Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Die IAB-Infoplattform "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Zurück zur Übersicht- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Increasing Inequality and Voting for Basic Income: Could Gender Inequality Worsen? (2022)
Zitatform
Day, Creina (2022): Increasing Inequality and Voting for Basic Income: Could Gender Inequality Worsen? (CAMA working paper series / Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, The Australian National University 2022-54), Canberra, 27 S.
Abstract
"This paper examines the link between political support for basic income funded by linear income taxation and income inequality by household and gender. We develop a model with an increasingly right-skewed distribution of skill across households and a gender wage gap within households. Household preference for basic income decreases as skill level increases and female labour supply decreases with time spent rearing children. Majority voting supports the basic income scheme as mean relative to median household skill increases. Household fertility and skill level are inversely related under the scheme. An increase in the marginal tax rate to fund required government revenue could excacerbate gender inequality by reducing female labour supply. Quantitative illustrations suggest that the recent peak in the mean to median wage gap would provide voting support for basic income from the majority of households in the United States. Basic income of $12,000 conditional on below-median wages would increase government spending by 10.8% which, if funded by progressive income taxation, could reduce the adverse effects on gender inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender and Gender Role Attitudes in Wage Negotiations: Evidence from an Online Experiment (2022)
Zitatform
Demirović, Melisa, Jonathan Rogers & Blaine G. Robbins (2022): Gender and Gender Role Attitudes in Wage Negotiations: Evidence from an Online Experiment. (SocArXiv papers), 59 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/7esb9
Abstract
"Gender differences in wage negotiations is a popular explanation for why the gender gap in pay persists in the United States. In this study, we use data from an artificial wage negotiation experiment (N = 330) to interrogate the gender-negotiation link, and to test whether gender role attitudes (GRAs) moderate this association. Our experiment yields three principal discoveries. First, men are more likely to select into negotiations than women, but this effect varies by GRAs. As GRAs become more traditional, men enter negotiations at a much higher rate than women, but for non-traditional GRAs we observe no gender differences in selection. Second, while men and women are proficient at knowing when to negotiate, men and women are much less proficient when they harbor traditional GRAs. Third, profits are equivalent for men and women, and traditional men are no more effective than women—regardless of their GRAs—at securing higher profits. Our findings suggest that traditional women should “lean-in”, and that traditional men should “lean-out”." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Economics of Fertility: A New Era (2022)
Doepke, Matthias; Hannusch, Anne; Kindermann, Fabian; Tertilt, Michèle;Zitatform
Doepke, Matthias, Anne Hannusch, Fabian Kindermann & Michèle Tertilt (2022): The Economics of Fertility: A New Era. (HCEO working paper / Human capital and economic opportunity global working group 2022,012), Chicago, Ill., 130 S.
Abstract
"In this survey, we argue that the economic analysis of fertility has entered a new era. First-generation models of fertility choice were designed to account for two empirical regularities that, in the past, held both across countries and across families in a given country: a negative relationship between income and fertility, and another negative relationship between women's labor force participation and fertility. The economics of fertility has entered a new era because these stylized facts no longer universally hold. In high-income countries, the income-fertility relationship has flattened and in some cases reversed, and the cross-country relationship between women's labor force participation and fertility is now positive. We summarize these new facts and describe new models that are designed to address them. The common theme of these new theories is that they view factors that determine the compatibility of women's career and family goals as key drivers of fertility. We highlight four factors that facilitate combining a career with a family: family policy, cooperative fathers, favorable social norms, and flexible labor markets. We also review other recent developments in the literature, and we point out promising new directions for future research on the economics of fertility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Hours, Occupations, and Gender Differences in Labor Market Outcomes (2022)
Erosa, Andrés; Fuster, Luisa; Rogerson, Richard; Kambourov, Gueorgui;Zitatform
Erosa, Andrés, Luisa Fuster, Gueorgui Kambourov & Richard Rogerson (2022): Hours, Occupations, and Gender Differences in Labor Market Outcomes. In: American Economic Journal. Macroeconomics, Jg. 14, H. 3, S. 543-590. DOI:10.1257/mac.20200318
Abstract
"Goldin (2014) offers a narrative in which gender differences in home production responsibilities create gender gaps in labor market outcomes. We carry out a model-based quantitative assessment of this narrative and find that it can account for a significant share of gender gaps in occupational choice, wages, and hours. Our analysis emphasizes the quantitative significance of two key elements not highlighted by Goldin: heterogeneity in comparative advantage and multimember households. Gender differences in nonmarket responsibilities have important aggregate effects on welfare and productivity, similar to those emphasized by Hsieh et al. (2019)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Selection and the Distribution of Female Hourly Wages in the U.S (2022)
Fernández-Val, Iván; Vella, Francis; Vuuren, Aico van; Peracchi, Franco;Zitatform
Fernández-Val, Iván, Aico van Vuuren, Francis Vella & Franco Peracchi (2022): Selection and the Distribution of Female Hourly Wages in the U.S. (IZA discussion paper 15028), Bonn, 51 S.
Abstract
"We analyze the role of selection bias in generating the changes in the observed distribution of female hourly wages in the United States using CPS data for the years 1975 to 2020. We account for the selection bias from the employment decision by modeling the distribution of the number of working hours and estimating a nonseparable model of wages. We decompose changes in the wage distribution into composition, structural and selection effects. Composition effects have increased wages at all quantiles while the impact of the structural effects varies by time period and quantile. Changes in the role of selection only appear at the lower quantiles of the wage distribution. The evidence suggests that there is positive selection in the 1970s which diminishes until the later 1990s. This reduces wages at lower quantiles and increases wage inequality. Post 2000 there appears to be an increase in positive sorting which reduces the selection effects on wage inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work-Family Policies and Gender Inequalities in Childcare Time (2022)
Zitatform
Gao, Melody Ge & Hangqing Ruan (2022): Work-Family Policies and Gender Inequalities in Childcare Time. In: Socius, Jg. 8, S. 1-14. DOI:10.1177/23780231221142677
Abstract
"The United States is the only country to admit the majority of its immigrants on the basis of kinship ties. Although policy makers typically view family migration as less favorable and assume that family immigrants do not contribute to the U.S. economy, this argument is oversimplified and ignores the role of gender and the various ways that family immigration works. This study captures the multiple aspects of immigrants’ entry visas and its intersection with gender to examine the employment behavior of college-educated immigrant men and women who arrived in the United States via several family-based and skill-based categories. Using nationally representative data from 2010, 2013, and 2015 National Survey of College Graduates, the author finds that immigrants’ initial entry pathways into the United States continue to stratify their employment behavior and trajectories, especially for immigrant women. The conditions of family-sponsored immigration matter; temporary migration as a spouse is negatively associated with immigrant women’s employment but not permanent family migration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender and precarity in platform work: Old inequalities in the new world of work (2022)
Zitatform
Gerber, Christine (2022): Gender and precarity in platform work: Old inequalities in the new world of work. In: New Technology, Work and Employment, Jg. 37, H. 2, S. 206-230. DOI:10.1111/ntwe.12233
Abstract
"Platform work creates a work model that is both a curse and a blessing for vulnerable labour market segments. Based on research on female precarity, the article expects that remote platform work—so-called crowdwork—could especially attract women who need to combine income and care responsibilities. This article investigates whether women experience more precarity on crowdwork platforms than men, and why their risks differ. It analyses data from a quantitative survey with crowdworkers in Germany and the United States. The results indicate higher precarity risks for women due to care work, which are also indirectly mediated via the employment status. The higher commodification of labour and weaker social infrastructure lead to generally greater precarity risks for platform workers in the United States. The high differences between women and men in Germany underline the gendered nature of labour market dualization and precarization as well as the traditional division of housework. Policy measures should address both platform work and these structural inequalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Dynamic effects of educational assortative mating on labor supply (2022)
Zitatform
Gihleb, Rania & Osnat Lifshitz (2022): Dynamic effects of educational assortative mating on labor supply. In: Review of Economic Dynamics, Jg. 46, S. 302-327. DOI:10.1016/j.red.2021.10.001
Abstract
"The gender education gap has undergone a transition in the post-war period, from favoring men to favoring women. As a result, in 30% of young American couples, the wife is more educated than the husband. These “married down” women display substantially higher employment rates, relative to women with husbands with the same or higher level of educational attainment. We argue that the interaction between work and marital decisions can explain the higher employment rates of women who marry down. Returns to experience are key in this mechanism, since they lock in early employment choices. We formulate a dynamic life cycle model of marriage and divorce, with endogenous labor supply decisions, and structurally estimate it using NLSY79. We show that returns to experience account for 45% of the employment gap between married down women and married up women. The estimates further suggest that the changes in educational sorting patterns across cohorts can explain 11% of the rise in married women's employment between the 1945 and 1965 cohorts. Finally, we simulate a shift from joint to individual taxation. The model predicts a larger increase in married down women's employment rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
When the Kids Grow Up: Women's Employment and Earnings across the Family Cycle (2022)
Goldin, Claudia; Olivetti, Claudia; Kerr, Sari Pekkala;Zitatform
Goldin, Claudia, Sari Pekkala Kerr & Claudia Olivetti (2022): When the Kids Grow Up: Women's Employment and Earnings across the Family Cycle. (NBER working paper 30323), Cambridge, Mass, 41 S. DOI:10.3386/w30323
Abstract
"Women earn less than men, and that is especially true of mothers relative to fathers. Much of the widening occurs after family formation when mothers reduce their hours of work. But what happens when the kids grow up? To answer that question, we estimate three earning gaps: the “motherhood penalty,” the “price of being female,” and the “fatherhood premium.” When added together these three produce the “parental gender gap,” defined as the difference in income between mothers and fathers. We estimate earnings gaps for two education groups (college graduates and high school graduates who did not complete college) using longitudinal data from the NLSY79 that tracks respondents from their twenties to their fifties. As the children grow up and as women work more hours, the motherhood penalty is greatly reduced, especially for the less-educated group. But fathers manage to expand their relative gains, particularly among college graduates. The parental gender gap in earnings remains substantial for both education groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Spouses' earnings association and inequality: A non-linear perspective (2022)
Zitatform
Grossbard, Shoshana, Lucia Mangiavacchi, William Nilsson & Luca Piccoli (2022): Spouses' earnings association and inequality: A non-linear perspective. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 611-638. DOI:10.1007/s10888-022-09539-5
Abstract
"We analyze the association between spouses' earnings taking account of non-linearities along both spouses' distribution of earnings. We also document the non-linearity of the relationships between earnings and labor force participation, earnings and couple formation, and earnings and number of children. Using simulations, we then analyze how changes in spouses' rank-dependence structure, labor force participation and couple formation contribute to the upsurge in inequality in the U.S between 1967 and 2018. We find that an increased tendency towards positive sorting contributed substantially to the rise in inequality only among dual-earner couples, while it contributed little to overall inequality across households. Temporal and distributional heterogeneity are important, as earnings association had a more substantial role in the bottom of the earnings distribution and in recent years. The decline in couple formation contributed substantially to the rise in inequality, while the increase in female labor force participation and the fertility decline had equalizing effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Determinants of Gender Differences in Change in Pay among Job-Switching Executives (2022)
Zitatform
Groysberg, Boris, Paul Healy & Eric Lin (2022): Determinants of Gender Differences in Change in Pay among Job-Switching Executives. In: ILR review, Jg. 75, H. 1, S. 168-199. DOI:10.1177/0019793920930712
Abstract
"The authors investigate what determines differences in change in pay between men and women executives who move to new employers. Using proprietary data of 2,034 executive placements from a global search firm, the authors observe narrower pay differences between men and women after job moves. The unconditional gap shrinks from 21.5% in the prior employer to 15% in the new employer. After controlling for typical explanatory factors, the residual gap falls by almost 30%, from 8.5% at the prior employer to 6.1% in the new placement. This change reflects a relative increase in performance-based compensation for women and a lower level of unexplained pay inequality generally in external placements. Controlling for individual fixed effects, observed women have higher pay raises than do men. Finally, the authors find suggestive evidence that pay differences may also be moderated by differences in the supply and demand for women executives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Revisiting the Gender Revolution: Time on Paid Work, Domestic Work, and Total Work in East Asian and Western Societies 1985–2016 (2022)
Zitatform
Kan, Man-Yee, Muzhi Zhou, Kamila Kolpashnikova, Ekaterina Hertog, Shohei Yoda & Jiweon Jun (2022): Revisiting the Gender Revolution: Time on Paid Work, Domestic Work, and Total Work in East Asian and Western Societies 1985–2016. In: Gender & Society, Jg. 36, H. 3, S. 368-396. DOI:10.1177/08912432221079664
Abstract
"We analyze time use data of four East Asian societies and 12 Western countries between 1985 and 2016 to investigate the gender revolution in paid work, domestic work, and total work. The closing of gender gaps in paid work, domestic work, and total work time has stalled in the most recent decade in several countries. The magnitude of the gender gaps, cultural contexts, and welfare policies plays a key role in determining whether the gender revolution in the division of labor will stall or continue. Women undertake more total work than men across all societies: The gender gap ranges from 30 minutes to 2 hours a day. Our findings suggest that cultural norms interact with institutional contexts to affect the patterns of gender convergence in time use, and gender equality might settle at differing levels of egalitarianism across countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does part-time work offer flexibility to employed mothers? (2022)
Zitatform
Landivar, Liana Christin, Rose A. Woods & Gretchen M. Livingston (2022): Does part-time work offer flexibility to employed mothers? In: Monthly labor review H. February. DOI:10.21916/mlr.2022.7
Abstract
"Using data from the 2017-18 American Time Use Survey Leave and Job Flexibilities Module, we evaluate the relationship between part-time work and job flexibility among civilian employed mothers who are wage and salary workers. Results show that mothers working part time are employed in jobs that lack many of the attributes that would characterize these jobs as flexible. Mothers in part-time jobs were less likely to have paid leave, work-at-home access, and advanced schedule notice. Although part-time jobs require fewer work hours, these shorter work hours may come at a cost of reduced flexibility, pay, and availability of family-friendly benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do high childcare costs and low access to Head Start and childcare subsidies limit mothers' employment? A state-level analysis (2022)
Zitatform
Landivar, Liana Christin, William J. Scarborough, Caitlyn Collins & Leah Ruppanner (2022): Do high childcare costs and low access to Head Start and childcare subsidies limit mothers' employment? A state-level analysis. In: Social science research, Jg. 102. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2021.102627
Abstract
"Access to affordable childcare is crucial to mothers' employment. Yet, childcare costs and access to Head Start, childcare subsidies, and state-funded preschool vary dramatically across U.S. states. Using data from the 2016 American Community Survey five-year estimates, we apply hierarchical logistic regression models to show mothers are more likely to work in states with inexpensive childcare, higher Head Start enrollment and childcare subsidy participation, and increased availability of state-funded preschool. Childcare subsidy access is associated with higher maternal employment amongst those with lower levels of educational attainment, whereas state-funded preschool is associated with higher employment primarily among the college educated. Additionally, our analysis revealed that Head Start has a stronger association with maternal employment in states where childcare costs are high, reducing the negative relationship of employment with expensive childcare. As national discussions continue to center on the importance of childcare, our research adds evidence that public programs support maternal employment through reducing out-of-pocket childcare costs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does Rosie like riveting? Male and female occupational choices (2022)
Lordan, Grace; Pischke, Jörn-Steffen;Zitatform
Lordan, Grace & Jörn-Steffen Pischke (2022): Does Rosie like riveting? Male and female occupational choices. In: Economica, Jg. 89, H. 353, S. 110-130. DOI:10.1111/ecca.12390
Abstract
"Occupational segregation and pay gaps by gender remain large, while many of the constraints traditionally believed to be responsible for these gaps seem to have weakened over time. We explore the possibility that women and men have different tastes for the content of the work that they do. We relate job satisfaction and job mobility to measures that proxy for the content of the work in an occupation, which we label ‘people’, ‘brains’ and ‘brawn’. The results suggest that women value jobs high on ‘people’ content and low on ‘brawn’. Men care about job content in a similar fashion, but have much weaker preferences. High school students show similar preferences in a discrete choice experiment and indicate that they make their choices based mainly on preferences for the work itself. We argue that the more pronounced preferences of women can account for occupational sorting, which often leads them into careers with large pay penalties for interruptions due to childbearing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender Economics and the Meaning of Discrimination (2022)
Lundberg, Shelly;Zitatform
Lundberg, Shelly (2022): Gender Economics and the Meaning of Discrimination. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 112, S. 588-591. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20221086
Abstract
"Advances in economics hold much promise for an improved understanding of complex issues concerning gender and gender inequalities. A more realistic economics of choice based on behavioral economics, evidence of social influences on economic outcomes, and a recognition of the role of cultural persistence in patterns of behavior have blurred our traditional separation of preferences and constraints. However, in the analysis of gender gaps, we have continued to focus on the discrimination versus preferences dichotomy that this work has rendered both conceptually and empirically irrelevant. As the domain of economics continues to broaden, our approach to discrimination needs to change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Male Wage Inequality and Characteristics of "Early Mover" Marriages (2022)
Zitatform
Mansour, Hani & Terra McKinnish (2022): Male Wage Inequality and Characteristics of "Early Mover" Marriages. (CESifo working paper 9619), München, 38 S.
Abstract
"Previous work shows that higher male wage inequality decreases the share of ever married women in their 20s, consistent with the theoretical prediction that greater male wage dispersion increases the return to marital search. Consequently, male wage inequality should be associated with higher husband quality among those “early-mover” women who choose to forgo these higher returns to search. We confirm using U.S. decennial Census and American Community Survey (ACS) data from 1980-2018 that married women ages 22-30 in marriage markets with greater male wage inequality are more likely to marry up in education and in husband’s occupation. We additionally consider whether male wage inequality increases wage uncertainty, leading women to prefer older husbands who can send stronger signals of lifetime earnings. We confirm that higher male wage inequality is also associated with a larger marital age gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work and Family Disadvantage: Determinants of Gender Gaps in Paid Work During the COVID-19 Pandemic (2022)
Zitatform
Mertehikian, Yasmin A. & Pilar Gonalons-Pons (2022): Work and Family Disadvantage: Determinants of Gender Gaps in Paid Work During the COVID-19 Pandemic. In: Socius, Jg. 8, S. 1-12. DOI:10.1177/23780231221117649
Abstract
"This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the increase in gender inequality in paid work during the pandemic to unpack the relative relevance of labor market and work-family conflict processes. Using panel data from the United States Current Population Survey, we examine four mechanisms in an integrated analysis that explicitly includes single-parent households and assesses the moderating role of women’s economic position relative to their partners. The results indicate that increases in gender inequality during the pandemic were heavily concentrated in households with children but also partly connected to gender differences in prepandemic labor market positions and to the higher prevalence of women in lower earner position relative to their partners. Single parents were more negatively impacted than partnered parents, but the disproportionate concentration of this impact on women does not contribute much to increases in overall gender inequality due to the relatively smaller size of this group." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Dare to ask in front of others? Women initiating salary negotiations (2022)
Zitatform
Ren, Yufei, Lin Xiu & Amy B. Hietapelto (2022): Dare to ask in front of others? Women initiating salary negotiations. In: Journal of Economic Psychology, Jg. 92. DOI:10.1016/j.joep.2022.102550
Abstract
"Previous research has shown that gender pay differences in the labor market may be caused by women's reluctance to initiate salary negotiations, which is often influenced by gender-related social norms and self-perceived gender identity. In the real world, others in work environments can know “who has asked.” In a laboratory experiment, we manipulated whether the decision to initiate salary negotiations was publicly observable. We found that in a context in which negotiation is not costly, women and men showed no difference in initiating salary negotiations. When asked to publicly express their willingness to negotiate salaries, a moderately lower number of women stepped up, an effect that was not significant for men. Furthermore, women tend to tie salary negotiation decisions to their self-perceived performance even when pay raises are not bound to performance. In contrast, men were not impacted by this factor." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Link between Gender Gaps and Employment Polarization (2022)
Zitatform
Rendall, Michelle (2022): The Link between Gender Gaps and Employment Polarization. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 23, H. 2, S. 12-16.
Abstract
"The increase in employment shares both at the bottom and at the top of the skill distribution, combined with a decline in the middle, has been extensively documented for the US and many OECD economies since the 1980s. This observed employment polarization has become a well-known stylized fact. Less well known are the characteristics of employment polarization by gender, as polarization is usually studied at an aggregate level. Nonetheless, when studying employment polarization, in Cerina et al. (2021) we also consider one of the most important and dramatic social phenomena of the 20th century: the rise in female labor force participation, coupled with a rise in broad college attainment and a closing of the gender wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug