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Gender und Arbeitsmarkt

Die IAB-Infoplattform "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Wie viel sollten Mütter und Väter arbeiten?: Idealvorstellungen variieren in und nach der Rushhour des Lebens (2024)

    Bujard, Martin ; Kleinschrot, Leonie;

    Zitatform

    Bujard, Martin & Leonie Kleinschrot (2024): Wie viel sollten Mütter und Väter arbeiten? Idealvorstellungen variieren in und nach der Rushhour des Lebens. In: Bevölkerungsforschung aktuell H. 1, S. 3-9.

    Abstract

    "Der Artikel betrachtet die Rushhour des Lebens, die durch die Doppelbelastung aus Familien- und Erwerbsarbeit für Mütter und Väter insbesondere in der Lebensphase mit kleinen Kindern entsteht. Basierend auf Daten des familiendemografischen Panels FReDA wird gezeigt, dass die von den Befragten als ideal angesehene Erwerbsarbeitszeit für Mütter mit Kindern im Alter von 4 bis 18 Jahren deutlich höher ist als deren tatsächliche Arbeitszeit. Für Väter dagegen werden geringere Erwerbsarbeitszeiten als die tatsächlich von ihnen geleisteten als ideal angesehen, vor allem mit jungen Kindern. Die Studienergebnisse haben familienpolitische und arbeitsmarktbezogene Relevanz, auch vor dem Hintergrund des Arbeitskräftemangels. Mütter könnten durch Politik und Arbeitgebende eine stärkere Unterstützung bei der schrittweisen Erhöhung ihrer Arbeitszeit mit zunehmendem Alter der Kinder erfahren. Während für Väter in der Rushhour des Lebens die Realisierung einer vollzeitnahen Teilzeit hilfreich wäre." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    'I am different': a qualitative analysis of part-time working fathers' constructions of their experiences (2024)

    Mercier, Eric ; Delfabbro, Paul ; Le Couteur, Amanda ;

    Zitatform

    Mercier, Eric, Amanda Le Couteur & Paul Delfabbro (2024): 'I am different': a qualitative analysis of part-time working fathers' constructions of their experiences. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 27, H. 1, S. 1-17. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2022.2045904

    Abstract

    "Although there has been an increasing interest in the notion of involved fatherhood, few studies have examined how fathers who work part-time and engage in child-rearing make sense of this experience. The present study explores how part-time working fathers positioned themselves in terms of their ‘at home’ and ‘at work’ identities. Thematic analysis was used to examine 30 interviewees’ accounts of their experiences. Three central themes were identified: (1) choosing to work part-time, (2) benefits of working part-time, and (3) contrasts with fathers as ‘breadwinners’. A common feature in all of these themes was interviewees’ flexible transition between traditional and non-traditional types of masculinity. The ways in which part-time working fathers positioned themselves as caring for children while maintaining attachment to more traditional types of masculinity are considered in terms of implications for theory and for fathers’ personal development. At a time where expectations of fathers engaged in child-rearing are increasing, the results of this study could be drawn on in the area of personal development to support men in forming new strategies around fathering practices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Transition to fatherhood and adjustments in working hours: The importance of organizational policy feedback (2023)

    Abendroth, Anja-Kristin ; Lükemann, Laura ;

    Zitatform

    Abendroth, Anja-Kristin & Laura Lükemann (2023): Transition to fatherhood and adjustments in working hours: The importance of organizational policy feedback. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 35, S. 535-552. DOI:10.20377/jfr-946

    Abstract

    "Objective: This study investigates whether the normalization of the use of the family-friendly workplace policy flexiplace in the organization affects men's adjustments in working hours following their transition to fatherhood. Background: Men's stable full-time employment after childbirth remains to be a barrier to the equal distribution of care and paid work. Recent research suggests that state family policies promoting dual-earner/dual-carer family models can involve new norm setting of active fatherhood, albeit so far with only modest consequences for fathers' working hours. Unclear is, however, whether family-friendly workplace policies, such as flexiplace, and involved organizational policy feedback are of complementary importance. Method: We estimated fixed-effects regression analyses on men's adjustments in actual and contracted hours after a transition to fatherhood. Analyses are based on linked employer-employee panel data (2012/13; 2014/15; 2018/19) from large German work organizations, considering a random sample of 1,687 men in 131 work organizations. Results: Findings revealed that the normalization of using flexiplace in the work organization was associated with a reduction in men's overall working hours as well as marginal adjustments in their contracted hours after transitioning to fatherhood. Conclusion: Although a normalization of flexiplace is more likely in demanding workplace contexts, men experience at least some leeway in adjusting extensive temporal investments to cater to private demands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The Gender Wage Gap and Parenthood: Occupational Characteristics Across European Countries (2023)

    Adsera, Alícia ; Querin, Federica;

    Zitatform

    Adsera, Alícia & Federica Querin (2023): The Gender Wage Gap and Parenthood: Occupational Characteristics Across European Countries. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 39. DOI:10.1007/s10680-023-09681-4

    Abstract

    "Different strands of research analyse gender occupational differences and how they relate to differential earnings, especially among parents juggling family demands. We use rich data from PIAAC across a subset of European countries and match occupational characteristics to individuals’ jobs using the O*NET database to analyse, first, whether there are gender differences in the occupational characteristics of jobs, particularly among parents, and second, whether the return to key occupational characteristics varies by gender. Compared to men, women’s jobs generally require more contact with others, less autonomy in decision-making, and less time pressure. In addition, positions held by mothers involve both less leadership expectations and less intensive use of machines than those held by fathers. Further, mothers receive a lower return to both of these occupational characteristics than fathers do. Finally, even though gaps in occupational characteristics such as leadership jointly with the differential sorting of mothers and fathers across sectors explain part of the gender wage gap in Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition models, especially in Continental Europe, a large share remains unexplained particularly in Eastern and Southern European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Geschlechterunterschiede beim beruflichen Wiedereinstieg (2023)

    Bacher, Johann; Lankmayer, Thomas; Beham-Rabanser, Martina;

    Zitatform

    Bacher, Johann, Martina Beham-Rabanser & Thomas Lankmayer (Hrsg.) (2023): Geschlechterunterschiede beim beruflichen Wiedereinstieg. Wiesbaden: Springer, 247 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-38040-3

    Abstract

    "Der österreichische Arbeitsmarkt ist durch eine starke Geschlechtersegregation geprägt, die sich dadurch charakterisiert, dass Frauen andere, häufig schlechter bezahlte Berufe ausüben als Männer und in hohem Ausmaß Teilzeit arbeiten, wenn sie Kinder haben, mit der Folge, dass sie weniger verdienen und auch geringere Pensionen beziehen werden. Diese Geschlechterunterschiede sind in der einschlägigen Literatur vielfach beleuchtet und zeigen Benachteiligungen von Frauen gegenüber Männern am Arbeitsmarkt auf. Demgegenüber lässt sich für den österreichischen Arbeitsmarkt eine höhere Arbeitslosigkeit der Männer gegenüber den Frauen beobachten. Forschungsbefunde deuten zudem darauf hin, dass Frauen ein beruflicher Wiedereinstieg leichter gelingt als Männern. Obwohl diese Geschlechterunterschiede in vielen Evaluierungen der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Österreich gefunden wurden, wurden sie bisher nicht systematisch untersucht. Dementsprechend fehlen auch (empirisch gesicherte) Erklärungsansätze. An diese Forschungslücke knüpft die vorliegende Publikation an. Sie basiert auf einem breit angelegten Forschungsprojekt und verfolgt das Ziel, Geschlechterunterschiede beim beruflichen Wiedereinstieg systematisch zu beleuchten und Erklärungsansätze für diese empirisch zu prüfen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The Economic Well-Being of Nonresident Fathers and Custodial Mothers Revisited: The Role of Paternal Childcare (2023)

    Boll, Christina ; Schüller, Simone ;

    Zitatform

    Boll, Christina & Simone Schüller (2023): The Economic Well-Being of Nonresident Fathers and Custodial Mothers Revisited: The Role of Paternal Childcare. In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 44, H. 4, S. 836-853. DOI:10.1007/s10834-022-09876-7

    Abstract

    "Based on panel data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) for the years 1998 to 2018, we investigate the association between paternal childcare and parental economic well-being after separation in Germany. Referring to the post-separation year, we explore a sample of 176 separated couples with resident mothers and nonresident fathers, where fathers differ in their childcare involvement during weekdays. We propose equivalized annual net household income after exchange of alimony and child maintenance payments among the ex-partners as a novel indicator of parental economic well-being. Our study reveals the importance of considering both paid and received alimony, and child maintenance payments in analyzing post-separation economic well-being. Fathers’ childcare engagement during weekdays is not significantly associated with maternal post-separation income. Resident mothers take up the major or even full childcare burden. On the other hand, fathers with non-zero childcare hours manage to combine some paternal engagement with intensified employment. Mothers, however, fail to gain substantial ground on the labor market, which is unlikely to be due to differences in human capital, but rather due to persistently high maternal childcare involvement. We conclude that neither high levels of own resources, nor receiving help with childcare during the week shield resident mothers from economic deterioration after separation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Employees' perceptions of co-workers' internal promotion penalties: the role of gender, parenthood and part-time (2023)

    Brüggemann, Ole ;

    Zitatform

    Brüggemann, Ole (2023): Employees' perceptions of co-workers' internal promotion penalties: the role of gender, parenthood and part-time. In: European Societies online erschienen am 26.10.2023, S. 1-29. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2023.2270049

    Abstract

    "Much research has focused on penalties by gender, parenthood and part-time work for hiring processes or wages, but their role for promotions is less clear. This study analyzes perceived chances for internal promotion, using a factorial survey design. Employees in 540 larger German (>100 employees) firms were asked to rate the likelihood of internal promotion for vignettes describing fictitious co-workers who varied in terms of gender, parenthood, working hours as well as age, earnings, qualification, tenure and job performance. Results show that promotion chances are perceived as significantly lower for co-workers who are women (gender penalty), mothers (motherhood penalty) and part-time workers (part-time penalty). Fathers and childless men (co-workers) are not evaluated differently (no fatherhood premium or penalty), and neither does part-time employment seem to be perceived as a double penalty for male co-workers. All three perceived promotion penalties are more pronounced among female employees, mothers and part-time employees. These findings show that employees perceive differential promotion chances for co-workers which indicate actual differences due to discrimination, selective applications or structural dead-ends. Either way, perceived promotion penalties are likely consequential in guiding employee's application behavior and hence can contribute to the persistence of vertical gender segregation in the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The EU's work-life balance directive: Institutional change of father-specific leave across member states (2023)

    De La Porte, Caroline ; Pircher, Brigitte ; Im, Zhen Jie ; Szelewa, Dorota ;

    Zitatform

    De La Porte, Caroline, Zhen Jie Im, Brigitte Pircher & Dorota Szelewa (2023): The EU's work-life balance directive: Institutional change of father-specific leave across member states. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 57, H. 4, S. 549-563. DOI:10.1111/spol.12920

    Abstract

    "This paper examines institutional change in father-specific leave - a centre-piece of the EU's work-life balance directive (WLBD) - from the perspective of gradual institutional change. The WLBD, a highly contentious directive, represents a litmus test for the possible impact of the European pillar of social rights (EPSR), on welfare state institutions, which are responsible for the organisation, financing and delivery of social rights in member states. The analysis comprises in-depth case studies in Denmark, Germany, France and Poland, with different combinations of family and parental leave policies prior to the WLBD. The findings reveal that the EU's directive is leading to convergence in paternity leave, but to divergence in parental leave. Our study is important because it shows that even if EU directives in social policy in principle can lead to upwards social convergence across the EU, when they are relatively weak in terms of precise constraint, for instance, for the level of remuneration for leave, this leads to differentiated integration. This could undermine the very purpose of the EPSR, which seeks to improve social rights for all citizens across the EU. Similar dynamics are likely to be present in other areas at the welfare state-labor market nexus, such as minimum wages or platform work, where the EU is also developing regulation under the auspices of the EPSR." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Who benefits from an adult worker model? Gender inequality in couples' daily time use in Germany across time and social classes (2023)

    Deuflhard, Carolin;

    Zitatform

    Deuflhard, Carolin (2023): Who benefits from an adult worker model? Gender inequality in couples' daily time use in Germany across time and social classes. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 1391-1419. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwac065

    Abstract

    "This article investigates how mothers' and fathers' daily time use changed across social classes from 1990 to 2013 in Germany. In the 2000s, Germany's adherence to the male breadwinner model was eroded by labor and family policy reforms typical of the adult worker model, which assumes individual self-sufficiency. The implications for gender and class inequality have been heatedly discussed. Drawing on the German Time Use Survey, I find that gender equality in the division of labor is greatest among full-time dual-earner couples with standard schedules. The prevalence of this pattern increased among the middle- and upper-class in historically conservative western Germany, but declined across classes in formerly socialist eastern Germany. In parallel, nonstandard work patterns and dual-joblessness gained in importance among lower-class couples, particularly in eastern Germany. I conclude that the adult worker model benefited mothers with access to standard full-time jobs but at the cost of greater class polarization." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Knowing your place: the role of occupational status in fathers' flexible working (2023)

    Ewald, Alina ; Huppatz, Kate ; Gilbert, Emilee;

    Zitatform

    Ewald, Alina, Emilee Gilbert & Kate Huppatz (2023): Knowing your place: the role of occupational status in fathers' flexible working. In: Community, work & family online erschienen am 08.05.2023, S. 1-18. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2023.2207717

    Abstract

    "This study explored how fathers’ occupational status shapes their constructions, experiences, and negotiations of Flexible Working. In particular, we examined whether occupational status impacted men’s access to, and the acceptability of using FWAs for the purposes of care. Data from semi-structured interviews with 43 working fathers from diverse occupational roles within the Australian financial sector were analysed using Foucauldian discourse analysis. Findings suggest that fathers’ access to flexibility is contingent upon and shaped by their position in the organisational hierarchy. Fathers in ‘higher-status’ roles reported significant power and agency in their access to and adoption of FWAs. However, a major barrier to their use of flexibility was the discursively constructed expectation that men in these positions should be dedicated to their paid work role and career progression rather than caring for their child(ren). In contrast, men in ‘lower-status’ roles lacked autonomy, agency, and power in relation to accessing flexibility for caring purposes. These fathers reported being closely monitored in their paid working roles, having little flexibility available to them in these roles, and felt trepidatious about even requesting FWAs for caring for their child(ren)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Elternzeiten von verheirateten Paaren: Mütter kehren meist schneller auf den Arbeitsmarkt zurück, wenn ihre Partner Elternzeit nehmen (2023)

    Frodermann, Corinna; Bächmann, Ann-Christin ; Filser, Andreas ;

    Zitatform

    Frodermann, Corinna, Andreas Filser & Ann-Christin Bächmann (2023): Elternzeiten von verheirateten Paaren: Mütter kehren meist schneller auf den Arbeitsmarkt zurück, wenn ihre Partner Elternzeit nehmen. (IAB-Kurzbericht 1/2023), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2301

    Abstract

    "Seit der Einführung des Elterngeldes im Jahr 2007 steigt der Anteil von Vätern, die nach der Geburt eines Kindes ihre Erwerbstätigkeit unterbrechen. Dieses stärkere Engagement der Väter geht auch mit einer schnelleren Arbeitsmarktrückkehr von Müttern einher. Paarinterne Aufteilungsmuster zeigen allerdings, dass bei vielen Ehepaaren nach wie vor nur die Mutter ihre Erwerbstätigkeit unterbricht, während der Großteil der Väter keine Elternzeit nimmt. Wenn Väter ebenfalls unterbrechen, dann vorrangig für maximal zwei Monate. Die vorgelegten Befunde machen insgesamt deutlich, dass verheiratete Paare in Deutschland nach wie vor weit davon entfernt sind, Sorge- und Erwerbsarbeit gleich aufzuteilen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Should Mama or Papa Work? Variations in Attitudes towards Parental Employment by Country of Origin and Child Age (2023)

    Gambaro, Ludovica; Wrohlich, Katharina ; Spieß, C. Katharina ; Ziege, Elena;

    Zitatform

    Gambaro, Ludovica, C. Katharina Spieß, Katharina Wrohlich & Elena Ziege (2023): Should Mama or Papa Work? Variations in Attitudes towards Parental Employment by Country of Origin and Child Age. In: Comparative Population Studies, Jg. 48. DOI:10.12765/cpos-2023-14

    Abstract

    "Employment among mothers has been rising in recent decades, although mothers of young children often work fewer hours than other women do. Parallel to this trend, approval of maternal employment has increased, albeit not evenly across groups. However, differences in attitudes remain unexplored despite their importance for better understanding mothers’ labour market behaviour. Meanwhile, the employment of fathers has remained stable and attitudes towards paternal employment do not differ as much as attitudes towards maternal employment do between socio-economic groups. This paper examines attitudes towards maternal and paternal employment. It focuses on Germany, drawing on data from the German Family Demography Panel Study (FReDA). The survey explicitly asks whether mothers and fathers should be in paid work, work part-time or full-time, presenting respondents with fictional family profiles that vary the youngest child’s age. Unlike previous studies, the analysis compares the views of respondents with different origins: West Germany, East Germany, immigrants from different world regions, and second-generation migrants in West Germany. The results highlight remarkable differences between respondents from West and East Germany, with the former group displaying strong approval for part-time employment among mothers and fathers of very young children and the latter group reporting higher approval for full-time employment. Immigrant groups are far from homogenous, holding different attitudes depending on their region of origin. Taken together, the results offer a nuanced picture of attitudes towards maternal and paternal employment. We discuss these findings in relation to labour markets participation in Germany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Gender-Specific Duration of Parental Leave and Current Earnings (2023)

    Gerst, Benedikt; Grund, Christian ;

    Zitatform

    Gerst, Benedikt & Christian Grund (2023): Gender-Specific Duration of Parental Leave and Current Earnings. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 215-235. DOI:10.1177/09500170221090163

    Abstract

    "Although male employees are increasingly making use of parental leave, gender differences in both usage and duration of parental leave are still prevalent. Based on signalling theory and the masculinities concept, the article explores the role of gender in the relationship between the incidence/duration of parental leave and wages/compensation after returning to a job. It is shown that pay gaps associated with parental leave are much more severe for male than they are for female middle managers in the German chemical industry." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Becoming a Father, Staying a Father: An Examination of the Cumulative Wage Premium for U.S. Residential Fathers (2023)

    Gowen, Ohjae ;

    Zitatform

    Gowen, Ohjae (2023): Becoming a Father, Staying a Father: An Examination of the Cumulative Wage Premium for U.S. Residential Fathers. In: Social forces, Jg. 102, H. 2, S. 475-495. DOI:10.1093/sf/soad066

    Abstract

    "The instability of fathers’ co-residence with children has become an increasingly prevalent experience for U.S. families. Despite long-standing scholarship examining the relationship between fatherhood and wage advantages, few studies have investigated how variation in fathers’ stable co-residence with a child may produce temporal changes in the wage premium over the life course. Building on prior explanations of the fatherhood wage premium, I test if the wage premium grows with time since the birth of a resident child and if the premium depends on fathers’ co-residence with a child. I use marginal structural models with repeated outcome measures and data from 4060 men in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to assess the cumulative influence of co-residential biological fatherhood on wages. I find that each year of residential fatherhood is associated with a wage gain of 1.2 percent, while the immediate wage benefit to residential fatherhood is minor. Thus, the fatherhood premium is better understood as an unfolding process of cumulative advantage rather than a one-time bonus. Furthermore, the wage premium ceases to accumulate once fathers lose co-residential status with a child, which highlights the contingency of the premium on stable co-residence. Together, these findings shed light on one pathway through which family (in)stability—a phenomenon fundamentally embedded in individual life experiences—stratifies men’s wages across the life course." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Väterreport 2023: Entwicklungen und Daten zur Vielfalt der Väter in Deutschland (2023)

    Juncke, David; Stoll, Evelyn; Samtleben, Claire ;

    Zitatform

    Juncke, David, Claire Samtleben & Evelyn Stoll (2023): Väterreport 2023. Entwicklungen und Daten zur Vielfalt der Väter in Deutschland. (Väterreport ... / Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend), Berlin, 74 S.

    Abstract

    "Der neue Väterreport zeigt, dass sich Väter viel stärker als früher eine partnerschaftlich organisierte Aufgabenteilung in der Familie wünschen. Jeder zweite Vater möchte gern die Hälfte der Betreuung übernehmen. Tatsächlich gelingt dies nur jedem fünften Vater. Die Lücke zwischen Wunsch und Wirklichkeit ist noch immer groß. Der Väterreport beschreibt auf Basis amtlicher Statistiken, wissenschaftlicher Studien und repräsentativer Bevölkerungsbefragungen die Lebenslagen, Werte und Einstellungen von Vätern in Deutschland." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Die Aufteilung von Care- und Erwerbsarbeit ist eine Richtungsentscheidung für die Erwerbsverläufe beider Eltern (Interview mit Andreas Filser, Corinna Frodermann und Ann-Christin Bächmann) (2023)

    Keitel, Christiane; Filser, Andreas ; Bächmann, Ann-Christin ; Frodermann, Corinna;

    Zitatform

    Keitel, Christiane, Andreas Filser, Ann-Christin Bächmann & Corinna Frodermann; Andreas Filser, Ann-Christin Bächmann & Corinna Frodermann (sonst. bet. Pers.) (2023): Die Aufteilung von Care- und Erwerbsarbeit ist eine Richtungsentscheidung für die Erwerbsverläufe beider Eltern (Interview mit Andreas Filser, Corinna Frodermann und Ann-Christin Bächmann). In: IAB-Forum H. 07.02.2023 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20230207.01

    Abstract

    "Seit der Einführung des Elterngeldes im Jahr 2007 steigt der Anteil von Vätern, die nach der Geburt eines Kindes ihre Erwerbstätigkeit zugunsten von Kinder­betreuung unterbrechen. Der IAB-Kurzbericht 1/2023 zeigt nun unter anderem auf, wie sich eine Erwerbsunterbrechung der Väter auf die Arbeitsmarktrückkehr der Mütter auswirkt. Die Redaktion des IAB-Forum hat dazu bei Corinna Frodermann, Ann-Christin Bächmann und Andreas Filser nachgefragt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Modern fathers' dilemma of work-family reconciliation. Findings from the German Youth Institute Survey AID:A II (2023)

    Li, Xuan ; Zerle-Elsäßer, Claudia ;

    Zitatform

    Li, Xuan & Claudia Zerle-Elsäßer (2023): Modern fathers' dilemma of work-family reconciliation. Findings from the German Youth Institute Survey AID:A II. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 35, S. 103-123. DOI:10.20377/jfr-792

    Abstract

    "Fragestellung: Diese Studie untersucht, wie die beruflichen und familialen Anforderungen und Ressourcen mit den wahrgenommenen Konflikten zwischen Familie und Beruf deutscher Väter zusammenhängen. Hintergrund: Die steigenden Erwartungen an mehr familienbezogenes Engagement bei anhaltend zentraler Bedeutung der Erwerbstätigkeit im männlichen Lebensverlauf stellen Väter vor die Herausforderung, diese Lebensbereiche miteinander zu verbinden. Die meisten Studien zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf konzentrieren sich jedoch nach wie vor auf Mütter und untersuchen Konflikte zwischen Beruf und Familie (work-to-family) sowie zwischen Familie und Beruf (family-to-work) getrennt. Methode: Zunächst haben wir mit Hilfe einer Clusteranalyse eine Typologie aus vier Gruppen ermittelt, die je unterschiedliche Ausprägungen der work-to-family- und family-to-work-Konflikte haben. Anschließend haben wir den Zusammenhang mit relevanten beruflichen und familialen Anforderungen und Ressourcen in einer multinominalen logistischen Regression von 5.226 deutschen Kernfamilien mit mindestens einem Kind unter 18 Jahren mit analysiert. Ergebnisse: Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der größte Anteil der Väter (38,2 %) angab, hauptsächlich von der Arbeit unter Druck gesetzt zu werden (= work-to-family-Konflikte überwiegen), 19,8 % hauptsächlich von der Familie (= family-to-work-Konflikte überwiegen). Weitere 13,4 % gaben an, Druck aus beiden Richtungen zu spüren; nur 28,6 % der Väter gaben an, mehr oder weniger frei von Konflikten zu sein. Die Ergebnisse der multinominalen logistischen Regression deuteten darauf hin, dass lange Arbeitszeiten, familienunfreundliche Arbeitsanforderungen und langes Pendeln mit den Konflikten zwischen Beruf und Familie oder doppelten Konflikten der Väter in Zusammenhang stehen. Je höher der Umfang der geleisteten Stunden an Kinderbetreuung unter der Woche und je besser die Paar- und Familienbeziehung erachtet wird, desto geringer die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass Väter Konflikte zwischen Beruf und Familie oder Konflikte in beide Richtungen erlebten, ohne die Wahrscheinlichkeit von family-to-work-Konflikten zu erhöhen. Darüber hinaus stehen ein höheres Familieneinkommen und eine nicht erwerbstätige Partnerin in negativem Zusammenhang mit den Konflikten zwischen Familie und Beruf bei den Vätern. Schlussfolgerung: Diese Ergebnisse haben starke Implikationen für die Praxis der Familienbildung und Familienberatung sowie der Familienpolitik, die Väter in ihrer schwierigen Position zwischen Arbeits- und Familienpflichten besser unterstützen sollten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Gender Role Attitudes and Labour Market Behaviours: Do Attitudes Contribute to Gender Differences in Employment in Germany? (2023)

    Lietzmann, Torsten; Frodermann, Corinna;

    Zitatform

    Lietzmann, Torsten & Corinna Frodermann (2023): Gender Role Attitudes and Labour Market Behaviours: Do Attitudes Contribute to Gender Differences in Employment in Germany? In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 2, S. 373-393., 2021-03-07. DOI:10.1177/09500170211011318

    Abstract

    "This article contributes to the literature on persistent gender inequalities in the labour market by investigating gender role attitudes in Germany and their association with labour market behaviour. Based on the German Panel Study ‘Labour Market and Social Security’ (PASS), longitudinal analyses are applied to examine the influence of gender role attitudes and the household context on various employment states. The results reveal that gender role attitudes are crucial for labour market behaviour and that there are differences among women and men in different household contexts. Whereas single men and women do not differ significantly in their employment probabilities, women in couple households are less active in the labour market than their male counterparts. Furthermore, differences in employment are largest in couples with children. Among women, differences in full-time employment by household context become smaller when these women hold egalitarian attitudes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Lietzmann, Torsten; Frodermann, Corinna;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Auswirkungen des Zugangs zum Homeoffice auf die Erwerbsarbeitszeiten von Müttern und Vätern (2023)

    Pauliks, Johanna Elisabeth ; Schunck, Reinhard ; Lott, Yvonne ;

    Zitatform

    Pauliks, Johanna Elisabeth, Reinhard Schunck & Yvonne Lott (2023): Auswirkungen des Zugangs zum Homeoffice auf die Erwerbsarbeitszeiten von Müttern und Vätern. In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, Jg. 75, H. 3, S. 319-340. DOI:10.1007/s11577-023-00910-6

    Abstract

    "Dieser Beitrag geht der Frage nach, wie sich die tatsächliche Arbeitszeit von Müttern und Vätern verändert, wenn sie die Möglichkeit erhalten, im Homeoffice zu arbeiten. Ausgehend von der Principle-Agent-Theorie, der sozialen Austauschtheorie und der Work/Family-Border-Theorie wurde mit längsschnittlichen Daten des deutschen Beziehungs- und Familienpanels (pairfam) geprüft, ob eine Veränderung der tatsächlichen Arbeitszeit zu beobachten ist, wenn die Möglichkeit besteht, im Homeoffice zu arbeiten. Um mögliche Selektionseffekte auszuschließen, wurden sowohl konventionelle Fixed-Effects- als auch Fixed-Effects-Individual-Slope-Modelle zur Schätzung des Effekts vom Zugang zu Homeoffice auf die Arbeitszeit von Vätern und Müttern verwendet. Bei Vätern sind die geschätzten Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Zugang zum Homeoffice und der tatsächlichen Arbeitszeit klein und statistisch nicht signifikant. Bei Müttern zeigen sich positive, substanzielle und – in Abhängigkeit von der Modellspezifikation – statistisch signifikante Zusammenhänge." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)

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    Participation in Job-Related Training: Is There a Parenthood Training Penalty? (2023)

    Zoch, Gundula ;

    Zitatform

    Zoch, Gundula (2023): Participation in Job-Related Training: Is There a Parenthood Training Penalty? In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 274-292. DOI:10.1177/09500170221128692

    Abstract

    "Gender inequalities in paid and unpaid work are well documented, but patterns of advantage or disadvantage in further job-related training have been less explored. Previous cross-sectional studies indicate gender differences in further training, with lower participation rates and shorter training sessions for women, especially mothers. Based on the National Educational Panel Study for Germany (adult cohort, 2008–2020), this study is the first to examine gendered parenthood effects on participation in non-formal further job-related training using panel analyses. The results from fixed-effects regressions provide evidence of parenthood training penalties that are particularly pronounced for mothers and in the first years after childbirth. While fatherhood training penalties are mostly explained, motherhood gaps remain robust when accounting for a large number of time-varying characteristics. The results point towards further relevant changes in mothers’ aspirations or employer support. Thus, they underline the importance of training opportunities for reducing childbirth-related inequalities later in life." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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