Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Die IAB-Infoplattform "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Zurück zur Übersicht- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Gender inequalities in the 21st century: new barriers and continuing constraints (2010)
Scott, Jacqueline; Henau, Jerome De; Gershuny, Jonathan; Yee Kan, Man; Crompton, Rosemary; Ahmed, Sameera; Le Feuvre, Nicky ; Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth ; Mastekaasa, Arne; Devine, Fiona; Nolan, Jane; Evans, Mary; Plagnol, Anke C. ; Bennett, Fran; Schoon, Ingrid; Ellingsceter, Anne Lise; Sung, Sirin; Dale, Angela; Warren, Tracey ; Lyonette, Clare ; Webb, Janette;Zitatform
Scott, Jacqueline, Rosemary Crompton & Clare Lyonette (Hrsg.) (2010): Gender inequalities in the 21st century. New barriers and continuing constraints. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 297 S.
Abstract
"Both women and men strive to achieve a work and family balance, but does this imply more or less equality? Does the persistence of gender and class inequalities refute the notion that lives are becoming more individualised? Leading international authorities document how gender inequalities are changing and how many inequalities of earlier eras are being eradicated. However, this book shows there are new barriers and constraints that are slowing progress in attaining a more egalitarian society. Taking the new global economy into account, the expert contributors to this book examine the conflicts between different types of feminisms, revise old debates about 'equality' and 'difference' in the gendered nature of work and care, and propose new and innovative policy solutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en));
Content:
Jacqueline Scott, Rosemary Crompton,Clare Lyonette: Introduction: what's new about gender inequalities in the 21st century? (1-16);
PART I FAMILY AND LABOUR MARKET CHANGE;
Ingrid Schoon: Becoming adult: the persisting importance of dass and gender (19-39);
Fiona Devine: Class reproduction, occupational inheritance and occupational choices (40-58);
Angela Dale, Sameera Ahmed: Ethnic differences in women's economic activity: a focus an Pakistani and Bangladeshi women (59-81);
PART II OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURES AND WELFARE REGIMES;
Janette Webb: Gender and the post-industrial shift (85-108);
Tracey Warren: Penalties of part-time work across Europe (109-125);
Nicky Le Feuvre: Feminising professions in Britain and France: how countries differ (126-149);
PART III THE CHALLENGE OF INTEGRATING FAMILY AND WORK;
Man Yee Kan, Jonathan Gershuny: Gender segregation and bargaining in domestic labour: evidence from longitudinal time-use data (153-173);
Rosemary Crompton, Clare Lyonette: Family, dass and gender 'strategies' in mothers' employment and childcare (174-192);
Jacqueline Scott, Anke C. Plagnol, Jane Nolan: Perceptions of quality of life: gender differences across the life course (193-212);
PART IV UNDERSTANDING INEQUALITIES;
Fran Bennett, Jerome De Henau, Sirin Sung: Within-household inequalities across classes? Management and control of money (215-241);
Gunn Elisabeth Birkelund and Arne Mastekaasa: Restructuring gender relations: women's labour market participation and earnings inequality among households ( 242-254);
PART V CONFRONTING COMPLEXITY;
Anne Lise Ellingsceter: Feminist policies and feminist conflicts: daddy's care or mother's (257-274);
Mary Evans: A mysterious commodity: capitalism and femininity ( 275-289). -
Literaturhinweis
Work-family conflict and fertility intentions: does gender matter? (2010)
Shreffler, Karina M.; Pirretti, Amy E.; Drago, Robert;Zitatform
Shreffler, Karina M., Amy E. Pirretti & Robert Drago (2010): Work-family conflict and fertility intentions. Does gender matter? In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 31, H. 2, S. 228-240. DOI:10.1007/s10834-010-9187-2
Abstract
"Fertility among employed women remains far below their desired preferences. Although research has shown that fertility intentions significantly predict subsequent behavior, little is known about the factors that contribute to intentions. We assess the impacts of perceived self and partner work-to-family and family-to-work conflict on the fertility intentions of both women and men. Using a national probability sample of men and women in dual-earner families (N = 630), we find that men's perceptions of their wives' work - family conflict significantly predict men's fertility intentions, even though men's own work - family conflict does not. Neither women's own work - family conflict nor their perceptions of their husbands' work - family conflict predicts women's fertility intentions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Changing levels or changing slopes? The narrowing of the U.S. gender earnings gap, 1959-1999 (2010)
Weinberger, Catherine J.; Kuhn, Peter J.;Zitatform
Weinberger, Catherine J. & Peter J. Kuhn (2010): Changing levels or changing slopes? The narrowing of the U.S. gender earnings gap, 1959-1999. In: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Jg. 63, H. 3, S. 384-406.
Abstract
"The gender wage gap among adult full-time workers, after controlling for educational attainment and other observable characteristics, is about half the size it was in 1980. Using Census and Current Population Survey data from 1959 through 1999, we assess the relative contributions of two factors to the decline in the gender wage gap: changes across cohorts in the relative slopes of men's and women's age-earnings profiles, versus changes in relative earnings levels at labor market entry. We find that changes in relative slopes account for about one-third of the narrowing of the gender wage gap over the past 40 years. Under fairly general conditions, we argue that this provides an upper-bound estimate of the contribution of all post-school investments, including experience, to the decline of the gender wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Der geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschied in den Vereinigten Staaten und der Europäischen Union: ein historischer Vergleich (2010)
Ziegler, Petra;Zitatform
Ziegler, Petra (2010): Der geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschied in den Vereinigten Staaten und der Europäischen Union. Ein historischer Vergleich. Berlin: Logos, 302 S.
Abstract
"Das vorliegende Buch behandelt die gesetzlichen Vorgaben und Maßnahmen zur Verringerung des geschlechtsspezifischen Lohnunterschieds in der Europäischen Union und den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, wobei neben der vergleichenden Analyse der Entwicklung des geschlechtsspezifischen Lohnunterschieds ausgewählte Gesetze und Maßnahmen vorgestellt und Einschätzungen hinsichtlich ihrer Wirksamkeit abgegeben werden. Der Lohnunterschied hat während des gesamten Erwerbslebens und darüber hinaus (Pensionsanspruch) Auswirkungen auf die Position der Frauen im wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Leben. Der geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschied wird durch wichtige Entscheidungen wie Beschäftigungsmodus und Dauer der Erwerbstätigkeit, Unterbrechung der beruflichen Laufbahn sowie Verteilung der unbezahlten Betreuungsarbeit beeinflusst und stellt ein wesentliches Hindernis für Frauen dar, die gleiche wirtschaftliche Unabhängigkeit zu erreichen wie Männer." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The effects of progressive taxation on labor supply when hours and wages are jointly determined (2009)
Zitatform
Aaronson, Daniel & Eric French (2009): The effects of progressive taxation on labor supply when hours and wages are jointly determined. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 44, H. 2, S. 386-408. DOI:10.3368/jhr.44.2.386
Abstract
"This paper extends a standard intertemporal labor supply model to account for progressive taxation as well as the joint determination of hourly wages and hours worked. We show that these two factors can have implications for both estimating labor supply elasticities as well as for using these elasticities in tax analysis. Failure to account for wage-hours ties and progressive taxation may cause the hours response to marginal tax rate changes to be understated by 5 to 30 percent for men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Is there a career penalty for mothers' time out? A comparison of Germany, Sweden and the United States (2009)
Aisenbrey, Silke; Grunow, Daniela; Evertsson, Marie;Zitatform
Aisenbrey, Silke, Marie Evertsson & Daniela Grunow (2009): Is there a career penalty for mothers' time out? A comparison of Germany, Sweden and the United States. In: Social forces, Jg. 88, H. 2, S. 573-606.
Abstract
"This article focuses on three countries with distinct policies toward motherhood and work: Germany, Sweden and the United States. We analyze the length of mothers' time out of paid work after childbirth and the short-term career consequences for mothers. In the United States, we identify a career punishment even for short time-out periods; long time-out periods increase the risk of a downward move and reduce the chances of an upward move. In Germany, long time-out periods destabilize the career and, the longer the leave, the greater the risk of either an upward or downward move. In Sweden, we find a negative effect of time out on upward moves. Hence, even in 'woman-friendly' Sweden, women's career prospects are better if they return to paid work sooner rather than later." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
To work or not to work: Did tax reforms affect labor force participation of married couples? (2009)
Bar, Michael; Leukhina, Oksana;Zitatform
Bar, Michael & Oksana Leukhina (2009): To work or not to work: Did tax reforms affect labor force participation of married couples? In: The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, Jg. 9, H. 1, S. 1-30. DOI:10.2202/1935-1690.1807
Abstract
"During the period 1960-2000, the proportion of two-earner couples among married couples in the U.S. more than doubled, while tax laws underwent numerous changes, with major reforms taking place in the 1980's (flattening of the federal income tax schedule) and in the 1990's (major expansion of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)). We investigate the impact of the actual tax reforms on married couples' participation through a model of heterogeneous households. Theoretically, we elucidate what aspects of the tax reforms are important for a family time allocation choice when the work choice is discrete. Quantitatively, we show that even in the 1980's, changes in tax laws account for only 8% of the increase in the proportion of two-earner couples, although this small average impact masks a much larger impact experienced by women with high earning husbands. Another important finding is that the Earned Income Tax Credit substantially discourages work participation among married couples with low-earning husbands. A notable contribution of this work is the accurate incorporation of the complex U.S. tax code into a model of heterogeneous households, which is done using TAXSIM, a tax calculator software." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effects of vehicle ownership on employment (2009)
Baum, Charles L.;Zitatform
Baum, Charles L. (2009): The effects of vehicle ownership on employment. In: Journal of urban economics, Jg. 66, H. 3, S. 151-163. DOI:10.1016/j.jue.2009.06.003
Abstract
"Vehicle ownership may promote work if employment opportunities and job searches are enhanced by reliable transportation. For example, vehicles may serve to reduce potential physical isolation from employment opportunities. I examine the effects of vehicle ownership and vehicle quality on employment for single mothers with no more than a high school education using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data. I control for potential bias by jointly estimating employment and vehicle ownership in a maximum likelihood framework using state welfare eligibility asset rules as instruments. Results show that vehicle ownership increases employment. Positive effects of vehicles do not differ for urban and rural residents, but they do change with economic conditions. Further, welfare recipients are significantly more likely to exit the program and become employed if they own a vehicle." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Analysing wage differences between the USA and Germany using proportional hazards models (2009)
Zitatform
Behr, Andreas & Ulrich Pötter (2009): Analysing wage differences between the USA and Germany using proportional hazards models. In: Labour, Jg. 23, H. 2, S. 319-347. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2009.00454.x
Abstract
"We analyse differences between the wage distributions in the USA and Germany in 2001 for both women and men. The empirical analysis is based on the decomposition of differences using Cox's marginal (partial) likelihood. The approach based on rank invariant estimators such as Cox's is borrowed from the literature on failure time data. Donald et al. pioneered this approach in 2000. However, they did not use the full power of the semi-parametric approach. Instead, they argued for using a piecewise constant hazard rate model. We improve on their work by showing that the semi-parametric features of Cox's marginal likelihood are as appropriate for the analysis of wage decompositions and as easy to interpret. Moreover, we extend their approach by allowing for non-linear regression effects. We show empirically that this formulation both increases the flexibility of their approach and improves the discriminatory power between wage regimes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Dynamics of the gender gap for young professionals in the corporate and financial sectors (2009)
Bertrand, Marianne; Katz, Lawrence F.; Goldin, Claudia;Zitatform
Bertrand, Marianne, Claudia Goldin & Lawrence F. Katz (2009): Dynamics of the gender gap for young professionals in the corporate and financial sectors. (NBER working paper 14681), Cambridge, Mass., 58 S. DOI:10.3386/w14681
Abstract
"This paper assesses the relative importance of various explanations for the gender gap in career outcomes for highly-educated workers in the U.S. corporate and financial sectors. The careers of MBAs, who graduated between 1990 and 2006 from a top U.S. business school, are studied to understand how career dynamics differ by gender. Although male and female MBAs have nearly identical (labor) incomes at the outset of their careers, their earnings soon diverge, with the male earnings advantage reaching almost 60 log points at ten to 16 years after MBA completion. We identify three proximate reasons for the large and rising gender gap in earnings: differences in training prior to MBA graduation; differences in career interruptions; and differences in weekly hours. These three determinants can explain the bulk of gender differences in earnings across the years following MBA completion. The presence of children is the main contributor to the lesser job experience, greater career discontinuity and shorter work hours for female MBAs. Some MBA mothers, especially those with well-off spouses, decide to slow down within a few years following their first birth. Disparities in the productive characteristics of male and female MBAs are small, but the pecuniary penalties from shorter hours and any job discontinuity are enormous for MBAs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender inequality in culture industries: women and men writers in film and television (2009)
Bielby, Denise D.;Zitatform
Bielby, Denise D. (2009): Gender inequality in culture industries. Women and men writers in film and television. In: Sociologie du travail, Jg. 51, H. 2, S. 237-252. DOI:10.1016/j.soctra.2009.03.006
Abstract
"This article discusses how employment practices concerning writers of film and television contribute to gender inequality and the glass ceiling in Hollywood. Relying on historical evidence about the industries of film and television and quantitative data from analyses of the employment and membership records of the Writers Guild of America, West, the union for film and television writers in Hollywood, this article presents an overview of the industry's historical transformation from hierarchy to market in order to understand the nature of Hollywood's employment relation. It then examines how the dynamics associated with the participation of women writers contribute to particular forms of gender inequality in film and television. The conclusion considers why proven remedies for minimizing gender inequality are so difficult to achieve in the culture industry of Hollywood." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The gender pay gap of STEM professions in the United States (2009)
Broyles, Philip;Zitatform
Broyles, Philip (2009): The gender pay gap of STEM professions in the United States. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 29, H. 5/6, S. 214-226. DOI:10.1108/01443330910965750
Abstract
"Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the gender gap in earnings in one science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) profession: chemistry. The primary purpose of this research is to determine the relative effects of human capital, labor market structure, and employer discrimination on the gender pay gap of chemists.
Design/methodology/approach - Data for this study are obtained from the American Chemical Society (ACS) 2000 census of its membership (N=22,081). According to the ACS census, male chemists earned 30 percent more than female chemists in 2000. This earnings gap is decomposed by modeling earnings as an exponential function of gender, education, work experience, work function, type of employer, size of employer, region of work and a variety of family and demographic characteristics.
Findings - The analysis shows that 83 percent of the gender gap is explained by differences in productive characteristics and 17 percent is due to discrimination or other unmeasured factors. Experience and education account for much of the gender gap - on average, men have higher levels of experience and education than do women. Work function and employer also help account for the pay gap - women are more likely to hold positions in lower paying chemistry positions.
Practical implications - This paper suggests that workplace diversity in STEM professions is not likely to occur without wage parity between men and women in STEM professions. One viable approach to achieving gender pay equity in STEM professions is to provide a federal tax incentive for compliance with federal pay equity standards.
Originality/value - This paper shows the level of employer discrimination in one important STEM profession (chemistry), and its implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Maternal labor supply and the introduction of kindergartens into american public schools (2009)
Zitatform
Cascio, Elizabeth U. (2009): Maternal labor supply and the introduction of kindergartens into american public schools. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 44, H. 1, S. 140-170. DOI:10.3368/jhr.44.1.140
Abstract
"Since the mid-1960s, many state governments have introduced subsidies for school districts that offer kindergarten. This paper uses the staggered timing and age targeting of these grants to examine how the childcare subsidy implicit in public schooling affects maternal labor supply. Using data from five Censuses, I estimate that four of ten single mothers with no younger children entered the work force with public school enrollment of a five-year-old child. No significant labor supply responses are detected among other mothers with eligible children. Results also indicate that at least one in three marginal public school enrollees would have otherwise attended private school." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Stalled progress? Gender segregation and wage inequality among managers, 1980-2000 (2009)
Cohen, Philip N.; Huffman, Matt L.; Knauer, Stefanie;Zitatform
Cohen, Philip N., Matt L. Huffman & Stefanie Knauer (2009): Stalled progress? Gender segregation and wage inequality among managers, 1980-2000. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 36, H. 4, S. 318-342. DOI:10.1177/0730888409347582
Abstract
"Trends toward gender equality largely stalled in the I 990s, but the progress of women in management was mixed. Given the importance of managers as actors in the reproduction of inequality, and managerial positions as rewards in their own right, this study investigates the relative status of women in management over the past two decades, using U.S. Decennial Census data from 1980 to 2000. The authors find that women's entry into management occupations slowed markedly in the 1990s. Furthermore, after decreasing in the 1980s,gender segregation among managers rebounded sharply upward in the 1990s. However, greater segregation coincided with a decreasing gender earnings gap, which largely resulted from narrowing gaps within integrated or male-dominated managerial occupations. Finally, there remains a substantial earnings penalty for managers who work in female-dominated occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A longitudinal analysis of family migration and the gender gap in earnings in the United States and Great Britain (2009)
Cooke, Thomas J.; Couch, Kenneth; Boyle, Paul; Feijten, Peteke;Zitatform
Cooke, Thomas J., Paul Boyle, Kenneth Couch & Peteke Feijten (2009): A longitudinal analysis of family migration and the gender gap in earnings in the United States and Great Britain. In: Demography, Jg. 46, H. 1, S. 147-167. DOI:10.1353/dem.0.0036
Abstract
"This article uses longitudinal data for the United States and Great Britain to examine the impact of residential mobility and childbirth on the earnings of women, their family earnings, and the related division of earnings by gender. This project is the first to compare explicitly the impact of childbirth and family migration on women's earnings, and it extends prior cross-sectional and longitudinal studies on isolated countries by providing a direct contrast between two major industrialized nations, using comparable measures. The results indicate that families respond in similar ways in both countries to migration and childbirth. In response to both migration and childbirth, women's earnings fall at the time of the event and recover slowly afterward, but the magnitude of the impact is roughly twice as large for childbirth as for migration. However, migration -- but not the birth of a child -- is also associated with a significant increase in total family earnings because of increased husbands' earnings. As a result, the effect of migration on the relative earnings of wives to husbands is similar to the effect of childbirth. These results suggest that family migration should be given consideration in the literature on the gender earnings gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Occupational differences in the wage penalty for obese women (2009)
DeBeaumont, Ronald;Zitatform
DeBeaumont, Ronald (2009): Occupational differences in the wage penalty for obese women. In: The Journal of Socio-Economics, Jg. 38, H. 2, S. 344-349. DOI:10.1016/j.socec.2008.10.001
Abstract
"Prior research indicates overweight women are penalized with lower wages. The connection between weight and wages is tested for several occupational categories. The results suggest weight significantly reduces pay only for women in sales and service occupations, a finding consistent with customer discrimination. Obese females who are self-employed also receive a significant wage penalty in customer-oriented occupations, suggesting the pay discrepancy is not originating from employer discrimination." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Dynamic female labor supply (2009)
Zitatform
Eckstein, Zvi & Osnat Lifshitz (2009): Dynamic female labor supply. (IZA discussion paper 4550), Bonn, 61 S.
Abstract
"The increase in female employment and participation rates is one of the most dramatic economic changes to have taken place during the last century. However, while the employment rate of married women more than doubled during the last fifty years, that of unmarried women remained almost constant. In order to empirically analyze these trends we divide the paper into two parts: In the first, we empirically estimate a traditional female dynamic labor supply model using an extended version of Eckstein and Wolpin (1989) in order to compare the various explanations in the literature for the observed trends. The main finding is that the rise in education levels accounts for about one-third of the increase in female employment while about 40 percent remains unexplained by observed household characteristics. We show that this unexplained portion can be empirically attributed to changes in preferences or the costs of childbearing and household maintenance. In the second part, we formulate and estimate a new framework for the couple intra-family game that is then used to analyze the household dynamic labor supply. We find that female labor supply may have increased significantly due to a change in the form of the household game." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Is gender inequality greater at lower or higher educational levels?: Common patterns in the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States (2009)
Evertsson, Marie; Cotter, David; England, Paula ; de Bruijn, Jeanne; Hermsen, Joan; Mooi-Reci, Irma ;Zitatform
Evertsson, Marie, Paula England, Irma Mooi-Reci, Joan Hermsen, Jeanne de Bruijn & David Cotter (2009): Is gender inequality greater at lower or higher educational levels? Common patterns in the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States. In: Social Politics, Jg. 16, H. 2, S. 210-241. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxp008
Abstract
"We compare how gender inequality varies by educational level in the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States, representing three different welfare regimes: the conservative, the social democratic, and the liberal. With few exceptions, gender inequality in labor force participation, work hours, occupational segregation, and housework are less severe as education goes up in all three countries, with the root cause being the high employment levels of well-educated women. Despite a common pattern across nations, we note that the educational gradient on gender equality in employment is weaker in Sweden. De-familialization policies in Sweden no doubt increase gender equality at the bottom by pulling less-educated women into the work force. One form of gender equality, wages, however, does not increase with education. In the United States, educational differences in the gender gap in wages are trivial; in Sweden and the Netherlands, the gender wage gap is greatest for the highly educated because of higher returns to education for men than women in these nations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Education and labor market consequences of teenage childbearing: evidence using the timing of pregnancy outcomes and community fixed effects (2009)
Fletcher, Jason M.; Wolfe, Barbara L.;Zitatform
Fletcher, Jason M. & Barbara L. Wolfe (2009): Education and labor market consequences of teenage childbearing. Evidence using the timing of pregnancy outcomes and community fixed effects. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 44, H. 2, S. 303-325. DOI:10.3368/jhr.44.2.303
Abstract
"The question of whether giving birth as a teenager has negative economic consequences for the mother remains controversial despite substantial research. In this paper, we build upon existing literature, especially the literature that uses the experience of teenagers who had a miscarriage as the appropriate comparison group. We show that miscarriages are not random events, but rather are likely correlated with (unobserved) community-level factors, casting some doubt on previous findings. Including community-level fixed effects in our specifications lead to important changes in our estimates. By making use of information on the timing of miscarriages as well as birth control choices preceding the teenage pregnancies we construct more relevant control groups for teenage mothers. We find evidence that teenage childbearing likely reduces the probability of receiving a high school diploma by 5 to 10 percentage points, reduces annual income as a young adult by $1,000 to $2,400, and may increase the probability of receiving cash assistance and decrease years of schooling." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Public policies and women's employment after childbearing (2009)
Zitatform
Han, Wen-Jui, Christopher J. Ruhm, Jane Waldfogel & Elizabeth Washbrook (2009): Public policies and women's employment after childbearing. (IZA discussion paper 3937), Bonn, 48 S.
Abstract
"This paper examines how the public policy environment in the United States affects work by new mothers following childbirth. We examine four types of policies that vary across states and affect the budget constraint in different ways. The policy environment has important effects, particularly for less advantaged mothers. There is a potential conflict between policies aiming to increase maternal employment and those maximizing the choices available to families with young children. However, this tradeoff is not absolute since some choice-increasing policies (generous child care subsidies and state parental leave laws) foster both choice and higher levels of employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug