy reduced mothers’ probability to work within three years after childbirth by 1.4 percentage points and increased exclusive parental care by 6.5 percentage points. The subsidy improved children’s development at age six, with the exception of children who do not speak German at home. In East Germany, 30% of families used the subsidy, neither affecting maternal employment nor exclusive parental care. As an income transfer, the subsidy did not benefit families with the least economic resources most." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © University of Wisconsin Press) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Search for Parental Leave and the Early-Career Gender Wage Gap (2023)
D'Angelis, Ilaria;Zitatform
D'Angelis, Ilaria (2023): The Search for Parental Leave and the Early-Career Gender Wage Gap. (Working paper / University of Massachusetts Boston, Department of Economics 2023-01), Boston, 45 S.
Abstract
"I show that highly educated millennial Americans search for employers that provide parental leave, and that women's stronger willingness to pay for this benefit contributes to the early-career growth in the gender wage gap. Using an hedonic job search model, I estimate that workers are offered higher wages when hired by employers providing paid and unpaid parental leave, but women are willing to pay, respectively, 40% more and 56% more than men for these benefits. While all workers search for jobs and experience wage growth by entering firms offering both high pay and valuable benefits, the gender wage gap increases as young women accept lower wages, compared to men, upon receiving job offers from employers who provide parental leave. While the early-career growth in the gender wage gap would decline by 75% if willingness to pay for parental leave did not differ across genders, a policy mandating and subsidizing parental leave provision could itself halve the early-career wage-gap growth. The widespread availability of parental leave would lessen workers' need to accept lower wages in exchange for its provision, reducing the gap in accepted wages between men and women entering leave-providing firms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The EU's work-life balance directive: Institutional change of father-specific leave across member states (2023)
Zitatform
De La Porte, Caroline, Zhen Jie Im, Brigitte Pircher & Dorota Szelewa (2023): The EU's work-life balance directive: Institutional change of father-specific leave across member states. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 57, H. 4, S. 549-563. DOI:10.1111/spol.12920
Abstract
"This paper examines institutional change in father-specific leave - a centre-piece of the EU's work-life balance directive (WLBD) - from the perspective of gradual institutional change. The WLBD, a highly contentious directive, represents a litmus test for the possible impact of the European pillar of social rights (EPSR), on welfare state institutions, which are responsible for the organisation, financing and delivery of social rights in member states. The analysis comprises in-depth case studies in Denmark, Germany, France and Poland, with different combinations of family and parental leave policies prior to the WLBD. The findings reveal that the EU's directive is leading to convergence in paternity leave, but to divergence in parental leave. Our study is important because it shows that even if EU directives in social policy in principle can lead to upwards social convergence across the EU, when they are relatively weak in terms of precise constraint, for instance, for the level of remuneration for leave, this leads to differentiated integration. This could undermine the very purpose of the EPSR, which seeks to improve social rights for all citizens across the EU. Similar dynamics are likely to be present in other areas at the welfare state-labor market nexus, such as minimum wages or platform work, where the EU is also developing regulation under the auspices of the EPSR." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Effects of After-School Programs on Maternal Employment (2023)
Zitatform
Dehos, Fabian T. & Marie Paul (2023): The Effects of After-School Programs on Maternal Employment. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 58, H. 5, S. 1644-1678. DOI:10.3368/jhr.58.5.0120-10651R1
Abstract
"We evaluate the effects of a massive expansion of after-school programs (ASPs) on maternal employment in West Germany, where full-time employment rates are relatively low. Using an instrumental variables approach, we exploit regional and temporal variation in the provision of federal ASP expansion grants through a nationwide investment program. The results suggest that increasing ASP availability had hardly any effect on the working hours and employment probability of mothers with primary school children. We discuss the mechanisms why the reform did not enhance employment. Based on time-use data, we descriptively investigate how mothers use their additional child-free time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Will Childcare Subsidies Increase the Labour Supply of Mothers in Ireland? (2023)
Zitatform
Doorley, Karina, Dora Tuda & Luke Duggan (2023): Will Childcare Subsidies Increase the Labour Supply of Mothers in Ireland? (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16178), Bonn, 28 S.
Abstract
"The cost of childcare has a significant impact on the decision of parents – particularly mothers – to work. Prior to the introduction of subsidies for formal childcare in Ireland in 2019 through the National Childcare Scheme (NCS), the cost of full-time centre-based childcare was among the most expensive in the OECD. Doorley et al. (2021) show that the introduction of the subsidy scheme improved childcare affordability. In this paper, we investigate the effects of the scheme on the labour supply and childcare choices of mothers. We model the joint decision of labour supply and childcare for lone and coupled mothers of children under six. Mothers are likely to respond to the introduction of childcare subsidies in 2019 by switching from informal childcare to formal childcare (11ppt), but not by increasing their participation in the labour market. We estimate that recent (2023) reforms of the NCS, which increase the generosity and the scope of the subsidy, will increase mothers' participation by 3% and full-time work by 4%, but also substantially decrease the demand for informal childcare. A hypothetical abolition of all childcare costs would close the gender employment gap, increasing mothers' participation by 30 ppt." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Making Parenting Leave Accessible to Fathers: Political Actors and New Social Rights, 1965–2016 (2023)
Zitatform
Engeman, Cassandra (2023): Making Parenting Leave Accessible to Fathers: Political Actors and New Social Rights, 1965–2016. In: Social Politics, Jg. 30, H. 4, S. 1137-1161. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxac038
Abstract
"In recent decades, governments have created and expanded paid leave rights for fathers, but policies have developed along different timelines and trajectories. Using event history methods, this research investigates the timing of fathers’ leave rights adoption across twenty-two countries from 1965 to 2016. With a focus on “first laws,” the findings support explanations of family policy development that emphasize political actors. Specifically, results suggest leftist parties and institutions are important for the adoption of nontransferable leave, a hallmark of gender egalitarian family policy models. However, new leave rights-adoption is sensitive to incremental increases in confessional-right party power, indicating possible negotiations between partisan actors. Finally, results suggest a role for women lawmakers but only for transferable parenting leave, which is often taken by mothers, complicating previous research on the role of women lawmakers in family policy development. Overall, results underscore the need to distinguish between social provisions when examining their drivers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Betreuungsgeld – familienpolitische Leistung oder Hindernis bei der Arbeitsmarktintegration? (2023)
Zitatform
Fendel, Tanja & Beate Jochimsen (2023): Betreuungsgeld – familienpolitische Leistung oder Hindernis bei der Arbeitsmarktintegration? In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 103, H. 5, S. 309-313., 2023-05-10. DOI:10.2478/wd-2023-0096
Abstract
"Deutschland steuert seit einigen Jahren auf einen gravierenden Arbeits- und Fachkräftemangel zu. Dabei gibt es nach wie vor erhebliche geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei der Erwerbsbeteiligung. Die Bemühungen, die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen zu steigern, spielen eine zentrale Rolle. Dennoch gab es von 2013 bis 2015 in Deutschland ein bundesweites Betreuungsgeld für Eltern, die keine öffentliche Kinderbetreuung für Kinder im Alter von einem oder zwei Jahren in Anspruch nahmen. Auch nach 2015 gab es ein Betreuungsgeld oder vergleichbare Leistungen in mehreren Bundesländern. Es stellt sich die Frage, welchen Einfluss ein Betreuungsgeld auf die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern hat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Maternal Employment and Childcare Use from an Intersectional Perspective: Stratification along Class, Contractual and Gender Lines in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the UK (2023)
Zitatform
Ferragina, Emanuele & Edoardo Magalini (2023): Maternal Employment and Childcare Use from an Intersectional Perspective: Stratification along Class, Contractual and Gender Lines in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the UK. In: Social Politics, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 871-902. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxad021
Abstract
"Connecting streams of feminist and comparative social policy literature, this article investigates stratification in maternal employment and childcare use along class, contractual, and gender lines across six countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) and five family policy models. Detailing the different stratifying factors that intervene in the relation between maternal employment and childcare use offers a concrete analysis of the complex link between social reproduction and work. Employing multivariate regressions and EU-SILC (2007–2018) data, it provides an intersectional perspective to the literature. First, we observe a process of formalization in childcare use with a parallel reduction of nonformal care for couples; this process is slower for single mothers. Second, we document a paradox in relation to the social investment approach: the relation between childcare use and maternal employment is stronger in countries that recently expanded childcare to modify their male-breadwinner orientation, but in these countries childcare use is more stratified along class/contract types, a concern for the outcomes of social investment strategies outside of Scandinavia. Being out of work, being in a lower social class, fulfilling domestic tasks and/or care activities, and having an atypical contract negatively correlates with childcare use in most countries. Third, households where partners have more similar earning levels use childcare to a greater extent. The article also provides models employing different dependent and independent variables, alternative family structures, full and part-time work, formal and nonformal childcare, and rich country details." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug