Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Die IAB-Infoplattform "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Zurück zur Übersicht- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Public policies and women's employment after childbearing (2009)
Zitatform
Han, Wen-Jui, Christopher J. Ruhm, Jane Waldfogel & Elizabeth Washbrook (2009): Public policies and women's employment after childbearing. (IZA discussion paper 3937), Bonn, 48 S.
Abstract
"This paper examines how the public policy environment in the United States affects work by new mothers following childbirth. We examine four types of policies that vary across states and affect the budget constraint in different ways. The policy environment has important effects, particularly for less advantaged mothers. There is a potential conflict between policies aiming to increase maternal employment and those maximizing the choices available to families with young children. However, this tradeoff is not absolute since some choice-increasing policies (generous child care subsidies and state parental leave laws) foster both choice and higher levels of employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Structural estimation of family labor supply with taxes: estimating a continuous hours model using a direct utility specification (2009)
Heim, Bradley T.;Zitatform
Heim, Bradley T. (2009): Structural estimation of family labor supply with taxes. Estimating a continuous hours model using a direct utility specification. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 44, H. 2, S. 350-385. DOI:10.3368/jhr.44.2.350
Abstract
"This paper proposes a new method for estimating family labor supply in the presence of taxes. This method accounts for continuous hours choices, measurement error, unobserved heterogeneity in tastes for work, the nonlinear form of the tax code, and fixed costs of work in one comprehensive specification. Estimated on data from the 2001 PSID, the resulting elasticities for married males are consistent with those found elsewhere in the literature but female wage elasticities are substantially smaller than those found in most of the literature. Simulations of recent tax acts predict small effects on the labor supply of married couples." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Opt-out rates at motherhood across high-education career paths: selection versus work environment (2009)
Herr, Jane Leber; Wolfram, Catherine;Zitatform
Herr, Jane Leber & Catherine Wolfram (2009): Opt-out rates at motherhood across high-education career paths. Selection versus work environment. (NBER working paper 14717), Cambridge, Mass., 57 S. DOI:10.3386/w14717
Abstract
"This paper examines the propensity of highly educated women to exit the labor force at motherhood. We focus on systematic differences across women with various graduate degrees to analyze whether these speak to differences in the capacity to combine children with work over a variety of high-education career paths. Working with a sample of Harvard alumnae observed 10 and 15 years after graduation, we find that the labor force attachment of mothers at the 15th year is highest among MDs (94 percent) and lowest among MBAs (72 percent) and women with no advanced degree (69 percent). We then use a rich set of biographical information on the alumnae, combined with data on their workplaces, to try to disentangle whether the working patterns observed reflect selection on the types of women pursuing different graduate degrees, or variation in the difficulty of combining work with family along different career paths. Our results suggest that work environments contribute to women's decision to exit the labor force at motherhood." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Change in attitudes about employed mothers: exposure, interests, and gender ideology discrepancies (2009)
Kroska, Amy; Elman, Cheryl;Zitatform
Kroska, Amy & Cheryl Elman (2009): Change in attitudes about employed mothers. Exposure, interests, and gender ideology discrepancies. In: Social science research, Jg. 38, H. 2, S. 366-382. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2008.12.004
Abstract
"Using a sample of continuously-married individuals (793 women and 847 men) and their spouses drawn from the first two waves of the NSFH, we examine change in individuals' attitudes about mothers' employment. We investigate hypotheses derived from three models of attitude change: the exposure model, the interest-based model, and the control model. We find support for hypotheses derived from all three. Consistent with exposure hypotheses, the adoption of fundamentalist beliefs reduces egalitarianism, while spouses' egalitarianism and spouses' education are positively related to individuals' own egalitarianism. As predicted in both exposure and interest hypotheses, women's entry into employment is positively related to women's egalitarianism, while wives' occupational prestige is positively related to men's egalitarianism. Congruent with the interest model, the presence of a young child is positively associated with women's egalitarianism. Consistent with the exposure model, the number of children in the home reduces men's egalitarianism, and a traditional division of housework decreases women's egalitarianism. Finally, consistent with the gender ideology discrepancy hypothesis, derived from the control model, individuals whose background, work, and family life are inconsistent with their gender ideology at wave 1 shift their gender ideology at wave 2 in a direction that is more compatible with their background, work, and family life: egalitarians with traditional life patterns at wave 1 are more traditional in their gender ideology at wave 2, and traditionals with egalitarian life patterns at wave 1 are more egalitarian at wave 2. We discuss the implications of these patterns for larger scale change in gender ideology." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Occupational feminization and pay: assessing causal dynamics using 1950-2000 U.S. census data (2009)
Zitatform
Levanon, Asaf, Paula England & Paul Allison (2009): Occupational feminization and pay. Assessing causal dynamics using 1950-2000 U.S. census data. In: Social forces, Jg. 88, H. 2, S. 865-891. DOI:10.1353/sof.0.0264
Abstract
"Occupations with a greater share of females pay less than those with a lower share, controlling for education and skill. This association is explained by two dominant views: devaluation and queuing. The former views the pay offered in an occupation to affect its female proportion, due to employers' preference for men - a gendered labor queue. The latter argues that the proportion of females in an occupation affects pay, owing to devaluation of work done by women. Only a few past studies used longitudinal data, which is needed to test the theories. We use fixed-effects models, thus controlling for stable characteristics of occupations, and U.S. Census data from 1950 through 2000. We find substantial evidence for the devaluation view, but only scant evidence for the queuing view." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Towards a framework for assessing family policies in the EU (2009)
Zitatform
Lohmann, Henning, Frauke H. Peter, Tine Rostgaard & Stephen P. Jenkins (2009): Towards a framework for assessing family policies in the EU. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 88), Paris, 94 S. DOI:10.1787/223883627348
Abstract
"This report presents the results of a first attempt to create a framework for assessing the performance of national family policies. The report is part of a joint EU and OECD project, which aims to help the EU Government Expert Group on Demographic Issues in evaluating national family policies. The idea behind the framework is that it allows individual countries to compare their overall performance in the area of family policies with the performance of other countries. The main focus of the report is policies for families with smaller children. The framework provides a set of cross-nationally comparable indicators on contexts, policy measures, and outcomes, organised on a systematic basis. The policy measure indicators presented in the report cover leave schemes, early childhood education and care, family benefits and workplace policies. The indicators build upon, interalia, previous work by the OECD in various studies on family-friendly policies that were carried out on a cross-national basis using different sets of indicators. Most of these indicators are today available in the OECD Family Database. Wherever the OECD Family Database contains indicators for the majority of EU member states and OECD countries, these data have been used in the present study. Otherwise, data from other cross-national databases have been included. Each indicator in the framework is presented as a single-standing indicator in the general absence of scientific consensus on different aggregation weights. In the report no explicit ranking of countries has been attempted, instead the relative position of countries has been illustrated with the help of standard deviation scores. In the last part of the report the linkages between policy aims and the various context, outcome and policy measures are indicated, which help construct 'score cards'. This 'score card-approach' is illustrated for three countries: Denmark, Germany and the United Kingdom. The report offers tools for assessment that may be developed further, and should offer an approach to using the OECD Family Database, acknowledging this unique data source for cross-country comparisons in the field of family policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Why wait? - The effect of marriage and childbearing on the wages of men and women (2009)
Loughran, David S.; Zissimopoulos, Julie M.;Zitatform
Loughran, David S. & Julie M. Zissimopoulos (2009): Why wait? - The effect of marriage and childbearing on the wages of men and women. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 44, H. 2, S. 326-349. DOI:10.3368/jhr.44.2.326
Abstract
"We use data from the earlier and later cohorts of the NLSY to estimate the effect of marriage and childbearing on wages. Our estimates imply that marriage lowers female wages 2-4 percent in the year of marriage. Marriage also lowers the wage growth of men and women by about two and four percentage points, respectively. A first birth lowers female wages 2-3 percent, but has no effect on wage growth. Male wages are unaffected by childbearing. These findings suggest that early marriage and childbearing can lead to substantial decreases in lifetime earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
"Family-friendly" fringe benefits and the gender wage (2009)
Lowen, Aaron; Sicilian, Paul;Zitatform
Lowen, Aaron & Paul Sicilian (2009): "Family-friendly" fringe benefits and the gender wage. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 30, H. 2, S. 101-119. DOI:10.1007/s12122-008-9046-1
Abstract
"Evidence suggests a large portion of the gender wage gap is explained by gender occupational segregation. A common hypothesis is that gender differences in preferences or abilities explain this segregation; women may prefer jobs that provide more 'family-friendly' fringe benefits. Much of the research provides no direct evidence on gender differences in access to fringe benefits, nor how provision affects wages. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we find that women are more likely to receive family-friendly benefits, but not other types of fringe benefits. We find no evidence that the differences in fringe benefits explain the gender wage gap." (author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Reversals in the patterns of women's labor supply in the U.S., 1976-2009 (2009)
Macunovich, Diane J.;Zitatform
Macunovich, Diane J. (2009): Reversals in the patterns of women's labor supply in the U.S., 1976-2009. (IZA discussion paper 4512), Bonn, 42 S.
Abstract
"Despite strong increases in women's labor force participation - especially among married women with children - in the 1980s, and somewhat less strong increases in the 1990s, the first decade of the twenty-first century has seen declines across the board. These have been especially marked among single women, women with no children, and women with more than 16 years of education. Single women with no children have experienced declines of 7.2, 6.2 and 3.6 percentage points since the late 1980s, among women with less than 16, 16, and more than 16 years of education, respectively. Own-wage elasticities have increased since 2000, after decreasing in the previous 20 years, and the absolute value of cross-wage elasticities has also increased, after declining for at least 20 years. Despite this, the absolute value of elasticities with respect to the presence of children has for the most part continued to decline. Measured factors cannot explain the marked declines in hours worked that have been observed, suggesting that while the labor supply function was hypothesized to have shifted to the right in the 1980s and 1990s, it has shifted back to the left since the late 1990s. And the characteristics of single and childless women dropping out of the labor force after 1999 have changed: they on average had worked more hours, earned more per hour, enjoyed less other income, and had fewer children, than those who had dropped out prior to 1999." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The gender pay gap in the US: does sector make a difference? (2009)
Miller, Paul W.;Zitatform
Miller, Paul W. (2009): The gender pay gap in the US. Does sector make a difference? In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 30, H. 1, S. 52-74. DOI:10.1007/s12122-008-9050-5
Abstract
"Analyses of data from the 2000 US Census show that the gender pay gap differs by sector of employment and according to the part of the earnings distribution that is considered. The gender pay differential in the private sector in the US does not display either the glass ceiling or sticky floor effects that have been reported for many other countries. The government sector is, however, characterized by a distinct sticky floor effect in the female-male pay differential. Regardless of the sector of employment, females have lower hourly rates of pay than men across the entire earnings distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Education differences in intended and unintended fertility (2009)
Zitatform
Musick, Kelly, Paula England, Sarah Edgington & Nicole Kangas (2009): Education differences in intended and unintended fertility. In: Social forces, Jg. 88, H. 2, S. 543-572. DOI:10.1353/sof.0.0278
Abstract
"Using a hazards framework and panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979-2004), we analyze the fertility patterns of a recent cohort of white and black women in the United States. We examine how completed fertility varies by women's education, differentiating between intended and unintended births. We find that the education gradient on fertility comes largely from unintended childbearing, and it is not explained by child-bearing desires or opportunity costs, the two most common explanations in previous research. Less-educated women want no more children than the more educated, so this factor explains none of their higher completed fertility. Less-educated women have lower wages, but wages have little of the negative effect on fertility predicted by economic theories of opportunity cost. We propose three other potential mechanisms linking low education and unintended childbearing, focusing on access to contraception and abortion, relational and economic uncertainty, and consistency in the behaviors necessary to avoid unintended pregnancies. Our work highlights the need to incorporate these mechanisms into future research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender differences in early-career wage growth (2009)
Napari, Sami;Zitatform
Napari, Sami (2009): Gender differences in early-career wage growth. In: Labour economics, Jg. 16, H. 2, S. 140-148. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2008.08.005
Abstract
"In Finnish manufacturing, the gender wage gap more than doubles during the first ten years in the labour market. This paper studies the factors contributing to the gender gap in early-career wage growth. The analysis shows that the size of the gender gap in average wage growth varies with mobility status, the gap being higher with employer changes compared to wage growth within firms. Several explanations for the gender gap in wage growth based on human capital theory and theory of compensating wage differentials are considered. However, much of the gap in wage growth remains unexplained. The distributional analysis of the wage growth shows that the female wage penalty increases significantly as we move along the conditional wage growth distribution, the increase being stronger with employer changes compared to within-firm wage growth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work experience as a source of specification error in earnings models: implications for gender wage decompositions (2009)
Regan, Tracy L.; Oaxaca, Ronald L.;Zitatform
Regan, Tracy L. & Ronald L. Oaxaca (2009): Work experience as a source of specification error in earnings models. Implications for gender wage decompositions. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 22, H. 2, S. 463-499. DOI:10.1007/s00148-007-0180-5
Abstract
"This paper models the bias from using potential vs actual experience in log wage models. The nature of the problem is best viewed as specification error as opposed to classical errors-in-variables. We correct for the discrepancy between potential and actual work experience and create a predicted measure of work experience. We use the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and extend our findings to the Integrated Public Use Microdata Sample. Our results suggest that potential experience biases the effects of schooling and the rates of return to labor market experience. Using such a measure in earnings models underestimates the explained portion of the male-female wage gap. We are able to separately identify the decomposition biases associated with incorrect experience measures and biased parameter estimates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The timing of maternal work and time with children (2009)
Stewart, Jay;Zitatform
Stewart, Jay (2009): The timing of maternal work and time with children. (IZA discussion paper 4219), Bonn, 37 S.
Abstract
"I use data from the American Time Use Survey to examine how maternal employment affects when during the day that mothers of pre-school-age children spend doing enriching childcare and whether they adjust their schedules to spend time with their children at more-desirable times of day. I find that employed mothers shift enriching childcare time from workdays to nonwork days. On workdays, full-time employed parents shift enriching childcare time toward evenings, but there is little shifting among part-time employed mothers. I find no evidence that full-time employed mothers adjust their schedules to spent time with their children at more-preferred times of day, whereas part-time employed mothers shift employment to later in the day." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender, moentary policy, and employment: the case of nine OECD countries (2009)
Zitatform
Takhtamanova, Yelena & Eva Sierminska (2009): Gender, moentary policy, and employment. The case of nine OECD countries. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 15, H. 3, S. 323-353. DOI:10.1080/13545700902893122
Abstract
"In many countries, low and stable inflation is the focus of monetary policy. Recent empirical evidence from developing countries indicates, however, that the costs of reducing inflation are disproportionately borne by women. This paper seeks to determine whether a similar pattern is evident in nine Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Economic Development (OECD) countries, using quarterly data for 1980-2004. The study examines economy-wide and sectoral employment effects by gender by utilizing two methodologies: single equation regression and vector autoregression analysis. Results indicate that the link between monetary policy instruments (short-term interest rates) and employment in the industrial countries under investigation is weak and does not vary by gender." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of children on the level of labor market involvement of married women: what is the role of education? (2009)
Troske, Kenneth; Voicu, Alexandru;Zitatform
Troske, Kenneth & Alexandru Voicu (2009): The effect of children on the level of labor market involvement of married women. What is the role of education? (IZA discussion paper 4074), Bonn, 51 S.
Abstract
"We analyze the way women's education influences the effect of children on their level of labor market involvement. We propose an econometric model that accounts for the endogeneity of labor market and fertility decisions, for the heterogeneity of the effects of children and their correlation with the fertility decisions, and for the correlation of sequential labor market decisions. We estimate the model using panel data from NLSY79. Our results show that women with higher education work more before the birth of the first child, but children have larger negative effects on their level of labor market involvement. Differences across education levels are more pronounced with respect to full time employment than with respect to participation. Other things equal, higher wages reduce the effect of children on labor supply. Controlling for wages, women with higher education face larger negative effects of children on labor supply, which suggest they are characterized by a combination of higher marginal product of time spent in the production of child quality and higher marginal product of time relative to the marginal product of other inputs into the production of child quality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender and occupation in market economies: change and restructuring since the 1980s (2009)
Webb, Janette;Zitatform
Webb, Janette (2009): Gender and occupation in market economies. Change and restructuring since the 1980s. In: Social Politics, Jg. 16, H. 1, S. 82-110. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxp003
Abstract
"This paper compares employment restructuring, gender, and occupational change in Japan, Sweden, the UK, and the USA, since the 1980s. Its analytical framework is derived from feminist debates about the relative influence of political-economic skill regimes and cultural ideologies of gender on occupational sex segregation. In each country, the shift towards services has further concentrated men's dominance of employment in extractive and transformative industries. Pre-existing patterns of occupational segregation between the sexes have not however been universally reinforced. A degree of occupational upgrading has facilitated women's movement into a growing range of professional and managerial occupations, but the extent of economic opportunity for women is not a simple function of labor market economics. The social-democratic, egalitarian values and policies of Sweden, for example, seem to have offered greater economic benefits to women than the more individualized, liberalized labor market policies of the UK. In conclusion, it is argued that gender and markets are mutually constitutive; their evolution is not pre-given but subject to political choices informed by history and culture." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do gender disparities in employment increase profitability?: evidence from the United States (2009)
Zacharias, Ajit; Mahoney, Melissa;Zitatform
Zacharias, Ajit & Melissa Mahoney (2009): Do gender disparities in employment increase profitability? Evidence from the United States. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 15, H. 3, S. 133-161. DOI:10.1080/13545700802712497
Abstract
"This paper investigates whether the contribution of the declining share of wages in national income to the upswing in profitability between 1982 and 1997 in the United States was aided by the growing incorporation of women into employment. The analysis finds that women helped moderate the decline in the aggregate wage share. The reduction in gender pay disparity overwhelmed the negative effect of women's growing share of market work on the wage share. However, in (one-digit) sectors where wage shares fell, women did not contribute to restraining the fall, indicating that the aggregate outcome was the net result of distinct sectoral trends in women's employment conditions. We argue that the perverse process of labor productivity falling faster than the real wage in the service sector may have played a key role in shaping the aggregate outcome. The post-1997 trends in the US are discussed in a postscript." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
New evidence on the motherhood wage gap (2008)
Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina; Kimmel, Jean;Zitatform
Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina & Jean Kimmel (2008): New evidence on the motherhood wage gap. (IZA discussion paper 3662), Bonn, 30 S.
Abstract
"Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we assess the role of employment-based health insurance offers in explaining the motherhood wage gap. Researchers have been aware of the existence of a motherhood gap for many years; yet, the literature has failed to address the role of non-wage compensation in explaining the motherhood wage gap despite the increasing importance of non-wage benefits in total compensation packages. As hedonic wage theory suggests, mothers might view health benefits as desirable and trade-off wages for health insurance. Thus, lower wages for mothers might reflect their relative preferences for jobs offering health insurance. We estimate an endogenous switching wage equation model to account for the self-selection and, thus, endogeneity of having an employment-based health insurance offer. We find that, once the endogeneity of having an employment-based health insurance offer is accounted for, the motherhood wage gap disappears." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working for less? Women's part-time wage penalities across countries (2008)
Bardasi, Elena; Gornick, Janet C.;Zitatform
Bardasi, Elena & Janet C. Gornick (2008): Working for less? Women's part-time wage penalities across countries. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 14, H. 1, S. 37-72. DOI:10.1080/13545700701716649
Abstract
"This paper investigates wage gaps between part- and full-time women workers in six OECD countries in die mid-1990s. Using comparable micro-data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), for Canada, Germany, Italy, Sweden, the UK, and the US, die paper first assesses cross-national variation in the direction, magnitude, and composition of the part-time/full-time wage differential. Then it analyzes variations across these countries in occupational segregation between part- and full-time workers. The paper finds a part-time wage penalty among women workers in all countries, except Sweden. Other than in Sweden, occupational differences between part- and full-time workers dominate the portion of the wage gap that is explained by observed differences between die two groups of workers. Across countries, the degree of occupational segregation between female part- and full-time workers is negatively correlated with die Position of part-time workers' wages in the full-time wage distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug