Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Die IAB-Infoplattform "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Zurück zur Übersicht- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Is part-time employment a temporary 'stepping stone' or a lasting 'mommy track'? Legislation and mothers' transition to full-time employment in Germany (2024)
Zitatform
Brehm, Uta & Nadja Milewski (2024): Is part-time employment a temporary 'stepping stone' or a lasting 'mommy track'? Legislation and mothers' transition to full-time employment in Germany. In: Journal of European Social Policy online erschienen am 30.01.2024, S. 1-16. DOI:10.1177/09589287231224607
Abstract
"Research on reconciling family and employment debates if maternal part-time employment works as ‘stepping stone’ to full-time employment or as gateway to a long-term ‘mommy track’. We analyze how mothers’ transition from part-time to full-time employment is shaped by changing reconciliation legislations and how this is moderated by reconciliation-relevant factors like individual behaviors and macro conditions. We extend the literature on work–family reconciliation by investigating mothers’ employment behavior after the birth of their last child, i.e., after the family formative phase. We draw upon Germany with its considerable regional and historical heterogeneity. Using event history methods on SOEP-data, we observe mothers who (re)enter part-time employment (i.e., up to 30 weekly working hours) after their last childbirth. Results suggest that the impact of reconciliation legislations depends on the moderation by other factors. Recent reconciliation-friendly legislations may have contributed to the polarization of maternal employment patterns: more and less employment-oriented mothers diverge sooner after childbirth than before. Legislations co-occur with increases both in childcare institutions and part-time culture, but their moderation effects compete. Hence, boosting part-time work as either a ‘stepping stone’ or a ‘mommy track’ requires a deep understanding of the mechanisms behind legislations as well as more explicit policy incentives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Day care availability and awareness of gendered economic risks: How they shape work and care norms (2024)
Zitatform
Büchau, Silke, Marie-Fleur Philipp, Pia S. Schober & C. Katharina Spieß (2024): Day care availability and awareness of gendered economic risks: How they shape work and care norms. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 53-68. DOI:10.1177/09589287231219215
Abstract
"Family policies not only provide money, time and infrastructure to families, but also convey normative assumptions about what is considered desirable or acceptable in paid work and family care. This study conceptualizes and empirically investigates how priming respondents with brief media report-like information on existing day care policy entitlements and economic consequences of maternal employment interruptions may change personal normative judgements about parental work–care arrangements. Furthermore, we analyze whether these effects differ between groups of respondents assumed to vary in their degree of affectedness by the information as well as previous knowledge. The theoretical framework builds on the concept of normative policy feedback effects combined with social norm theory and human cognition theories. The study is based on a fully randomized survey experiment combined with a vignette experiment in Wave 12 of the German Family Panel (pairfam). It applies linear and ordinal logistic regressions with cluster-robust standard errors to a sample of 5,783 respondents. Our results suggest that priming respondents with information on day care policy and long-term economic risks of maternal employment interruptions increases acceptance of intensive day care use across the full sample and especially for mothers with children below school entry age. It further increases support for longer maternal hours spent in paid work among childless women and mothers with school-aged children. Norms regarding paternal working hours are largely unaffected by the information given in this survey experiment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How Work Hour Variability Matters for Work-to-Family Conflict (2024)
Zitatform
Cho, Hyojin, Susan J. Lambert, Emily Ellis & Julia R. Henly (2024): How Work Hour Variability Matters for Work-to-Family Conflict. In: Work, Employment and Society online erschienen am 09.01.2024, S. 1-25. DOI:10.1177/09500170231218191
Abstract
"Variable work hours are an understudied source of work-to-family conflict (WFC). We examine the relationships between the magnitude and direction of work hour variability and WFC and whether work hour control and schedule predictability moderate these relationships. We estimate a series of linear regressions using the 2016 US General Social Survey, examining women and men workers separately and together. Findings indicate that as the magnitude of work hour variability increases, so does WFC, controlling for the usual number of hours worked. Work hour control helps to protect workers, especially women, from WFC when work hour variability is high and hours surge. Although schedule predictability tempers the relationship between work hour variability and WFC, its potency diminishes as variability increases. Our study emphasizes the potential benefit to workers and families of government policies and employer practices that promote work hour stability, schedule predictability, and equity in employee work hour control." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employment leave for early pregnancy endings: A biopolitical reproductive governance analysis in England and Wales (2024)
Middlemiss, Aimee Louise ; Davies, Julie ; Brewis, Joanna; Newton, Victoria Louise ; Boncori, Ilaria ;Zitatform
Middlemiss, Aimee Louise, Ilaria Boncori, Joanna Brewis, Julie Davies & Victoria Louise Newton (2024): Employment leave for early pregnancy endings: A biopolitical reproductive governance analysis in England and Wales. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 31, H. 1, S. 75-91. DOI:10.1111/gwao.13055
Abstract
"When a pregnancy ends in England and Wales, statutory time away from paid employment is limited to circumstances where there is a live birth or stillbirth. Forms of leave, such as Maternity Leave or Paternity Leave, depend on parental status derived from the civil registration of a new person or a post‐viability stillbirth. Other early pregnancy endings, such as miscarriage or abortion, do not provide specific time off work after pregnancy. This paper uses the concept of reproductive governance to analyze current and shifting biopolitical truth discourses, strategies of intervention, and modes of subjectification around post‐pregnancy leaves. It shows how different inclusions and exclusions are generated by the classificatory boundaries which act as political technologies in this field. Contributing to an area that is under‐researched in the literature, we provide a review of post‐pregnancy statutory employment leave entitlements in this context. We then consider proposals for change presented in the United Kingdom political system in relation to more inclusive leave benefits offered by some employers and different pregnancy ending leaves offered in other jurisdictions. We argue that current arrangements and proposals do not adequately reflect the complexity and diversity of pregnancy endings. We conclude with a call to policymakers in all contexts to carefully assess the consequences of new ideas around leaves for pregnancy endings and to formulate inclusive and fair proposals for change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How Daycare Quality Shapes Norms around Daycare Use and Parental Employment: Experimental Evidence from Germany (2024)
Zitatform
Philipp, Marie-Fleur, Silke Büchau, Pia S. Schober, Viktoria Werner & C. Katharina Spieß (2024): How Daycare Quality Shapes Norms around Daycare Use and Parental Employment: Experimental Evidence from Germany. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16729), Bonn, 47 S.
Abstract
"Not only the quantity of formal daycare provision for young children, but also its quality has become an issue of political concern. This experimental study investigates how a hypothetical improvement in the quality of daycare facilities shapes normative judgements regarding daycare use and working hours norms for parents with young children in Germany. The analysis is framed using capability-based explanations combined with theoretical concepts of ideals of care and normative policy feedback theories. We draw on a factorial survey experiment implemented in 2019/2020 in the German Family Panel (pairfam) measuring underlying work-care norms for a couple with a 15-month-old child under different contextual conditions. Ordered logistic and linear multilevel regressions were conducted with 5,324 respondents. On average, high hypothetical daycare quality for young children leads respondents to recommend greater daycare use and longer working hours for mothers and fathers by about 1 hour per week. Respondents who hold more egalitarian gender beliefs, those with tertiary education, native Germans and parents tend to respond more strongly to higher daycare quality by increasing their support for full-daycare use. The results consistently point to the relevance of high quality for increasing the acceptance and subsequently take-up of formal daycare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Ship of Theseus: from ILO Standards to Outcome of Maternity Protection Policy (2024)
Zitatform
Son, Keonhi (2024): Ship of Theseus: from ILO Standards to Outcome of Maternity Protection Policy. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 53, S. 189-217. DOI:10.1017/S0047279422000010
Abstract
"Previous research focuses on the question of whether international standards have prompted any improvement of labor and social standards by law or in practice. This paper complements the literature by showing that the way that international standards are translated and implemented at the national level matters as well. Using a novel historical database on paid maternity leave policies in 160 countries with a time series from 1883 to 2018, I document how informal sector workers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) fell by the wayside in the widespread adoption of the International Labour Organization (ILO) maternity protection standards. First, the analysis shows that while the adoption of the ILO Maternity Protection Conventions triggered the introduction and extension of maternity leave policies throughout the world, LMICs ignored the provision of social assistance benefits. Second, even when LMICs extended the coverage of maternity leave policies to the informal sector, the implementation constraints further hindered the access of women workers in the informal sector to maternity benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does the provision of childcare reduce motherhood penalties in job-related training participation? Longitudinal evidence from Germany (2024)
Zitatform
Zoch, Gundula (2024): Does the provision of childcare reduce motherhood penalties in job-related training participation? Longitudinal evidence from Germany. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 69-84. DOI:10.1177/09589287231217199
Abstract
"Previous studies highlight gender differences in job-related training participation, particularly in countries with few family policies supporting maternal employment. This study examines whether higher levels of state-subsidized childcare provision are positively linked to mothers’ participation in job-related training. It combines individual-level data from the National Educational Panel Study for Germany (NEPS-SC6 adult cohort, N = 5504, 2008–20) with annual administrative records on county-level childcare coverage. Results from fixed effects models provide evidence that higher childcare levels reduce the negative impact of childbirth on mothers’ job-related training participation. Nevertheless, motherhood training penalties exist even in contexts with higher childcare coverage levels, especially in West Germany. The findings highlight the importance of supporting family policies to reduce motherhood training penalties and associated gender inequalities in the labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Transition to fatherhood and adjustments in working hours: The importance of organizational policy feedback (2023)
Zitatform
Abendroth, Anja-Kristin & Laura Lükemann (2023): Transition to fatherhood and adjustments in working hours: The importance of organizational policy feedback. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 35, S. 535-552. DOI:10.20377/jfr-946
Abstract
"Objective: This study investigates whether the normalization of the use of the family-friendly workplace policy flexiplace in the organization affects men's adjustments in working hours following their transition to fatherhood. Background: Men's stable full-time employment after childbirth remains to be a barrier to the equal distribution of care and paid work. Recent research suggests that state family policies promoting dual-earner/dual-carer family models can involve new norm setting of active fatherhood, albeit so far with only modest consequences for fathers' working hours. Unclear is, however, whether family-friendly workplace policies, such as flexiplace, and involved organizational policy feedback are of complementary importance. Method: We estimated fixed-effects regression analyses on men's adjustments in actual and contracted hours after a transition to fatherhood. Analyses are based on linked employer-employee panel data (2012/13; 2014/15; 2018/19) from large German work organizations, considering a random sample of 1,687 men in 131 work organizations. Results: Findings revealed that the normalization of using flexiplace in the work organization was associated with a reduction in men's overall working hours as well as marginal adjustments in their contracted hours after transitioning to fatherhood. Conclusion: Although a normalization of flexiplace is more likely in demanding workplace contexts, men experience at least some leeway in adjusting extensive temporal investments to cater to private demands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Paid parental leave: Big differences for mothers and fathers (2023)
Adema, Willem; Fluchtmann, Jonas; Lloyd, Alexandre; Patrini, Valentina;Zitatform
Adema, Willem, Jonas Fluchtmann, Alexandre Lloyd & Valentina Patrini (2023): Paid parental leave: Big differences for mothers and fathers. In: OECD Statistics blog, S. 1-13.
Abstract
"Employment-protected paid parental leave is a central element of family policy in most OECD countries. Paid parental leave primarily aims to support parents and children by letting both parents take time off paid work to care for a very young child. This is good for many things, including household finances, child development and parental well-being. Paid leave policies can also promote a better sharing of unpaid work within households by encouraging fathers to use their leave entitlements and get more involved in childcare. Data on availability and use of paid leave entitlements is crucial for understanding the effectiveness of such policies. However, the design of paid leave policy varies markedly across countries, which complicates measuring progress in its use. The OECD Family Database provides an overview of parental leave systems and their use across OECD countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Equality Hurdle: Resolving the Welfare State Paradox (2023)
Zitatform
Barth, Erling, Liza Reisel & Kjersti Misje Østbakken (2023): The Equality Hurdle: Resolving the Welfare State Paradox. In: Work, Employment and Society online erschienen am 18.03.2023, S. 1-21. DOI:10.1177/09500170231155293
Abstract
"This article revisits a central tenet of the welfare state paradox, also known as the inclusion-equality trade-off. Using large-scale survey data for 31 European countries and the United States, collected over a recent 15-year period, the article re-investigates the relationship between female labour force participation and gender segregation. Emphasising the transitional role played by the monetisation of domestic tasks, the study identifies a ‘gender equality hurdle’ that countries with the highest levels of female labour force participation have already passed. The results show that occupational gender segregation is currently lower in countries with high female labour force participation, regardless of public sector size. However, the findings also indicate that high relative levels of public spending on health, education and care are particularly conducive to desegregation. Hence, rather than being paradoxical, more equality in participation begets more equality in the labour market, as well as in gendered tasks in society overall." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Understanding the Impacts of Paid Maternity Leave on Women's Labor Market Outcomes (2023)
Bates, Lillian; Jakiela, Pamela; Hall, Oliver;Zitatform
Bates, Lillian, Oliver Hall & Pamela Jakiela (2023): Understanding the Impacts of Paid Maternity Leave on Women's Labor Market Outcomes. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16565), Bonn, 25 S.
Abstract
"All OECD countries except the United States offer at least four months of paid maternity leave, and the average duration of mandated paid maternity leave has increased steadily from 1970 to the present. There is some evidence that paid leave policies above a certain duration negatively impact women's labor market outcomes. In order to estimate the effects of paid leave, we link data on 40 years of paid leave policy across 24 European countries to survey data using a birth-cohort panel. Following previous work, we show that conventional fixed effects estimation suggests a non-monotonic relationship between leave length and women's labor force attachment, with leaves of three months or less increasing women's labor force attachment while longer leaves reduce it. However, in our context, the putative positive impacts of short-duration maternity leaves on women's employment appear to be driven by negative weighting in fixed effects estimation, which is explained by the fact that all countries in our sample eventually adopt short-duration leave policies. Using a robust imputation-based estimator, we find that maternity leaves longer than three months negatively affect female employment and increase women's domestic work burden. Leaves longer than six months also reduce women's educational attainment and their propensity to raise children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Umverteilung – wie viel sind Deutschland die Familien wert? (2023)
Beblo, Miriam; Fischer, Lilly; Heimann, Sebastian; Blömer, Maximilian Joseph; Meier, Volker; Wrohlich, Katharina ; Bentele, Verena; Krüger, Thomas; Peich, Andreas; Werding, Martin ; Geis-Thöne, Wido;Zitatform
Beblo, Miriam, Wido Geis-Thöne, Katharina Wrohlich, Thomas Krüger, Martin Werding, Verena Bentele, Sebastian Heimann, Volker Meier, Maximilian Joseph Blömer, Lilly Fischer & Andreas Peich (2023): Umverteilung – wie viel sind Deutschland die Familien wert? In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 76, H. 9, S. 3-36.
Abstract
"Miriam Beblo, Universität Hamburg, zeigt, dass die staatlichen Ausgaben in Deutschland für familien- und ehebezogene Maßnahmen im europäischen Mittelfeld liegen. In ihrer Gesamtheit bewirkten die Familienleistungen eine Umverteilung von Haushalten mit hohen zu Haushalten mit niedrigen Einkommen, allerdings seien viele Maßnahmen nicht zielgenau und einige begünstigten eine wenig gleichstellungsförderliche Arbeitsteilung innerhalb des Haushaltes mit entsprechenden Spezialisierungsrisiken. Da die Erwerbstätigkeit beider Elternteile das wichtigste Mittel gegen Kinderarmut darstellt, sollte gerade eine armutsvermeidende Familienpolitik gleichzeitig vereinbarkeitsfördernd sein und der Entstehung solcher asymmetrischen Spezialisierungsrisiken noch stärker entgegenwirken. Wido Geis-Thöne, Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft, zeigt, dass Deutschland im Vergleich mit den anderen EU-Ländern bei dem Erreichen familienpolitischer Ziele, wie beispielsweise der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf oder der Vermeidung von Armutsrisiken für Familien, nur im europäischen Mittelfeld liegt. Es könnte trotz der angespannten Haushaltslage sinnvoll sein, noch mehr Mittel für familienpolitische Leistungen zur Verfügung zu stellen. Dazu gehöre der Ausbau der Betreuungsinfrastruktur, die sowohl für die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf als auch für die Entwicklungschancen der Kinder von entscheidender Bedeutung sei. Die Diskussion um das Elterngeld im Sommer 2023 kreiste vor allem um die Frage, ob es gerecht ist, das Elterngeld für sehr einkommensstarke Elternpaare zu streichen. Aus Sicht von Katharina Wrohlich, DIW Berlin und Universität Potsdam, ist dabei die Diskussion um andere Reformen beim Elterngeld untergegangen. Mehr als 15 Jahre nach seiner Einführung müsse das Elterngeld an anderen Stellen dringend nachgeschärft werden, um die damals erklärten Ziele – unter anderem die ökonomische Eigenständigkeit beider Elternteile und eine gleichmäßigere Aufteilung der Kinderbetreuung zwischen Müttern und Vätern – heute stärker zu befördern. Nach Ansicht von Thomas Krüger, Deutsches Kinderhilfswerk, sind bei den diskutierten Haushaltskürzungen beim Elterngeld und der Kindergrundsicherung Familien, die in prekären Lebens- und Arbeitsverhältnissen leben, die Leidtragenden. Die geplanten Kürzungen des Elterngeldes zielen zwar maßgeblich auf privilegierte Bevölkerungsschichten ab. Dies sei von einem Standpunkt der sozialen Gerechtigkeit legitim. Das Elterngeld müsste aber weitergehend reformiert werden, damit es überhaupt in ausreichendem Maße den Familien zugutekomme, die es dringend brauchen. Eine „Umverteilung von oben nach unten“ sei ein gangbarer Weg für eine verantwortungsvolle Familienpolitik. Für Martin Werding, Ruhr-Universität Bochum und Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, ist es nachvollziehbar aber bedauerlich, dass für die Kindergrundsicherung ab 2025 – nach Anhebung des Kindergelds und anderer familienpolitischer Leistungen – nur ein recht geringer zusätzlicher Betrag zur Verfügung steht. In den kommenden Jahren sollte ein weiterer Ausbau folgen, bei dem einem höheren Zusatzbetrag für armutsgefährdete Kinder mehr Bedeutung gegeben wird als einem höheren Sockelbetrag für alle. Verena Bentele, Sozialverband VdK Deutschland, zeichnet ein ambivalentes Bild von der finanziellen Familienförderung in Deutschland. Zwar würden beträchtliche Mittel für diesen Zweck bereitgestellt, aber es gebe auch beträchtliche Hürden. So trage die Komplexität des Systems, die Anrechnung von Leistungen und die unklare Kommunikation dazu bei, dass eine substanzielle Anzahl von Familien nicht in den vollen Genuss der staatlichen Unterstützung käme. Um sicherzustellen, dass die Leistungen direkt bei den Kindern ankommen, sei eine weitgehende Automatisierung der Auszahlungsprozesse nötig. Ebenso sollten die Leistungen für Kinder, wie Kindergeld, Kinderzuschlag, Kinderregelsätze und Kinderfreibeträge, zu einer einzigen Leistung zusammengefasst werden. Sebastian Heimann, Deutscher Familienverband, fragt nach dem Maß für die richtige Balance zwischen staatlichen Eingriffen zur Umverteilung und individueller Verantwortung. Das Ausmaß für soziale Gerechtigkeit hänge dabei sowohl von dem politischen Gestaltungswillen als auch der Gesetzgebung ab, die dem jeweiligen richterlichen Zeitgeist unterliege. Damit Familien den nötigen Stellenwert in der Politik erhalten, sei ein Wahlrecht ab Geburt zu empfehlen, das auf die Eltern übertragen werden sollte, bis ihre Kinder selbst das Wahlrecht ausüben könnten. In einer Reihe von europäischen Ländern haben sich in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten die gesellschaftlichen Normen gewandelt, was auch mit einer gestiegenen Akzeptanz arbeitender Mütter und somit mit einer erhöhten Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen einherging. Volker Meier, ifo Institut, zeigt, dass letzterer Prozess zu einem temporären Anstieg und einem anschließenden Absinken der Umverteilung zugunsten von Haushalten mit nur einem Verdiener führen kann, wie es in Schweden und Deutschland mit der Einführung und Abschaffung des Betreuungsgelds zu beobachten war. Maximilian Blömer, Lilly Fischer und Andreas Peichl, ifo Institut, stellen eine Aktualisierung des Reformvorschlags für das deutsche Einkommensteuer- und Transfersystem vor. Mit ihm werden Leistungsanreize geschaffen, die die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern erhöhen. Dadurch würden 172.000 Personen eine Beschäftigung aufnehmen und die Zahl der geleisteten Arbeitsstunden um 184.000 Vollzeitäquivalente steigen. Durch die Umwandlung des Ehegattensplittings in ein Ehegattenrealsplitting und die Erhöhung der Kinderfreibeträge würde die Besteuerung von Familien neu konzipiert. Ein weiteres Element reformiert die bestehenden Grundsicherungssysteme durch die Integration von Wohngeld, Kinderzuschlag und Bürgergeld bei angepassten Hinzuverdienstregelungen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Maternal employment effects of paid parental leave (2023)
Bergemann, Annette; Riphahn, Regina T.;Zitatform
Bergemann, Annette & Regina T. Riphahn (2023): Maternal employment effects of paid parental leave. In: Journal of Population Economics, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 139-178. DOI:10.1007/s00148-021-00878-7
Abstract
"We study the short-, medium-, and long-run employment effects of a substantial change in Germany's parental leave benefit program. In 2007, a means-tested parental leave transfer program that paid benefits for up to 2 years was replaced with an earnings-related transfer that paid benefits for up to 1 year. The reform changed the regulation for prior benefit recipients and added benefits for those who were not eligible before. Although long-run labor force participation did not change substantially—the reform sped up mothers' labor market return after their benefits expired. Likely pathways for this substantial reform effect are changes in social norms and in mothers' preferences for economic independence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
- auch erschienen als: SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research, 900
- frühere (möglicherweise abweichende) Version erschienen als: Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy. Working paper, 2020,06
- frühere (möglicherweise abweichende) Version erschienen als: IZA discussion paper, 9073
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Literaturhinweis
Mothers' and daughters' employment in Europe. A comparative analysis (2023)
Berloffa, Gabriella; Matteazzi, Eleonora; Villa, Paola; Şandor, Alina;Zitatform
Berloffa, Gabriella, Eleonora Matteazzi, Alina Şandor & Paola Villa (2023): Mothers' and daughters' employment in Europe. A comparative analysis. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 21, H. 2, S. 767-793. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwac046
Abstract
"This article analyzes the intergenerational correlation of employment between young women (at about 30 years of age) and their mothers (when their daughters were about 14 years old), using 2011 European Union Survey on Income and Living Conditions data. It examines the extent to which this correlation varies across 19 European countries and is associated with the socioeconomic context at the national level. Having grown up with a working mother is associated with a sizeable increase in the daughters’ employment probability in almost all countries, with greater effect for women with children. For this group, the intergenerational correlation is smaller in countries where the policy context is less favorable to maternal employment. It is crucial to promote gender equality, challenging individuals’ gender stereotypes through education and in society at large, and create conditions that allow young women’s preferences for work to be realized, enhancing policies that favor a balanced sharing of unpaid work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Effects of Fiscal Decentralisation on Publicly Provided Services and Labour Markets (2023)
Bianchi, Nicola; Martino, Enrica Maria; Giorcelli, Michela;Zitatform
Bianchi, Nicola, Michela Giorcelli & Enrica Maria Martino (2023): The Effects of Fiscal Decentralisation on Publicly Provided Services and Labour Markets. In: The Economic Journal, Jg. 133, H. 653, S. 1738-1772. DOI:10.1093/ej/uead022
Abstract
"This paper studies how fiscal decentralisation affects labour supply. It explores a reform that increased the fiscal autonomy of Italian municipalities by replacing government transfers with revenues from a local property tax. Our identification leverages cross-municipal variation in the degree of decentralisation that stems from differences in the average age of buildings caused by World War II bombings. Decentralisation expanded municipal services, such as nursery schools, especially in areas with greater political competition. The paper then investigates how the reform affected labour markets. Decentralisation increased female labour supply—probably through expanded availability of nursery schools—thereby reducing the gender gap in employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Short and Medium Term Effects of Full-Day Schooling on Learning and Maternal Labor Supply (2023)
Bovini, Giulia; Sestito, Paolo; Cattadori, Niccolò; De Philippis, Marta;Zitatform
Bovini, Giulia, Niccolò Cattadori, Marta De Philippis & Paolo Sestito (2023): The Short and Medium Term Effects of Full-Day Schooling on Learning and Maternal Labor Supply. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16378), Bonn, 47 S.
Abstract
"This paper considers the case of Italy to analyze the short- and medium-term effect of a longer school day in primary school on both students' learning and mothers' labor supply. we rely on unique application-to-primary-school data: first, we control for parental preferences, proxied by individual applications; second, we exploit variation in the probability of attending the full-time (FT) scheme that only stems from nonlinearities in the mix of FT and part-time (PT) applications received by the school and from class size limits set by the law. We show that attending the FT scheme increases Math test scores in grades 2 and 5 and Italian scores in grade 2 by around 4.5% of a standard deviation, but the effects fade away by grade 8. Conversely, there is a positive impact on maternal labor force participation and employment, which is long-lasting (approximately 2 p.p.). No effect is found on fathers' employment. Finally, we find some evidence of negative selection on gains, as the groups of students and mothers for whom the effect seems to be larger are not those more likely to apply to the FT scheme or to attend it conditional on applying." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Measuring Gender Gaps in Time Allocation in Europe (2023)
Zitatform
Campaña, Juan Carlos, Jose Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal & Jorge Velilla (2023): Measuring Gender Gaps in Time Allocation in Europe. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 165, H. 2, S. 519-553. DOI:10.1007/s11205-022-03026-0
Abstract
"This paper explores the gender gap in time allocation in European countries, offering a comparison of the 2000s and the 2010s, along with an explanation of the documented gender gaps, based on social norms and institutional factors. The results show that the gender gap in both paid and unpaid work has decreased in most countries, but with a significant level of cross-country heterogeneity in the size of the gender gaps. More traditional social norms are related to greater gender inequalities in paid and unpaid work, while countries with better family-friendly policies and a greater representation of women in politics and in the labour market exhibit smaller gender inequalities. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of gender gaps in Europe, and attempts to monitor the progress towards the elimination of gender inequalities. Despite that some degree of gender convergence in paid and unpaid work has taken place, there remain inequalities in the distribution of labour in European countries, and possible solutions may be related to social norms and family-friendly policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender Differences in Commuting: New Evidence from Spain (2023)
Zitatform
Casado-Díaz, José M., Raquel Simón-Albert & Hipólito Simón (2023): Gender Differences in Commuting: New Evidence from Spain. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 169, H. 3, S. 907-941. DOI:10.1007/s11205-023-03183-w
Abstract
"This article examines the origins of the shorter commutes typically observed for women, a phenomenon that contributes to the poorer work outcomes they typically suffer. The analysis extends previous research on the gender gap in commuting by using econometric decomposition techniques that are novel in this field which, combined with a Spanish nationally representative survey that allows for an exhaustive control of the different elements identified in the literature as possible determinants of gender differences in commuting to work, allows quantifying the specific influence of a wide range of individual, family, territorial and work-related elements. The evidence obtained shows that the gender gap in commuting is not the result of the relative characteristics of women, but of the presence of a systematic pattern of lower mobility that emerges when women are compared with observationally similar men. Yet, this pattern of lower mobility is not observed for certain groups of women whose behavior in the labor market is generally more egalitarian, such as women with higher education, without family responsibilities or without a partner, which is consistent with the presence of cultural or social constraints that tend to limit women's mobility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Persistence in Gendering: Work-Family Policy in Britain since Beveridge (2023)
Zitatform
Chanfreau, Jenny (2023): The Persistence in Gendering: Work-Family Policy in Britain since Beveridge. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 52, S. 981-998. DOI:10.1017/S0047279422000125
Abstract
"Understanding the historical policy pathways that have led to the constellation of policies that both reflect and shape the current gender order can reveal reasons for the persistence of gender inequality in paid work and unpaid family care. Bringing together existing research and policy critique with Carol Bacchi’s framework of policy as ‘gendering practices’, this paper focuses on the role of policy as a process that constructs and upholds an unequal gender order. The discussion traces how UK social policies have since the establishment of the post-war welfare state articulated and positioned gendered possibilities for combining paid work and childrearing, shaping gendered and classed work-family life courses. The analysis illustrates that British social policy has not been consistently committed to a more equal gender regime but instead maintained a heteronormative family ideal and thus, despite various policy changes, the gendering of ‘the worker’ and ‘the parent’ as conceptualised in UK policy has persisted over the last several decades." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Who benefits from cash-for-care? The effects of a home care subsidy on maternal employment, childcare choices, and children’s development (2023)
Zitatform
Collischon, Matthias, Daniel Kühnle & Michael Oberfichtner (2023): Who benefits from cash-for-care? The effects of a home care subsidy on maternal employment, childcare choices, and children’s development. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 58, H. 6, S. 1-58., 2021-12-30. DOI:10.3368/jhr.0720-11051R1
Abstract
"We provide comprehensive evidence on Germany’s home care subsidy for one and two year-old children. In West Germany, take-up was 60% and the subsidy reduced mothers’ probability to work within three years after childbirth by 1.4 percentage points and increased exclusive parental care by 6.5 percentage points. The subsidy improved children’s development at age six, with the exception of children who do not speak German at home. In East Germany, 30% of families used the subsidy, neither affecting maternal employment nor exclusive parental care. As an income transfer, the subsidy did not benefit families with the least economic resources most." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © University of Wisconsin Press) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug