Springe zum Inhalt

Dossier

Gender und Arbeitsmarkt

Die IAB-Infoplattform "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.

Zurück zur Übersicht
Ergebnisse pro Seite: 20 | 50 | 100
im Aspekt "USA"
  • Literaturhinweis

    Trends in labor force participation in the United States (2006)

    Mosisa, Abraham; Hipple, Steven;

    Zitatform

    Mosisa, Abraham & Steven Hipple (2006): Trends in labor force participation in the United States. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 129, H. 10, S. 35-57.

    Abstract

    "After a long-term increase, the overall labor force participation rate has declined in recent years. Although there was a sharp rise in participation among individuals aged 55 years and older, this increase did not offset declines in the participation rates of younger persons. Using labor force estimates from the Current Population Survey (CPS), this article analyzes historical trends in labor force participation, focusing primarily on recent trends. The analysis highlights changes in labor force participation among various demographic groups, discusses possible reasons for those changes, and explains how the changes affected the overall participation rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    Unequal pay or unequal employment?: a cross-country analysis of gender gaps (2006)

    Olivetti, Claudia; Petrongolo, Barbara;

    Zitatform

    Olivetti, Claudia & Barbara Petrongolo (2006): Unequal pay or unequal employment? A cross-country analysis of gender gaps. (IZA discussion paper 1941), Bonn, 48 S.

    Abstract

    "Gender wage and employment gaps are negatively correlated across countries. We argue that non-random selection of women into work explains an important part of such correlation and thus of the observed variation in wage gaps. The idea is that, if women who are employed tend to have relatively high-wage characteristics, low female employment rates may become consistent with low gender wage gaps simply because low-wage women would not feature in the observed wage distribution. We explore this idea across the US and EU by estimating gender gaps in potential wages. We recover information on wages for those not in work in a given year using alternative imputation techniques. Imputation is based on (i) wage observations from other waves in the sample, (ii) observable characteristics of the nonemployed and (iii) a statistical repeated-sampling model. We then estimate median wage gaps on the resulting imputed wage distributions, thus simply requiring assumptions on the position of the imputed wage observations with respect to the median, but not on their level. We obtain higher median wage gaps on imputed rather than actual wage distributions for most countries in the sample. However, this difference is small in the US, the UK and most central and northern EU countries, and becomes sizeable in Ireland, France and southern EU, all countries in which gender employment gaps are high. In particular, correction for employment selection explains more than a half of the observed correlation between wage and employment gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    Unequal pay or unequal employment?: a cross-country analysis of gender gaps (2006)

    Olivetti, Claudia; Petrongolo, Barbara;

    Zitatform

    Olivetti, Claudia & Barbara Petrongolo (2006): Unequal pay or unequal employment? A cross-country analysis of gender gaps. (CEPR discussion paper 5506), Boston, 46 S.

    Abstract

    "Gender wage and employment gaps are negatively correlated across countries. We argue that non-random selection of women into work explains an important part of such correlation and thus of the observed variation in wage gaps. The idea is that, if women who are employed tend to have relatively high-wage characteristics, low female employment rates may become consistent with low gender wage gaps simply because low-wage women would not feature in the observed wage distribution. We explore this idea across the US and EU countries estimating gender gaps in potential wages. We recover information on wages for those not in work in a given year using alternative imputation techniques. Imputation is based on (i) wage observations from other waves in the sample, (ii) observable characteristics of the nonemployed and (iii) a statistical repeated-sampling model. We then estimate median wage gaps on the resulting imputed wage distributions, thus simply requiring assumptions on the position of the imputed wage observations with respect to the median, but not on their level. We obtain higher median wage gaps on imputed rather than actual wage distributions for most countries in the sample. However, this di┐erence is small in the US, the UK and most central and northern EU countries, and becomes sizeable in Ireland, France and southern EU, all countries in which gender employment gaps are high. In particular, correction for employment selection explains more than a half of the observed correlation between wage and employment gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    A life cycle perspective on changes in earnings inequality among married men and women (2006)

    Pencavel, John;

    Zitatform

    Pencavel, John (2006): A life cycle perspective on changes in earnings inequality among married men and women. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 88, H. 2, S. 232-242.

    Abstract

    "The connection between changes in earnings inequality of individuals and changes in family earnings involves several links: the movements in the employment of different family members, the association between changes in husbands' and in wives' earnings, and patterns of assortative mating. A decomposition of the logarithm of the coefficient of variation in family earnings identifies these links. The data on the dispersion of family earnings are organized not simply over time, but also by age. The growth in wives' relative employment and earnings has partly offset the effects on family earnings inequality of the increase in husbands' earnings inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    Earnings inequality and market work in husband-wife families (2006)

    Pencavel, John;

    Zitatform

    Pencavel, John (2006): Earnings inequality and market work in husband-wife families. (IZA discussion paper 2235), Bonn, 54 S.

    Abstract

    "Constructing pseudo-panel data from successive Current Population Surveys, this paper analyzes earnings inequality in husband and wife families over the life cycle and over time. Particular attention is devoted to the role of labor supply in influencing measures of earnings inequality. Compact and accurate descriptions of earnings inequality are derived that facilitate the analysis of the effect of the changing market employment of wives on earnings inequality. The growing propensity of married women to work for pay has mitigated the increase in family earnings inequality. Alternative measures of earnings inequality covering people with different degrees of attachment to the labor market are constructed. Inferences about the extent and changes in earnings inequality are sensitive to alternative labor supply definitions especially in the case of wives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    The narrowing of the U.S. gender earnings gap, 1959-1999: a cohort-based analysis (2006)

    Weinberger, Catherine; Kuhn, Peter;

    Zitatform

    Weinberger, Catherine & Peter Kuhn (2006): The narrowing of the U.S. gender earnings gap, 1959-1999. A cohort-based analysis. (IZA discussion paper 2007), Bonn, 40 S.

    Abstract

    "Using Census and Current Population Survey data spanning 1959 through 1999, we assess the relative contributions of two factors to the decline in the gender wage gap: changes across cohorts in the relative slopes of men's and women's age-earnings profiles, versus changes in relative earnings levels at labor market entry. We find that changes in relative slopes account for about one-third of the narrowing of the gender wage gap over the past 40 years. Under quite general conditions, we argue that this provides an upper bound estimate of the contribution of changes in work experience and other post-school investments (PSIs) to the decline of the gender wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    An overview of welfare-to-work efforts (2005)

    Blank, Rebecca M.;

    Zitatform

    Blank, Rebecca M. (2005): An overview of welfare-to-work efforts. In: CESifo DICE report, Jg. 3, H. 2, S. 3-7.

    Abstract

    Hauptzielsetzung US-amerikanischer Sozialpolitik ist es, Sozialhilfeempfänger wieder in Arbeit zu bringen. Die Sammelbezeichnung 'Welfare-to-Work' beschreibt eine Vielzahl von Programmen auf bundes- und einzelstaatlicher sowie auf regionaler und kommunaler Ebene. Da Adressaten von Sozialhilfeleistungen in den USA in erster Linie ledige Mütter sind, zielen die 'Welfare-to-Work'-Programme in der Hauptsache darauf ab, vor allem gering qualifizierte allein erziehende Frauen in Arbeitsverhältnisse zu bringen. Der Übergang von der Sozialhilfe in ein Arbeitsverhältnis wird dabei nicht als ein Mittel zur Armutsbekämpfung verstanden, sondern Arbeit stellt einen Wert an sich dar. Der Beitrag gibt einen umfassenden Überblick über die verschiedenen Förderungsprogramme und Einzelmaßnahmen (von Lohnkostenzuschüssen über Kinderbetreuungskosten bis hin zu Sanktionen wie zeitlicher Begrenzung oder Kürzung der Leistungen) und untersucht, inwieweit die Programme auf andere, insbesondere europäische Staaten zu übertragen sind. Die US-Erfahrungen zeigen, dass eine verhältnismäßig hohe Zahl gering qualifizierter allein erziehender Mütter auf Dauer in Arbeitsverhältnisse vermittelt werden kann, vorausgesetzt derartige Jobs existieren und es gibt entsprechende Anreize, sie zu übernehmen. Gleichzeitig ist die Zahl derer, die Arbeit haben und dennoch in Armut leben, gewachsen. Bei der Frage nach der Übertragbarkeit von 'Welfare-to-Work'-Maßnahmen auf europäische Staaten müssen die Unterschiede der wirtschaftlichen und institutionellen Strukturen und sozialen Normen berücksichtigt werden. (IAB)

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    The effects of welfare-to-work program activities on labor market outcomes (2005)

    Dyke, Andrew; Mueser, Peter R.; Heinrich, Carolyn J.; Troske, Kenneth R.;

    Zitatform

    Dyke, Andrew, Carolyn J. Heinrich, Peter R. Mueser & Kenneth R. Troske (2005): The effects of welfare-to-work program activities on labor market outcomes. (IZA discussion paper 1520), Bonn, 48 S.

    Abstract

    "Studies examining the effectiveness of welfare-to-work programs present findings that are mixed and sometimes at odds, in part due to research design, data, and methodological limitations of the studies. We aim to substantially improve on past approaches to estimate program effectiveness by using administrative data on welfare recipients in Missouri and North Carolina to obtain separate estimates of the effects of participating in sub-programs of each state's welfare-to-work program. Using data on all women who entered welfare between the second quarter of 1997 and fourth quarter of 1999 in these states, we follow recipients for sixteen quarters and model their quarterly earnings as a function of demographic characteristics, prior welfare and work experience, the specific types of welfare-to-work programs in which they participate, and time since participation. We focus primarily on three types of subprograms-assessment, job readiness and job search assistance, and more inte! nsive programs designed to augment human capital skills-and use a variety of methods that allow us to compare how common assumptions influence results. In general, we find that the impacts of program participation are negative in the quarters immediately following participation but improve over time, in most cases turning positive in the second year after participation. The results also show that more intensive training is associated with greater initial earnings losses but also greater earnings gains in the long run." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    Maternity leave and the employment of new mothers in the United States (2004)

    Berger, Lawrence M.; Waldfogel, Jane;

    Zitatform

    Berger, Lawrence M. & Jane Waldfogel (2004): Maternity leave and the employment of new mothers in the United States. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 17, H. 2, S. 331-349.

    Abstract

    "We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine the relationships between maternity leave coverage and U.S. womens post-birth leave taking and employment decisions from 1988 to 1996. We find that women who were employed before birth are working much more quickly post-birth than women who were not. We also find that, among mothers who were employed pre-birth, those in jobs that provided leave coverage are more likely to take a leave of up to 12 weeks, but return more quickly after 12 weeks. Our results suggest that maternity leave coverage is related to leave taking, as well as the length of time that a new mother stays home after a birth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    The Effect of Children on Women's Wages (1997)

    Waldfogel, Jane;

    Zitatform

    Waldfogel, Jane (1997): The Effect of Children on Women's Wages. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 62, H. 2, S. 209-217.

    Abstract

    Mit Hilfe der Daten des 1968-1988 National Longitudinal Survey werden die Ursachen für Lohnunterschiede zwischen amerikanischen Müttern und kinderlosen Frauen untersucht, die nicht nur auf unterschiedlich lange Berufserfahrung zurückzuführen sind. (IAB)

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    The Role of World War II in the Rise of Women's Employment (1991)

    Goldin, Claudia;

    Zitatform

    Goldin, Claudia (1991): The Role of World War II in the Rise of Women's Employment. In: The American economic review, Jg. 81, H. 4, S. 741-756.

    Abstract

    "The 1940's were a turning point in married women's labor-force participation, leading many to credit World War II with spurring economic and social change. This paper uses two retrospective surveys, from 1944 and 1951, to show that half of all married women employed in 1950 were working in 1940, and more than half of the decade's new entrants joined after the war. Of all wartime entrants, the majority exited after 1944 but before 1950. The war had several significant indirect impacts on women's employment, but its direct influence appears to have been more modest." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    For what it's worth: organizations, occupations, and the value of work done by women and nonwhites (1990)

    Baron, James N.; Newman, Andrew E.;

    Zitatform

    Baron, James N. & Andrew E. Newman (1990): For what it's worth. Organizations, occupations, and the value of work done by women and nonwhites. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 55, H. 2, S. 155-175. DOI:10.2307/2095624

    Abstract

    "Economic penalties against jobs employing disproportionate numbers of women or nonwhites vary across organizational context and occupational type. Analyses of prescribed pay rates for jobs in the California state civil service in 1985 suggest that work done disproportionately by women and nonwhites is devalued most in positions that are older, not represented by activist unions, have ambiguous performance criteria, or are most generic across organizational settings. We conclude that the extent of ascription depends on propensities toward devaluation in a given setting, prospects for collective action by disadvantaged groups, and the organizational costs and benefits (economic and otherwise) of recalibrating job worth to achieve pay equity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    Maximum Hours Legislation and Female Employment in the 1920s: A Reasse ssment (1986)

    Goldin, Claudia;

    Zitatform

    Goldin, Claudia (1986): Maximum Hours Legislation and Female Employment in the 1920s: A Reasse ssment. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 1949), Cambridge, Mass, 27 S.

    Abstract

    "The causes and consequences of state maximum hours laws for female workers, passed from the mid-1800s to the 1920s, are explored and are found to differ from a recent reinterpretation. Although maximum hours legislation reduced scheduled hours in 1920, the impact was minimal and it operated equally for men. Legislation affecting only women was symptomatic of a general desire by labor for lower hours, and these lower hours were achieved in the tight, and otherwise special, World War I labor market -- hours of work declined substantially for most workers in the second decade of this century. Most importantly, the restrictiveness of the legislation had no effect on the employment share of women in manufacturing. The legislation was, on the contrary, associated with a positive impact on the employment share of women in sales (another covered sector). Finally, labor force participation rates of women across cities during the 1920s were strongly and negatively correlated with shorter hours of work per day, consistent with one time-series explanation for the increase in female market work. These results are consistent with a labor market model in which scheduled hours of work per day are negatively related to days worked per week, and that assumption is justified using previously untapped data on actual hours, scheduled hours, and days worked for women in the covered sectors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    The Historical Evolution of Female Earnings Functions and Occupations (1980)

    Goldin, Claudia;

    Zitatform

    Goldin, Claudia (1980): The Historical Evolution of Female Earnings Functions and Occupations. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 0529), Cambridge, Mass, 38 S.

    Abstract

    "Of all the changes in the history of women's market work, few have been more impressive than the rapid emergence and feminization of the clerical sector and the related decline in manufacturing employment for women. Although a century ago few women were clerical workers, as early as 1920 22% of all employed non-farm women were, and about 50% of all clerical workers were women. Employment for women in the clerical sector expanded at five times the annual rate in manufacturing from 1890 to 1930, and during the same period of time wages for female clerical workers fell relative to those in manufacturing. This paper explores the underlying causes of these dramatic sectoral shifts by estimating the relationship between earnings and experience for manufacturing and clerical workers from 1888 to 1940. It is seen that earnings profiles for employment in manufacturing rose steeply with experience and peaked early, while those in the clerical sector were much flatter and did not peak within the relevant range. Returns to off-job training and depreciation with age and with time away from the labor force also differed between these occupations. A model of sectoral shift is developed in which workers choose occupations and therefore the time path of training on the basis of their life-cycle labor force participation and their consumption value of education. The coefficients from the earnings function estimations are used to demonstrate that the decline in the relative wage of clerical to manufacturing work from 1890 to 1930 can be explained by such a model, Finally, it is shown that a sizable percentage of the difference in the growth of female employment in the manufacturing and clerical sectors can be explained by various labor supply factors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen