Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Die IAB-Infoplattform "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Zurück zur Übersicht- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Childcare subsidies and labour supply: evidence from a large Dutch reform (2012)
Bettendorf, Leon J. H.; Jongen, Egbert L. W.; Muller, Paul;Zitatform
Bettendorf, Leon J. H., Egbert L. W. Jongen & Paul Muller (2012): Childcare subsidies and labour supply. Evidence from a large Dutch reform. (CPB discussion paper / CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis 217), The Hague, 35 S.
Abstract
"Over the period 2005-2009 the Dutch government increased childcare subsidies substantially, reducing the average effective parental fee by 50%, and extended subsidies to so-called guestparent care. We estimate the labour supply effect of this reform with a difference-in-differences strategy, using parents with older children as a control group. We find that the reform had a moderately sized impact on labour supply. Furthermore, the effects are an upper bound since there was also an increase in an earned income tax credit for the same treatment group over the same period. The joint reform increased the maternal employment rate by 2.3%-points (3.0%). Average hours worked by mothers increased by 1.1 hours per week (6.2%). Decomposing the hours effect we find that most of the increase in hours is due to the intensive margin response. A number of robustness checks confirm our results." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Women's employment, education, and the gender gap in 17 countries (2012)
Zitatform
England, Paula, Janet Gornick & Emily Fitzgibbons Shafer (2012): Women's employment, education, and the gender gap in 17 countries. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 135, H. 4, S. 3-12.
Abstract
"This article uses data from a number of high- and middle-income countries to investigate how women's employment and hours worked, and the gender gap in annual and hourly earnings, vary by educational level. Focusing on commonalities across countries, the analyses presented are limited to adults 25 to 54 years of age who have a marital or cohabiting partner of the other gender and, for some considerations, to the subset of these adults who have children in the household. The countries examined are Austria, Brazil, Canada, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Ireland, Israel, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom (U.K.), the United States (U.S.), and Uruguay.
The data from the Luxembourg Income Study show that, among married or cohabiting mothers, better educated women are more likely to be employed; gender inequality in annual earnings is thus less extreme among the well educated than among those with less education, driven largely by educated women's higher employment." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Winners and losers: the consequences of welfare state policies for gender wage inequality (2012)
Mandel, Hadas;Zitatform
Mandel, Hadas (2012): Winners and losers: the consequences of welfare state policies for gender wage inequality. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 28, H. 2, S. 241-262. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcq061
Abstract
"Cross-national studies of the impact of welfare states on gender inequality tend to overlook socio-economic divisions among women. This article challenges the implicit assumption that welfare states have uniform effects on the economic attainments of women, arguing that the impact of state intervention is necessarily conditioned by women's relative advantage or disadvantage in the labour market. Based on Luxembourg Income Study microdata for 21 advanced countries, the paper analyses gender wage gaps among highly skilled and low skilled men and women. The findings suggest that welfare state policies interact with socio-economic position: they limit the economic rewards of highly skilled women, but do not adversely affect, and by some measures actually benefit, those who are less skilled. Highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of social policies for different groups of women, the article concludes that more research is needed to explore differentiated approaches to reconciling work and family, rather than addressing universal work - family tensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Assortative matching and gender (2012)
Zitatform
Merlino, Luca Paolo, Pierpaolo Parrotta & Dario Pozzoli (2012): Assortative matching and gender. (IZA discussion paper 6983), Bonn, 48 S.
Abstract
"Exploiting the richness of the Danish register data on individuals and companies, we are able to provide an overall assessment of the assortative matching patterns arising in the period 1996-2005 controlling for firms and individual characteristics. We find strong differences between men and women in assortativity. While positive assortative matching in job-to-job transitions emerges for good female workers, good male workers are more likely to be promoted. These differences are not present in female friendly firms which have high profits and where good female workers tend to find jobs. Complementary analysis on job-to-unemployment and job-to-self-employment transitions reveals a lower employer's willingness to retain women. Overall, we find strong evidence of glass-ceilings in certain firms preventing women to climb the carrier ladder and pushing them to look for better jobs offered by more female friendly firms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Personality and the gender wage gap (2012)
Nyhus, Ellen K.; Pons, Empar;Zitatform
Nyhus, Ellen K. & Empar Pons (2012): Personality and the gender wage gap. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 44, H. 1, S. 105-118. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2010.500272
Abstract
"In this study, we investigate whether personality traits contribute towards a better understanding of the reasons for the gender wage gap. We explore whether two of the personality factors put forward by Bowles et al. (2001) as likely to be incentive enhancing in the employer - employee relationship can explain the difference in wages for women and men. These are (1) personal self efficacy (Locus of Control (LoC)) and (2) time preference. We also study the role of the so called Big Five personality traits (extraversion, emotional stability, agreeableness, openness intellect and conscientiousness), which have been associated with earnings in several recent studies. Using a sample of Dutch employees, we found that 11.5% of the observed gender wage gap could be ascribed to differences in the personality trait scores (mainly in agreeableness and intellect), while less than 0.5% could be ascribed to gender differences in the returns to the traits. The addition of personality traits to a traditional human capital model reduces the unexplained part of the gender wage gap from 75.2% to 62.7%. We therefore conclude that these traits represent a valuable addition to the model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of attitudes and work preferences on Dutch mothers' employment patterns (2012)
Ruitenberg, Justine; Beer, Paul de;Zitatform
Ruitenberg, Justine & Paul de Beer (2012): The impact of attitudes and work preferences on Dutch mothers' employment patterns. (AIAS working paper 120), Amsterdam, 45 S.
Abstract
"In the last decades, preference theory has gained significance in the academic literature on the determinants of female employment patterns. Mostly, within these studies gender and work attitudes and work preferences (the number of hours a woman prefers to work) are treated as one concept. However, in this article it is argued that relatively variable work preferences act as a mediating factor between more stable gender and work attitudes and actual labour market behaviour. With a path analysis of a representative survey among 940 Dutch mothers, the study demonstrates that the effect of gender and work attitudes on mothers' labour market behaviour is largely mediated by the variable work preference, which influence on actual labour participation appears much larger than the influence of objective background characteristics. Next, the analysis supports the claim that more or less stable gender and work attitudes have a balancing effect on otherwise more flexible work preferences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Multiple glass ceilings (2012)
Russo, Giovanni; Hassink, Wolter;Zitatform
Russo, Giovanni & Wolter Hassink (2012): Multiple glass ceilings. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 51, H. 4, S. 892-915. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-232X.2012.00705.x
Abstract
"Both vertical (between job levels) and horizontal (within job levels) mobility can be sources of wage growth. We find that the glass ceiling operates at both margins. The unexplained part of the wage gap grows across job levels (glass ceiling at the vertical margin) and across the deciles of the intra-job-level wage distribution (glass ceiling at the horizontal margin). This implies that women face many glass ceilings, one for each job level above the second, and that the glass ceiling is a pervasive phenomenon. In the Netherlands it affects about 88 percent of jobs, and 81 percent of Dutch women in employment work in job levels where a glass ceiling is present." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The gender gap in earnings: an international comparison with European matched employer-employee data (2012)
Zitatform
Simón, Hipólito (2012): The gender gap in earnings. An international comparison with European matched employer-employee data. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 44, H. 15, S. 1985-1999. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2011.558477
Abstract
"This article examines the origin of the cross-country heterogeneity of the gender wage gap in nine European countries using a unique harmonized international matched employer-employee dataset. Our novel findings suggest that cross-country differences in the intensity of female segregation into low-paying workplaces is a relevant source of international differences in the size of the gap and that international disparities in the characteristics of wage structures are not very influential. On the other hand, the evidence is not fully conclusive with respect to the influence on the variations of the gap of different macroeconomic, social and institutional country-specific features considered previously in the literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The gender employment gap in the Dutch labour market (2012)
Steen, Paul J.M. van; Pellenbarg, Piet H.;Zitatform
Steen, Paul J.M. van & Piet H. Pellenbarg (2012): The gender employment gap in the Dutch labour market. In: Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie. Journal of Economic and Social Geography, Jg. 103, H. 1, S. 126-127. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9663.2011.00703.x
Abstract
"The 2012 series of The Netherlands in Maps will highlight spatial variations of different aspects of the Dutch labour market.
Stronger regional differences can be seen when distinguishing between the labour market participation rates for females and males. The map in this issue visualises the 'gender employment gap', defined here as the ratio between female and male labour market participation, on the level of municipalities (averages for 2008-2010). The resulting 'gender employment gap' ranges from a low gap rate of 0.95 in a few commuter towns, to a high gap rate of 0.56 for the municipality of Urk." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Occupational segregation and gender inequality in job quality: a multi-level approach (2012)
Zitatform
Stier, Haya & Meir Yaish (2012): Occupational segregation and gender inequality in job quality. A multi-level approach. (AIAS working paper 121), Amsterdam, 43 S.
Abstract
"We examine gender differences in perceived quality of employment (achievement, content, job insecurity, job flexibility, and physical and emotional conditions). We ask whether women's occupations provide better conditions in areas that facilitate their dual role in society, such as flexible working schedule, as a trade-off for low monetary rewards. Specifically, we examine how closely women's concentration in broader occupational categories, embedded in particular national contexts, is associated with gender differences in job quality.
Utilizing the 2005 ISSP modules on work orientation, we find that women lag behind men on most dimensions of job quality. This result runs counter to the hypothesis that women's occupations compensate for their low wages and limited opportunities for promotion by providing better employment conditions. Just as important, however, the gender gap is found to narrow in most job quality dimensions as women's relative share in occupations grows. The implications of these results are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
The effect of public sector employment on women's labour market outcomes (2011)
Anghel, Brindusa; Dolado, Juan J.; Rica, Sara de la;Zitatform
Anghel, Brindusa, Sara de la Rica & Juan J. Dolado (2011): The effect of public sector employment on women's labour market outcomes. (IZA discussion paper 5825), Bonn, 62 S.
Abstract
"This paper addresses the role played by Public Sector (PS) employment across different OECD labour markets in explaining: (i) gender differences regarding choices to work in either PS or private sector, and (ii) subsequent changes in female labour market outcomes. To do so, we provide some empirical evidence about cross-country gender differences in choice of employment in the PS vs. the private sector, using the European Community Household Panel (ECHP), in the light of different theories on gender behaviour in the labour market. We also analyze the main determinants of the hourly wage gaps across these two sectors for males and females separately. Finally, we document the main stylized facts about labour market transitions by male and female workers among inactivity, unemployment, working in the PS and working in the private sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job resources buffer the impact of work-family conflict on absenteeism in female employees (2011)
Demerouti, Evangelia; Bouwman, Karin; Sanz-Vergel, Ana Isabel;Zitatform
Demerouti, Evangelia, Karin Bouwman & Ana Isabel Sanz-Vergel (2011): Job resources buffer the impact of work-family conflict on absenteeism in female employees. In: Journal of Personnel Psychology, Jg. 10, H. 4, S. 166-176. DOI:10.1027/1866-5888/a000044
Abstract
"This study examines the relationship between work-family conflict and objective absenteeism 1 year later, by demonstrating that several job resources buffer the impact of work-family conflict on absenteeism. Female employees (N = 386) of a large financial services organization participated in the study. Four job resources (i.e., relationship with colleagues, relationship with supervisor, participation in decision making, and developmental possibilities) were used to test the central hypothesis that the interaction between (high) work-family conflict and (low) job resources results in absenteeism (absence frequency and duration). Results of moderated structural equation modeling showed that only participation buffered the effect of work-family conflict on absence frequency, while the buffer hypothesis was confirmed for absence duration since all four two-way interactions were significant. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Kind und/oder Karriere?: Erwerbstätigkeit deutscher und niederländischer Mütter zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts (2011)
Fliegner, Angelika;Zitatform
Fliegner, Angelika (2011): Kind und/oder Karriere? Erwerbstätigkeit deutscher und niederländischer Mütter zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts. (Niederlande-Studien Kleinere Schriften 15), Münster: Waxmann, 182 S.
Abstract
"Es ist eine Tatsache, dass Mütter hierzulande in geringerem Maße in den Arbeitsmarkt integriert sind als Männer oder Frauen, die kein betreuungsbedürftiges Kind haben. Kann dies allein mit der mangelnden Infrastruktur hinsichtlich institutioneller Kinderbetreuung und der deutschen Halbtagschule erklärt werden? In Ostdeutschland, wo die Infrastruktur der Kinderbetreuung deutlich besser ist, sind tatsächlich mehr Mütter als im Westen erwerbstätig. Zieht man hingegen die Niederlande zum Vergleich heran, stellt man fest, dass auch dort ein erheblicher Anteil der Mütter gerne zu Hause bleibt oder in Teilzeit erwerbstätig ist. Und dies trotz der Tatsache, dass die öffentliche Infrastruktur zur Kinderbetreuung dort relativ umfassend ausgebaut wurde und die Schulen zur Betreuung nach Unterrichtsende verpflichtet sind. Diese Tatsache mag verwundern, haben die Niederlande international doch eine bemerkenswerte Reputation für ihre Gleichstellungspolitik. In Anbetracht der aktuellen Diskussion über Müttererwerbstätigkeit in den deutschen Medien untersucht dieser Band vergleichend die Erwerbstätigkeit von niederländischen und deutschen Müttern zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Determinants of regional female labour market participation in the Netherlands: a spatial structural equation modelling approach (2011)
Liu, An; Noback, Inge;Zitatform
Liu, An & Inge Noback (2011): Determinants of regional female labour market participation in the Netherlands. A spatial structural equation modelling approach. In: The annals of regional science, Jg. 47, H. 3, S. 641-658. DOI:10.1007/s00168-010-0390-8
Abstract
"The paper analyses the determinants of female labour participation. Structural equation modelling is used to handle theoretical concepts and to solve the typical problem of multicollinearity. The proposed methodology is applied to a dataset for the year 2002 made up of a sample of 278 municipalities in the Netherlands. The structural model and measurement model of the latent variables are estimated simultaneously by means of maximum likelihood. Model estimation and tests are performed using LISREL. Female participation is found to be positively influenced by the added-worker effect and negatively by the discouraged worker effect. The results show a negative impact of demographic pressure and a positive impact of socio-economic status and female-dominated sector structure." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fertility and female employment dynamics in Europe: the effect of using alternative econometric modeling assumptions (2011)
Michaud, Pierre-Carl; Tatsiramos, Konstantinos;Zitatform
Michaud, Pierre-Carl & Konstantinos Tatsiramos (2011): Fertility and female employment dynamics in Europe. The effect of using alternative econometric modeling assumptions. In: Journal of Applied Econometrics, Jg. 26, H. 4, S. 641-668. DOI:10.1002/jae.1133
Abstract
We investigate the direct and long-run effects of fertility on employment in Europe, estimating dynamic models of labor supply under different assumptions regarding the exogeneity of fertility and modelling assumptions related to initial conditions, unobserved heterogeneity and serial correlation in the error terms. We find overall large direct and long-run effects of giving birth on employment probabilities, and these effects differ considerably across countries. We find that within countries the results are sensitive to the statistical assumption made on initial conditions, the inclusion of serial correlation and the assumption of strict exogeneity of children. However, the pattern across countries is robust to these assumptions. We show that such patterns are largely consistent with prevailing institutional differences related to the flexibility of the labor markets and family policies.
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Literaturhinweis
Gender gaps across countries and skills: supply, demand and the industry structure (2011)
Olivetti, Claudia; Petrongolo, Barbara;Zitatform
Olivetti, Claudia & Barbara Petrongolo (2011): Gender gaps across countries and skills. Supply, demand and the industry structure. (CEP discussion paper 1093), London, 42 S.
Abstract
"The gender wage gap varies widely across countries and across skill groups within countries. Interestingly, there is a positive cross-country correlation between the unskilled-to-skilled gender wage gap and the corresponding gap in hours worked. Based on a canonical supply and demand framework, this positive correlation would reveal the presence of net demand forces shaping gender differences in labor market outcomes across skills and countries. We use a simple multi-sector framework to illustrate how differences in labor demand for different inputs can be driven by both within-industry and between-industry factors. The main idea is that, if the service sector is more developed in the US than in continental Europe, and unskilled women tend to be over-represented in this sector, we expect unskilled women to suffer a relatively large wage and/or employment penalty in the latter than in the former. We find that, overall, the between-industry component of labor demand explains more than half of the total variation in labor demand between the US and the majority of countries in our sample, as well as one-third of the correlation between wage and hours gaps. The between-industry component is relatively more important in countries where the relative demand for unskilled females is lowest." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Multiple glass ceilings (2011)
Russo, Giovanni; Hassink, Wolter;Zitatform
Russo, Giovanni & Wolter Hassink (2011): Multiple glass ceilings. (IZA discussion paper 5828), Bonn, 26 S.
Abstract
"Both vertical (between job levels) and horizontal (within job levels) mobility can be sources of wage growth. We find that the glass ceiling operates at both margins. The unexplained part of the wage gap grows across job levels (glass ceiling at the vertical margin) and across the deciles of the intra-job-level wage distribution (glass ceiling at the horizontal margin). This implies that women face many glass ceilings, one for each job level above the second, and that the glass ceiling is a pervasive phenomenon. In the Netherlands it affects about 88% of jobs, and 81% of Dutch women in employment work in job levels where a glass ceiling is present." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
An empirical model of collective household labour supply with non-participation (2010)
Zitatform
Bloemen, Hans G. (2010): An empirical model of collective household labour supply with non-participation. In: The economic journal, Jg. 120, H. 543, S. 183-214. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2009.02292.x
Abstract
"I present a structural empirical model of collective household labour supply that includes the non-participation decision. I specify a simultaneous model for hours, participation and wages of husband and wife. I discuss the problems of identification and statistical coherency that arise in the application of the collective household labour supply model. The model includes random effects and it is estimated using a panel data set of Dutch couples. The estimates allow me to check the underlying regularity conditions on individual preferences and to obtain estimates of the sharing rule that governs the division of household income between husband and wife." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Maternity and labour market outcome: short and long term effects (2010)
Brugiavini, Agar; Pasini, Giacomo; Trevisan, Elisabetta;Zitatform
Brugiavini, Agar, Giacomo Pasini & Elisabetta Trevisan (2010): Maternity and labour market outcome. Short and long term effects. (Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging. Discussion paper 222), Mannheim, 12 S.
Abstract
"The aim of this paper is to till this gap by analyzing the long term effects of childbearing, i.e. the effect of motherhood on pension income at retirement, given the labour market participation of women at childbirth. Since labour market attachment is higher for younger generations, it is relevant for policy makers to Look at the behaviour of women who want to work excluding those who plan a 'family-life' (see also Lyberaki et al. in chapter 12 of this volume). SHARELIFE is particularly suitable for this analysis since it contains complete life time histories, including all the employment and maternity episodes experienced by European women currently aged 50 and over. Moreover, details on maternity leave provisions and other institutional features of the SHARE countries are collected and provided together with the survey data. These institutional features allow us to investigate if and how the presence of maternity benefits affects the labour market participation decisions of women after childbirth and, consequently, the impact of pension income at retirement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Towards the universal care course model: care policies and employment patterns in Austria, The Netherlands and Sweden (2010)
Zitatform
Haas, Barbara & Margit Hartel (2010): Towards the universal care course model. Care policies and employment patterns in Austria, The Netherlands and Sweden. In: European Societies, Jg. 12, H. 2, S. 139-162. DOI:10.1080/14616690902874705
Abstract
"The principle aim is to analyse care policies and mothers' employment patterns in Austria in comparison with The Netherlands and Sweden. While Sweden fosters a Universal Breadwinner Model, Austrian policies set incentives for mothers to organize private care for their children for a relatively long period of time, similar to the Caregiver Parity model. The Netherlands, approaching the Universal Caregiver model, support part-time integration into the labour market, combined with private part-time caring facilities for the children. The cross-national comparative approach has been adopted throughout the description of care policies and the data analysis, using the European Social Survey. Drawing on the strong cross-national differences in policies and employment patterns, we outline the main principles of a Universal Care Course (UCC). The model addresses questions about how to achieve the ideal of a smooth transition between work and care in a gender-sensitive way." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug