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Gender und Arbeitsmarkt

Die IAB-Infoplattform "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Higher labour market bargaining power, higher unemployment in recessions (2023)

    Atal, Vidya ; Gharehgozli, Orkideh ; San Vicente Portes, Luis ;

    Zitatform

    Atal, Vidya, Orkideh Gharehgozli & Luis San Vicente Portes (2023): Higher labour market bargaining power, higher unemployment in recessions. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 30, H. 15, S. 2086-2090. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2022.2092591

    Abstract

    "A well-known stylized fact about the US labour market is the behaviour of the female-to-male unemployment gap over the business cycle – in downturns, female unemployment rises at a slower pace than male unemployment, which reduces the gap between the genders; in upturns, the reverse is observed: men’s unemployment falls faster than women’s, thus rendering the gap pro-cyclical. In this paper, we model the labour market under a Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides framework where the labour supply consists of women and men, who differ in their equilibrium (Nash) bargaining agreement over the match’s surplus. We show that, in the presence of such asymmetry, a negative aggregate productivity shock leads to a pro-cyclical female-to-male unemployment rate gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    From gender equality to household earnings equality: The role of women’s labour market outcomes across OECD countries (2023)

    Azzollini, Leo ; Breen, Richard ; Nolan, Brian ;

    Zitatform

    Azzollini, Leo, Richard Breen & Brian Nolan (2023): From gender equality to household earnings equality: The role of women’s labour market outcomes across OECD countries. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 86. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2023.100823

    Abstract

    "We assess the impact that full gender equality in the labour market would have on earnings inequality between households, and then decompose that impact by looking separately at the roles played by gender gaps in employment, hours, and pay. We do this by applying a reweighting method to LIS data for 22 OECD countries, across North America, Europe, and Australia. We find that full equality in earnings and employment between women and men would reduce household earnings inequality considerably, with the most substantial reductions coming from closing the gender gap in employment as opposed to closing the gaps in pay and hours worked. A 10% counterfactual decrease in the gender employment gap (relative to the country baseline) is associated with an average 0.6% decline in the Gini for household earnings inequality. Reducing the gender employment gap is thus the pathway through which greater gender equality may most strongly mitigate overall earnings inequality among households: these two key goals for contemporary societies can be pursued simultaneously." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Geschlechterunterschiede beim beruflichen Wiedereinstieg (2023)

    Bacher, Johann; Lankmayer, Thomas; Beham-Rabanser, Martina;

    Zitatform

    Bacher, Johann, Martina Beham-Rabanser & Thomas Lankmayer (Hrsg.) (2023): Geschlechterunterschiede beim beruflichen Wiedereinstieg. Wiesbaden: Springer, 247 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-38040-3

    Abstract

    "Der österreichische Arbeitsmarkt ist durch eine starke Geschlechtersegregation geprägt, die sich dadurch charakterisiert, dass Frauen andere, häufig schlechter bezahlte Berufe ausüben als Männer und in hohem Ausmaß Teilzeit arbeiten, wenn sie Kinder haben, mit der Folge, dass sie weniger verdienen und auch geringere Pensionen beziehen werden. Diese Geschlechterunterschiede sind in der einschlägigen Literatur vielfach beleuchtet und zeigen Benachteiligungen von Frauen gegenüber Männern am Arbeitsmarkt auf. Demgegenüber lässt sich für den österreichischen Arbeitsmarkt eine höhere Arbeitslosigkeit der Männer gegenüber den Frauen beobachten. Forschungsbefunde deuten zudem darauf hin, dass Frauen ein beruflicher Wiedereinstieg leichter gelingt als Männern. Obwohl diese Geschlechterunterschiede in vielen Evaluierungen der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Österreich gefunden wurden, wurden sie bisher nicht systematisch untersucht. Dementsprechend fehlen auch (empirisch gesicherte) Erklärungsansätze. An diese Forschungslücke knüpft die vorliegende Publikation an. Sie basiert auf einem breit angelegten Forschungsprojekt und verfolgt das Ziel, Geschlechterunterschiede beim beruflichen Wiedereinstieg systematisch zu beleuchten und Erklärungsansätze für diese empirisch zu prüfen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Insights about the barriers to achieve gender equality in the decision-making roles and power positions (2023)

    Bahadori, Negar;

    Zitatform

    Bahadori, Negar (2023): Insights about the barriers to achieve gender equality in the decision-making roles and power positions. (DiSSE working papers / Dipartimento di scienze sociali ed economiche, Sapienza Università di Roma 2023,06), 17 S.

    Abstract

    "Despite significant advancements in recent years, numerous barriers hinder the full participation and representation of women in higher influential domains. To effectively address the disparities and foster more inclusive and equitable societies, this article presents a literature review, examining the barriers that impede gender equality in decision-making roles and power positions. By shedding light on the complex dynamics and systemic challenges, it aims to contribute to the design of effective strategies for dismantling gender disparities. To investigate why women, struggle to fully advance along the corporate ladder, this study explores the contributing factors to gender inequality in the labor market at three levels: micro, meso, and macro level. Additionally, the article leverages the Varieties of Capitalism framework proposed by Hall and Soskice (2001) to gain insights at a macro level into how gender inequalities in the workplace are shaped and to understand the positioning of Italy within the international context while emphasizing the importance of empirical research to bridge the gap between theory and practice. Understanding the real-world experiences of individuals and organizations working towards gender equality is essential for developing effective strategies to overcome these obstacles and promote equitable representation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    How the 1963 Equal Pay Act and 1964 Civil Rights Act Shaped the Gender Gap in Pay (2023)

    Bailey, Martha J.; Helgerman, Thomas E.; Stuart, Bryan A.;

    Zitatform

    Bailey, Martha J., Thomas E. Helgerman & Bryan A. Stuart (2023): How the 1963 Equal Pay Act and 1964 Civil Rights Act Shaped the Gender Gap in Pay. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31332), Cambridge, Mass, 44 S.

    Abstract

    "In the 1960s, two landmark statutes—the Equal Pay and Civil Rights Acts—targeted the long-standing practice of employment discrimination against U.S. women. For the next 15 years, the gender gap in median earnings among full-time, full-year workers changed little, leading many scholars and advocates to conclude the legislation was ineffectual. This paper uses two different research designs to show that women's relative wages grew rapidly in the aftermath of this legislation. The data show little evidence of short-term changes in women's employment, but some results suggest that firms reduced their hiring and promotion of women in the medium term." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The Persistence of the Gender Earnings Gap: Cohort Trends and the Role of Education in Twelve Countries (2023)

    Bar-Haim, Eyal ; Chauvel, Louis ; Gornick, Janet; Hartung, Anne ;

    Zitatform

    Bar-Haim, Eyal, Louis Chauvel, Janet Gornick & Anne Hartung (2023): The Persistence of the Gender Earnings Gap: Cohort Trends and the Role of Education in Twelve Countries. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 165, H. 3, S. 821-841. DOI:10.1007/s11205-022-03029-x

    Abstract

    "Studying twelve countries over 30 years, we examine whether women's educational expansion has translated into a narrowing of the gender gap in earnings when including persons with zero earnings. As educational attainment is cohort-dependent, an Age-Period-Cohort analysis is most appropriate in our view. Using the micro data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Database, we show that while, in terms of attainment of tertiary education, women have caught up and often even outperform men, substantial gender differences in our earnings measure persist in all countries. Using the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method in an innovative age-period-cohort approach, we demonstrate that the role of education in explaining gender earnings differences has been limited and even decreased over cohorts. We also conclude that, when including persons not receiving earnings, earnings differences at levels far from gender equality will likely persist in the future, even if the “rise of women” in terms of education continues—as the share of women in higher education increases and the returns to education in particular for women declines." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The Motherhood Wage and Income Traps (2023)

    Barigozzi, Francesca; Cremer, Helmuth; Thibault, Emmanuel;

    Zitatform

    Barigozzi, Francesca, Helmuth Cremer & Emmanuel Thibault (2023): The Motherhood Wage and Income Traps. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16072), Bonn, 38 S.

    Abstract

    "We present a simple dynamic model based on on-the-job human capital accumulation affecting the dynamic of wage rates and labor earnings. We show how these dynamics are determined by the interplay between the supply and demand sides of the labor market. The model can generate and explain the different dynamics of women's earnings after childbirth documented in the empirical literature on child penalties. We show that the temporary negative shock in labor supply due to childbearing may create a wage trap and a permanent divergence of labor earnings between genders. Even when the wage trap is avoided, and working mothers are on a path toward a high-wage equilibrium, slow convergence can permanently lose earnings. We use this model to study the impact of different policies on the gender wage gap and child penalties. We show that mandatory maternal leave exacerbates the shock which pleads against long leaves. Similarly, cash transfers to mothers via the income effect on labor supply aggravate gender wage differences. By contrast, temporary subsidies to mothers' wages (possibly in the form of Income Tax Credits) are not only useful to exit the wage trap, but also to speed up recovery and reduce the child penalty when the shock in labor supply is small enough to avoid the wage trap. Other family policies, like formal child-care subsidies and in-kind provision of formal childcare, are potentially useful because they reduce the mothers' cost of labor supply, but they affect mothers' choices only indirectly." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The Equality Hurdle: Resolving the Welfare State Paradox (2023)

    Barth, Erling ; Reisel, Liza ; Misje Østbakken, Kjersti ;

    Zitatform

    Barth, Erling, Liza Reisel & Kjersti Misje Østbakken (2023): The Equality Hurdle: Resolving the Welfare State Paradox. In: Work, Employment and Society online erschienen am 18.03.2023, S. 1-21. DOI:10.1177/09500170231155293

    Abstract

    "This article revisits a central tenet of the welfare state paradox, also known as the inclusion-equality trade-off. Using large-scale survey data for 31 European countries and the United States, collected over a recent 15-year period, the article re-investigates the relationship between female labour force participation and gender segregation. Emphasising the transitional role played by the monetisation of domestic tasks, the study identifies a ‘gender equality hurdle’ that countries with the highest levels of female labour force participation have already passed. The results show that occupational gender segregation is currently lower in countries with high female labour force participation, regardless of public sector size. However, the findings also indicate that high relative levels of public spending on health, education and care are particularly conducive to desegregation. Hence, rather than being paradoxical, more equality in participation begets more equality in the labour market, as well as in gendered tasks in society overall." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Men and women's employment status and union (in)stability: does contextual gender equality matter? (2023)

    Bastianelli, Elena ; Vignoli, Daniele ; Solera, Cristina ;

    Zitatform

    Bastianelli, Elena, Cristina Solera & Daniele Vignoli (2023): Men and women's employment status and union (in)stability: does contextual gender equality matter? (DISIA working paper / Universit`a degli Studi di Firenze 2023,09), [Firenze], 28 S.

    Abstract

    "Gender theories agree that the role played by women and men's employment status in the prediction of union dissolution depends on the level of gender equality in the society. Given its strong regional differences, Italy represents an excellent laboratory to study how variations in gender contexts influence the gendered relationship between employment status and union dissolution. We measured regional gender equality by means of an index comprising equality in three spheres: the labor market, the family, and the welfare context. By applying discrete-time event history models to nationally representative data, we estimated the probability of union dissolution for jobless and employed men and women across regions. Our results showed that, as contextual gender equality increases, differences by employment status diminish, and gender differences in the relationship between employment status and union dissolution virtually disappear - even in a country considered 'traditional' in terms of family and gender dynamics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Understanding the Impacts of Paid Maternity Leave on Women's Labor Market Outcomes (2023)

    Bates, Lillian; Jakiela, Pamela; Hall, Oliver;

    Zitatform

    Bates, Lillian, Oliver Hall & Pamela Jakiela (2023): Understanding the Impacts of Paid Maternity Leave on Women's Labor Market Outcomes. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16565), Bonn, 25 S.

    Abstract

    "All OECD countries except the United States offer at least four months of paid maternity leave, and the average duration of mandated paid maternity leave has increased steadily from 1970 to the present. There is some evidence that paid leave policies above a certain duration negatively impact women's labor market outcomes. In order to estimate the effects of paid leave, we link data on 40 years of paid leave policy across 24 European countries to survey data using a birth-cohort panel. Following previous work, we show that conventional fixed effects estimation suggests a non-monotonic relationship between leave length and women's labor force attachment, with leaves of three months or less increasing women's labor force attachment while longer leaves reduce it. However, in our context, the putative positive impacts of short-duration maternity leaves on women's employment appear to be driven by negative weighting in fixed effects estimation, which is explained by the fact that all countries in our sample eventually adopt short-duration leave policies. Using a robust imputation-based estimator, we find that maternity leaves longer than three months negatively affect female employment and increase women's domestic work burden. Leaves longer than six months also reduce women's educational attainment and their propensity to raise children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Umverteilung – wie viel sind Deutschland die Familien wert? (2023)

    Beblo, Miriam; Fischer, Lilly; Heimann, Sebastian; Blömer, Maximilian Joseph; Meier, Volker; Wrohlich, Katharina ; Bentele, Verena; Krüger, Thomas; Peich, Andreas; Werding, Martin ; Geis-Thöne, Wido;

    Zitatform

    Beblo, Miriam, Wido Geis-Thöne, Katharina Wrohlich, Thomas Krüger, Martin Werding, Verena Bentele, Sebastian Heimann, Volker Meier, Maximilian Joseph Blömer, Lilly Fischer & Andreas Peich (2023): Umverteilung – wie viel sind Deutschland die Familien wert? In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 76, H. 9, S. 3-36.

    Abstract

    "Miriam Beblo, Universität Hamburg, zeigt, dass die staatlichen Ausgaben in Deutschland für familien- und ehebezogene Maßnahmen im europäischen Mittelfeld liegen. In ihrer Gesamtheit bewirkten die Familienleistungen eine Umverteilung von Haushalten mit hohen zu Haushalten mit niedrigen Einkommen, allerdings seien viele Maßnahmen nicht zielgenau und einige begünstigten eine wenig gleichstellungsförderliche Arbeitsteilung innerhalb des Haushaltes mit entsprechenden Spezialisierungsrisiken. Da die Erwerbstätigkeit beider Elternteile das wichtigste Mittel gegen Kinderarmut darstellt, sollte gerade eine armutsvermeidende Familienpolitik gleichzeitig vereinbarkeitsfördernd sein und der Entstehung solcher asymmetrischen Spezialisierungsrisiken noch stärker entgegenwirken. Wido Geis-Thöne, Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft, zeigt, dass Deutschland im Vergleich mit den anderen EU-Ländern bei dem Erreichen familienpolitischer Ziele, wie beispielsweise der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf oder der Vermeidung von Armutsrisiken für Familien, nur im europäischen Mittelfeld liegt. Es könnte trotz der angespannten Haushaltslage sinnvoll sein, noch mehr Mittel für familienpolitische Leistungen zur Verfügung zu stellen. Dazu gehöre der Ausbau der Betreuungsinfrastruktur, die sowohl für die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf als auch für die Entwicklungschancen der Kinder von entscheidender Bedeutung sei. Die Diskussion um das Elterngeld im Sommer 2023 kreiste vor allem um die Frage, ob es gerecht ist, das Elterngeld für sehr einkommensstarke Elternpaare zu streichen. Aus Sicht von Katharina Wrohlich, DIW Berlin und Universität Potsdam, ist dabei die Diskussion um andere Reformen beim Elterngeld untergegangen. Mehr als 15 Jahre nach seiner Einführung müsse das Elterngeld an anderen Stellen dringend nachgeschärft werden, um die damals erklärten Ziele – unter anderem die ökonomische Eigenständigkeit beider Elternteile und eine gleichmäßigere Aufteilung der Kinderbetreuung zwischen Müttern und Vätern – heute stärker zu befördern. Nach Ansicht von Thomas Krüger, Deutsches Kinderhilfswerk, sind bei den diskutierten Haushaltskürzungen beim Elterngeld und der Kindergrundsicherung Familien, die in prekären Lebens- und Arbeitsverhältnissen leben, die Leidtragenden. Die geplanten Kürzungen des Elterngeldes zielen zwar maßgeblich auf privilegierte Bevölkerungsschichten ab. Dies sei von einem Standpunkt der sozialen Gerechtigkeit legitim. Das Elterngeld müsste aber weitergehend reformiert werden, damit es überhaupt in ausreichendem Maße den Familien zugutekomme, die es dringend brauchen. Eine „Umverteilung von oben nach unten“ sei ein gangbarer Weg für eine verantwortungsvolle Familienpolitik. Für Martin Werding, Ruhr-Universität Bochum und Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, ist es nachvollziehbar aber bedauerlich, dass für die Kindergrundsicherung ab 2025 – nach Anhebung des Kindergelds und anderer familienpolitischer Leistungen – nur ein recht geringer zusätzlicher Betrag zur Verfügung steht. In den kommenden Jahren sollte ein weiterer Ausbau folgen, bei dem einem höheren Zusatzbetrag für armutsgefährdete Kinder mehr Bedeutung gegeben wird als einem höheren Sockelbetrag für alle. Verena Bentele, Sozialverband VdK Deutschland, zeichnet ein ambivalentes Bild von der finanziellen Familienförderung in Deutschland. Zwar würden beträchtliche Mittel für diesen Zweck bereitgestellt, aber es gebe auch beträchtliche Hürden. So trage die Komplexität des Systems, die Anrechnung von Leistungen und die unklare Kommunikation dazu bei, dass eine substanzielle Anzahl von Familien nicht in den vollen Genuss der staatlichen Unterstützung käme. Um sicherzustellen, dass die Leistungen direkt bei den Kindern ankommen, sei eine weitgehende Automatisierung der Auszahlungsprozesse nötig. Ebenso sollten die Leistungen für Kinder, wie Kindergeld, Kinderzuschlag, Kinderregelsätze und Kinderfreibeträge, zu einer einzigen Leistung zusammengefasst werden. Sebastian Heimann, Deutscher Familienverband, fragt nach dem Maß für die richtige Balance zwischen staatlichen Eingriffen zur Umverteilung und individueller Verantwortung. Das Ausmaß für soziale Gerechtigkeit hänge dabei sowohl von dem politischen Gestaltungswillen als auch der Gesetzgebung ab, die dem jeweiligen richterlichen Zeitgeist unterliege. Damit Familien den nötigen Stellenwert in der Politik erhalten, sei ein Wahlrecht ab Geburt zu empfehlen, das auf die Eltern übertragen werden sollte, bis ihre Kinder selbst das Wahlrecht ausüben könnten. In einer Reihe von europäischen Ländern haben sich in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten die gesellschaftlichen Normen gewandelt, was auch mit einer gestiegenen Akzeptanz arbeitender Mütter und somit mit einer erhöhten Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen einherging. Volker Meier, ifo Institut, zeigt, dass letzterer Prozess zu einem temporären Anstieg und einem anschließenden Absinken der Umverteilung zugunsten von Haushalten mit nur einem Verdiener führen kann, wie es in Schweden und Deutschland mit der Einführung und Abschaffung des Betreuungsgelds zu beobachten war. Maximilian Blömer, Lilly Fischer und Andreas Peichl, ifo Institut, stellen eine Aktualisierung des Reformvorschlags für das deutsche Einkommensteuer- und Transfersystem vor. Mit ihm werden Leistungsanreize geschaffen, die die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern erhöhen. Dadurch würden 172.000 Personen eine Beschäftigung aufnehmen und die Zahl der geleisteten Arbeitsstunden um 184.000 Vollzeitäquivalente steigen. Durch die Umwandlung des Ehegattensplittings in ein Ehegattenrealsplitting und die Erhöhung der Kinderfreibeträge würde die Besteuerung von Familien neu konzipiert. Ein weiteres Element reformiert die bestehenden Grundsicherungssysteme durch die Integration von Wohngeld, Kinderzuschlag und Bürgergeld bei angepassten Hinzuverdienstregelungen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Is There a Desired Added Worker Effect?: Evidence from Involuntary Job Losses (2023)

    Beckmannshagen, Mattis ; Glaubitz, Rick ;

    Zitatform

    Beckmannshagen, Mattis & Rick Glaubitz (2023): Is There a Desired Added Worker Effect?: Evidence from Involuntary Job Losses. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 1200), Berlin, 38 S.

    Abstract

    "Existing research has found little to no evidence for an added workereffect. However, studies to date have only analysed individuals' actual labor supply responses to their partners' job loss, neglecting to consider a potential mismatch between desired and actual labor supply adjustments. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), we study individuals' changes in actual and desired working hours after their partners' involuntary job loss in an event study design. Our results show that neither desired nor actual working hours change significantly. Thus, we provide first evidence that the absence of the added worker effect is in line with individuals' stated labor supply preferences and is not the result of an inability to realise desired working hours" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Double qualifications, earnings and gender in Germany (2023)

    Bellmann, Lutz ; Prümer, Stephanie;

    Zitatform

    Bellmann, Lutz & Stephanie Prümer (2023): Double qualifications, earnings and gender in Germany. In: Bulletin of geography. Socio-economic series H. 62, S. 59-69., 2023-12-29. DOI:10.12775/bgss-2023-0034

    Abstract

    "Nach dem Abitur sind Schulabgänger in Deutschland frei in der Wahl ihres Berufsweges. Beliebt ist dabei der Erwerb einer Doppelqualifikation, indem zunächst eine Lehre absolviert und anschließend ein Studium abgeschlossen wird. Auf Basis der BIBB/BAuA-Erwerbstätigenbefragung 2018 werden in diesem Beitrag die individuellen Auswirkungen dieser Doppelqualifikationen unter Ausnutzung der umfangreichen Bildungsinformationen in den Daten analysiert. Im Vergleich zu früheren Studien stellen wir fest, dass der Anteil der Männer, die eine Doppelqualifikation erworben haben, um 8 Prozentpunkte gesunken ist, während er bei den Frauen nahezu konstant ist. Außerdem stellen wir einen signifikant negativen Effekt der Doppelqualifikation auf die Löhne von Frauen fest, aber keinen signifikanten Effekt auf die Löhne von Männern. Wir vermuten, dass diese Veränderungen mit der Ungleichheit durch die steigende Zahl von Akademikern und der Zunahme der Einkommensungleichheit zusammenhängt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Bellmann, Lutz ; Prümer, Stephanie;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Gender Diversity and Diversity of Ideas (2023)

    Belot, Michèle; Kurmangaliyeva, Madina; Reuter, Johanna;

    Zitatform

    Belot, Michèle, Madina Kurmangaliyeva & Johanna Reuter (2023): Gender Diversity and Diversity of Ideas. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16631), Bonn, 291 S.

    Abstract

    "Diversity in employee representation is often advocated for its potential to promote the diversity of ideas, and thereby innovation. In this study, we shed light on the phenomenon of 'idea homophily', which is a tendency to be more interested in ideas closer to one's own. We first document recent trends in the Economics Academic junior hiring showing that women specializing in traditionally male-dominated fields are faring significantly better than their counterparts in female-dominated fields and even outperform their male peers. We then examine the demand for ideas in a college educated population with an Online experiment involving 500 participants. We find substantial gender differences in which ideas people are choosing to engage with. Also, when decision-makers are predominantly male, incentives encouraging engagement with female ideas increase substantially their demand, but disproportionately in male-dominated fields. In contrast, incentives encouraging ideas in female-fields in general increase exposure to female ideas but do not lead to an over-representation of either gender conditional on field." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Maternal employment effects of paid parental leave (2023)

    Bergemann, Annette; Riphahn, Regina T.;

    Zitatform

    Bergemann, Annette & Regina T. Riphahn (2023): Maternal employment effects of paid parental leave. In: Journal of Population Economics, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 139-178. DOI:10.1007/s00148-021-00878-7

    Abstract

    "We study the short-, medium-, and long-run employment effects of a substantial change in Germany's parental leave benefit program. In 2007, a means-tested parental leave transfer program that paid benefits for up to 2 years was replaced with an earnings-related transfer that paid benefits for up to 1 year. The reform changed the regulation for prior benefit recipients and added benefits for those who were not eligible before. Although long-run labor force participation did not change substantially—the reform sped up mothers' labor market return after their benefits expired. Likely pathways for this substantial reform effect are changes in social norms and in mothers' preferences for economic independence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Mothers' and daughters' employment in Europe. A comparative analysis (2023)

    Berloffa, Gabriella; Matteazzi, Eleonora; Villa, Paola; Şandor, Alina;

    Zitatform

    Berloffa, Gabriella, Eleonora Matteazzi, Alina Şandor & Paola Villa (2023): Mothers' and daughters' employment in Europe. A comparative analysis. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 21, H. 2, S. 767-793. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwac046

    Abstract

    "This article analyzes the intergenerational correlation of employment between young women (at about 30 years of age) and their mothers (when their daughters were about 14 years old), using 2011 European Union Survey on Income and Living Conditions data. It examines the extent to which this correlation varies across 19 European countries and is associated with the socioeconomic context at the national level. Having grown up with a working mother is associated with a sizeable increase in the daughters’ employment probability in almost all countries, with greater effect for women with children. For this group, the intergenerational correlation is smaller in countries where the policy context is less favorable to maternal employment. It is crucial to promote gender equality, challenging individuals’ gender stereotypes through education and in society at large, and create conditions that allow young women’s preferences for work to be realized, enhancing policies that favor a balanced sharing of unpaid work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Dependent on one's past? how lifetime employment shapes later life work-care reconciliation (2023)

    Bertogg, Ariane ; Settels, Jason;

    Zitatform

    Bertogg, Ariane & Jason Settels (2023): Dependent on one's past? how lifetime employment shapes later life work-care reconciliation. In: Community, work & family online erschienen am 30.06.2023, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2023.2229002

    Abstract

    "This article investigates the association between older Europeans’ earlier employment biographies and their probability of leaving the labour market when becoming a caregiver. Based on theoretical ideas about life course path-dependencies and gender role socialisation, we argue that accumulated durations of lifetime employment are associated with both labour market exits in general, and conditional on caregiving. We draw on six panel waves from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and use information from retrospective interviews (SHARELIFE) to measure earlier participation in six different types of (non-)employment between ages 20 and 50. We analyse a large sample of men and women aged 50–68 years in 18 European countries (n = 35,766 respondents).Based on fixed effects regression models, we find that employment biographies and current caregiving jointly affect labour market exits. Explanations for these linkages are gender-specific: Upon initiation of caregiving, men are more likely to extend working lives when their previous employment biographies are characterised by homemaking, pointing at neutralising deviance from non-standard male biographies. For women, we find evidence for path-dependencies: Concomitant to beginning caregiving, women are more likely to stay in the labour market the longer their previous employment was characterised by homemaking." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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    The Effects of Fiscal Decentralisation on Publicly Provided Services and Labour Markets (2023)

    Bianchi, Nicola; Martino, Enrica Maria; Giorcelli, Michela;

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    Bianchi, Nicola, Michela Giorcelli & Enrica Maria Martino (2023): The Effects of Fiscal Decentralisation on Publicly Provided Services and Labour Markets. In: The Economic Journal, Jg. 133, H. 653, S. 1738-1772. DOI:10.1093/ej/uead022

    Abstract

    "This paper studies how fiscal decentralisation affects labour supply. It explores a reform that increased the fiscal autonomy of Italian municipalities by replacing government transfers with revenues from a local property tax. Our identification leverages cross-municipal variation in the degree of decentralisation that stems from differences in the average age of buildings caused by World War II bombings. Decentralisation expanded municipal services, such as nursery schools, especially in areas with greater political competition. The paper then investigates how the reform affected labour markets. Decentralisation increased female labour supply—probably through expanded availability of nursery schools—thereby reducing the gender gap in employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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    The Gender Pay Gap and its Determinants across the Human Capital Distribution (2023)

    Binder, Ariel J.; Houghton, Kendall; Foote, Andrew ; Eng, Amanda;

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    Binder, Ariel J., Amanda Eng, Kendall Houghton & Andrew Foote (2023): The Gender Pay Gap and its Determinants across the Human Capital Distribution. (Working papers / U.S. Census Bureau, Center for Economic Studies 2023-31), Washington, DCÐAWashington, DC, 31 S.

    Abstract

    "This paper leverages a unique linkage between American Community Survey data and postsecondary transcript records to examine how the gender pay gap, and its proximate determinants, varies across the distribution of education credentials in the 15 years following graduation. Although recent literature focuses on career disparities between the highest-educated women and men, we find evidence that the pay gap is smaller at higher education levels. Field-of-degree and occupation effects explain most of the gap among top bachelor's graduates, while labor supply and unobserved channels matter more for less-competitive bachelor's, associate's, and certificate graduates. This heterogeneity in gap levels and mechanisms is especially large in the first decade following graduation. Our results suggest that contemporary early-career gender inequality lacks a unified explanation and requires different policy interventions for different subgroups. More research is needed to understand the larger unexplained gender pay gap among less-educated individuals." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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    Is the Gender Pay Gap Largest at the Top? (2023)

    Binder, Ariel J.; Foote, Andrew ; Eng, Amanda; Houghton, Kendall;

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    Binder, Ariel J., Amanda Eng, Kendall Houghton & Andrew Foote (2023): Is the Gender Pay Gap Largest at the Top? (Working papers / U.S. Census Bureau, Center for Economic Studies 2023-61), Washington, DC, 10 S.

    Abstract

    "No: it is at least as large at bottom percentiles of the earnings distribution. Conditional quantile regressions reveal that while the gap at top percentiles is largest among the most-educated, the gap at bottom percentiles is largest among the least-educated. Gender differences in labor supply create more pay inequality among the least-educated than they do among the most-educated. The pay gap has declined throughout the distribution since 2006, but it declined more for the most-educated women. Current economics-of-gender research focuses heavily on the top end; equal emphasis should be placed on mechanisms driving gender inequality for noncollege-educated workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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