Springe zum Inhalt

Dossier

Gender und Arbeitsmarkt

Die IAB-Infoplattform "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.

Zurück zur Übersicht
Ergebnisse pro Seite: 20 | 50 | 100
im Aspekt "USA"
  • Literaturhinweis

    'You have to choose your childcare to fit your work': Childcare decision-making among low-income working families (2012)

    Sandstrom, Heather; Chaudry, Ajay;

    Zitatform

    Sandstrom, Heather & Ajay Chaudry (2012): 'You have to choose your childcare to fit your work': Childcare decision-making among low-income working families. In: Journal of children and poverty, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 89-119. DOI:10.1080/10796126.2012.710480

    Abstract

    "Regardless of their economic background, most working parents face the task of arranging childcare at some point. The decision-making process they experience is often complex, and this complexity is intensified for particular groups of families with limited financial and social resources. In this paper, we present findings from a three-year qualitative study of the childcare choices of low-income working families, many of whom were immigrants, had limited English proficiency, were parents of children with special needs, or represented some combination of these factors. The study explored families' current care arrangements, their reasons for selecting a particular form of childcare, and the characteristics of their ideal arrangements. Data were coded to identify themes in parental preferences, decision factors, and the barriers families faced in accessing their preferred care arrangements. Most significantly, the parents studied described their preferences for an environment where their children could learn and be in the presence of caring and trustworthy caregivers. About a third of the families said they preferred relatives as caregivers, and selected relatives to provide childcare. Other parents selected care according to cost, location, and availability of the provider; they described the challenges of locating affordable, high-quality care that met their nonstandard schedules. These findings have important implications for childcare policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    Movin' on up: hierarchical occupational segmentation and gender wage gaps (2012)

    Shatnawi, Dina; Oaxaca, Ronald; Ransom, Michael;

    Zitatform

    Shatnawi, Dina, Ronald Oaxaca & Michael Ransom (2012): Movin' on up. Hierarchical occupational segmentation and gender wage gaps. (IZA discussion paper 7001), Bonn, 54 S.

    Abstract

    "Our study evaluates and extends existing wage decomposition methodologies that seek to measure the contributions of endowments, pure wage discrimination, and job segregation. Of particular interest is the model of hierarchical segregation in Baldwin, Butler, and Johnson (2001). We employ data from a regional supermarket that faced a Title VII class-action lawsuit to examine how standard wage specifications integrated with a model of hierarchical segregation might perform in wage decompositions. Our results show that a common misspecification of the wage structure leads to false inferences about the presence of pure wage discrimination. We demonstrate the generalizability of our methodology using CPS data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    Female employment and fertility: the effects of rising female wages (2012)

    Siegel, Christian ;

    Zitatform

    Siegel, Christian (2012): Female employment and fertility. The effects of rising female wages. (CEP discussion paper 1156), London, 53 S.

    Abstract

    "Increases in female employment and falling fertility rates have often been linked to rising female wages. However, over the last 30 years the US total fertility rate has been fairly stable while female wages have continued to grow. Over the same period, we observe that women's hours spent on housework have declined, but men's have increased. I propose a model with a shrinking gender wage gap that can capture these trends. While rising relative wages tend to increase women's labor supply and, due to higher opportunity cost, lower fertility, they also lead to a partial reallocation of home production from women to men, and a higher use of labor-saving inputs into home production. I find that both these trends are important in understanding why fertility did not decline to even lower levels. As the gender wage gap declines, a father's time at home becomes more important for raising children. When the disutilities from working in the market and at home are imperfect substitutes, fertility can stabilize, after an initial decline, in times of increasing female market labor. That parents can acquire more market inputs into child care is what I find important in matching the timing of fertility. In a mode l extension, I show that the results are robust to intrahousehold bargaining." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    Heterogeneous effects of child disability on maternal labor supply: evidence from the 2000 US Census (2012)

    Wasi, Nada; Buchmueller, Thomas C.; Berg, Bernard van den;

    Zitatform

    Wasi, Nada, Bernard van den Berg & Thomas C. Buchmueller (2012): Heterogeneous effects of child disability on maternal labor supply. Evidence from the 2000 US Census. In: Labour economics, Jg. 19, H. 1, S. 139-154. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2011.09.008

    Abstract

    "Previous research has documented a negative relationship between child disability and maternal labor supply. Because of data limitations, most studies in this literature use broad measures of disability, which may obscure important differences among children with limiting health conditions. This paper presents new evidence on the labor supply of women with disabled children, exploiting disability information provided by 2000 US Census. This large nationally representative sample allows us to test for differences across different types of disabling conditions. We find that accounting for this heterogeneity in conditions is important. Using a broad definition of disability results in small differences between women with and without a disabled child. When we use a more detailed classification, we find larger labor supply reductions for mothers of children with physical disabilities or limitations in their ability to care for themselves. There is less evidence that having a child with either mental or emotional limitations or a sensory impairment is negatively related to employment or weekly hours. We also test for heterogeneous effects related to child age and maternal education. We find no clear pattern with respect to age and some evidence that the relationship between child disability and maternal labor supply is stronger for less educated mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    Gender differences in time use over the life course in France, Italy, Sweden, and the US (2011)

    Anxo, Dominique; Flood, Lennart; Mencarini, Letizia ; Tanturri, Maria Letizia; Solaz, Anne ; Pailhé, Ariane ;

    Zitatform

    Anxo, Dominique, Letizia Mencarini, Ariane Pailhé, Anne Solaz, Maria Letizia Tanturri & Lennart Flood (2011): Gender differences in time use over the life course in France, Italy, Sweden, and the US. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 17, H. 3, S. 159-195. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2011.582822

    Abstract

    "This contribution analyzes how men and women in France, Italy, Sweden, and the United States use their time over the life cycle and the extent to which societal and institutional contexts influence the gender division of labor. In order to test the hypothesis that contextual factors play a crucial role in shaping time allocation, this study considers countries that diverge considerably in terms of welfare state regime, employment and paid working time systems, family policies, and social norms. Using national time-use surveys for the late 1990s and early 2000s and regression techniques, the study not only finds large gender discrepancies in time use in each country at all stages of life but also determines that institutional contexts, in particular the design of family policies and employment regimes, do shape gender roles in different ways, and that Sweden displays the lowest gender gap in time allocation across the life course." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    The new male mystique (2011)

    Aumann, Kerstin; Matos, Kenneth; Galinsky, Ellen;

    Zitatform

    Aumann, Kerstin, Ellen Galinsky & Kenneth Matos (2011): The new male mystique. New York, NY, 21 S.

    Abstract

    "The Families and Work Institute's National Study of the Changing Workforce, a nationally representative study of the U.S. workforce, finds that men now experience more work-family conflict than women. Since that finding was released in 2009, it has generated a great deal of attention and speculation. This paper is the first to take the same data set and conduct an in-depth exploration of the underlying reasons behind men's rising work-family conflict. In essence, we have uncovered what we term the 'new male mystique.' We find that although men live in a society where gender roles have become more egalitarian and where women contribute increasingly to family economic well-being, men have retained the 'traditional male mystique' - the pressure to be the primary financial providers for their families. As such, men who are fathers work longer hours than men the same age who don't live with a child under 18. However, men are also much more involved in their home lives than men in the past, spending more time with their children and contributing more to the work of caring for their homes and families. In other words, men are experiencing what women experienced when they first entered the workforce in record numbers - the pressure to 'do it all in order to have it all.' We term this the new male mystique." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    On the time allocation of married couples since 1960 (2011)

    Bar, Michael; Leukhina, Oksana;

    Zitatform

    Bar, Michael & Oksana Leukhina (2011): On the time allocation of married couples since 1960. In: Journal of macroeconomics, Jg. 33, H. 4, S. 491-510. DOI:10.1016/j.jmacro.2011.04.001

    Abstract

    "In the last half a century, married females more than doubled their workforce participation and significantly reduced their time spent on home production. Using a model of family decision making with home production and individual earnings heterogeneity, we subject two prominent explanations for this aggregate change, namely, the evolution of the gender earnings gap and the cost of home appliances, to quantitative tests with respect to changes in participation for disaggregated groups of couples and trends in time spent in leisure and home production activities. We find that both forces are needed to understand the evolution of married female time allocation over time, although the falling cost of home appliances is a dominant explanation for the time allocation outside of workplace, while the gender earnings gap is the dominant explanation for the workforce participation decision." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    Mothers of invention?: gender, motherhood, and new dimensions of productivity in the science profession (2011)

    Bunker Whittington, Kjersten;

    Zitatform

    Bunker Whittington, Kjersten (2011): Mothers of invention? Gender, motherhood, and new dimensions of productivity in the science profession. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 38, H. 3, S. 417-456. DOI:10.1177/0730888411414529

    Abstract

    "Gender and motherhood dynamics feature prominently in research that examines professional workplace inequities. The rise of patenting as an available form of academic productivity presents a fruitful site to revisit these in the science profession and to compare academic and industrial science contexts. I predict patenting involvement across disciplines, sectors, and time. Contrary to findings regarding publishing, academic mothers suffer a motherhood penalty not experienced by childless women or mothers in industry. Controls for past involvement remove the disparity, and a sex gap in industry. Work/family balance, sector-level incentives, and status expectations may explain these results, providing implications for future research on gender, motherhood, and work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    Individual and institutional determinants of the male female wage gap among U.S. economics faculty (2011)

    Cherry, Todd L.; Durden, Garey C.; Gaynor, Patricia E.;

    Zitatform

    Cherry, Todd L., Garey C. Durden & Patricia E. Gaynor (2011): Individual and institutional determinants of the male female wage gap among U.S. economics faculty. In: Economics Bulletin, Jg. 31, H. 1, S. 245-254.

    Abstract

    "This paper provides new evidence on the male female wage gap in academia. Using unique data from the economics discipline, we estimate a human-capital based model to explore the nature of wage differentials among male and female economics professors. Results indicate the salary gap varies across systematically across individual and institutional characteristics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    How do labor unions influence the gender earnings gap?: a comparative study of the US and Korea (2011)

    Cho, Donghun; Cho, Joonmo;

    Zitatform

    Cho, Donghun & Joonmo Cho (2011): How do labor unions influence the gender earnings gap? A comparative study of the US and Korea. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 17, H. 3, S. 133-157. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2011.582472

    Abstract

    "This paper provides a comparative study of the United States and Korea regarding the effects of unions on gender earnings gaps in 2004. Using datasets representative of the population of the US and Korea, this contribution shows that gender differences in the workers' observed characteristics and the unobserved component reduce gender earnings gaps in union jobs in both the US and Korea. Fringe benefits in the union sector attract women workers with higher labor market qualifications into the union sector and thereby reduce the gender earnings gap in this sector. The study finds that this self-selection process in the union sector is stronger in Korea than in the US, but the seniority-based wage system that prevails in the Korean union sector widens the gender earnings gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    Family proximity, childcare, and women's labor force attachment (2011)

    Compton, Janice; Pollak, Robert A.;

    Zitatform

    Compton, Janice & Robert A. Pollak (2011): Family proximity, childcare, and women's labor force attachment. (NBER working paper 17678), Cambridge, Mass., 46 S. DOI:10.3386/w17678

    Abstract

    "We show that close geographical proximity to mothers or mothers-in-law has a substantial positive effect on the labor supply of married women with young children. We argue that the mechanism through which proximity increases labor supply is the availability of childcare. We interpret availability broadly enough to include not only regular scheduled childcare during work hours but also an insurance aspect of proximity (e.g., a mother or mother-in-law who can provide irregular or unanticipated childcare). Using two large datasets, the National Survey of Families and Households and the public use files of the U.S. Census, we find that the predicted probability of employment and labor force participation is 4-10 percentage points higher for married women with young children living in close proximity to their mothers or their mothers-in-law compared with those living further away." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    Times are changing: gender and generation at work and at home (2011)

    Galinsky, Ellen; Bond, James T.; Aumann, Kerstin;

    Zitatform

    Galinsky, Ellen, Kerstin Aumann & James T. Bond (2011): Times are changing. Gender and generation at work and at home. New York, NY, 24 S.

    Abstract

    "This is the first study released using data from the 2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce. The report reveals two striking trends about gender and generation when the study is compared to data from 1992. First, for the first time since questions about responsibility in the workplace have been asked, women and men under 29 years old did not differ in their desire for jobs with more responsibility. Second, the study demonstrates that long-term demographic changes are the driving force behind gender and generational trends at work and at home." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    The gender pay gap beyond human capital: heterogeneity in noncognitive skills and in labor market tastes (2011)

    Grove, Wayne A.; Hussey, Andrew; Jetter, Michael;

    Zitatform

    Grove, Wayne A., Andrew Hussey & Michael Jetter (2011): The gender pay gap beyond human capital. Heterogeneity in noncognitive skills and in labor market tastes. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 46, H. 4, S. 827-874.

    Abstract

    "Focused on human capital, economists typically explain about half of the gender earnings gap. For a national sample of MBAs, we account for 82 percent of the gap by incorporating noncognitive skills (for example, confidence and assertiveness) and preferences regarding family, career, and jobs. Those two sources of gender heterogeneity account for a quarter of the 'explained' pay gap, with half due to human capital variables and the other quarter due to hours worked and current job characteristics. Female MBAs appear to pay a penalty for 'good citizen' behavior (choosing jobs that contribute to society) and characteristics (higher ethical standards)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    The phantom gender difference in the college wage premium (2011)

    Hubbard, William H. J.;

    Zitatform

    Hubbard, William H. J. (2011): The phantom gender difference in the college wage premium. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 46, H. 3, S. 568-586.

    Abstract

    "A growing literature seeks to explain why so many more women than men now attend college. A commonly cited stylized fact is that the college wage premium is, and has been, higher for women than for men. After identifying and correcting a bias in estimates of college wage premiums, I find that there has been essentially no gender difference in the college wage premium for at least a decade. A similar pattern appears in quantile wage regressions and for advanced degree wage premiums." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    Early maternal employment and child development in five OECD countries (2011)

    Huerta, Maria del Carmen; Adema, Willem; Han, Wen-Jui ; Gray, Matthew C.; Waldfogel, Jane; Deding, Mette; Baxter, Jennifer; Corak, Miles;

    Zitatform

    Huerta, Maria del Carmen, Willem Adema, Jennifer Baxter, Miles Corak, Mette Deding, Matthew C. Gray, Wen-Jui Han & Jane Waldfogel (2011): Early maternal employment and child development in five OECD countries. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 118), Paris, 52 S. DOI:10.1787/5kg5dlmtxhvh-en

    Abstract

    "More mothers with young children are in paid work than in the past. There is a long-running debate on possible negative effects of maternal employment on child development. For the first time, this paper presents an initial comparative analysis of longitudinal data on maternal employment patterns after birth on child cognitive and behavioural development. The paper examines data of five OECD countries with different types and intensity of support provided to families to reconcile work and family life. The evidence suggests that a return to paid work by mothers within six months after childbirth may have negative effects on child outcomes, particularly on cognitive development, but the effects are small and not universally observed. Other factors such as family income, parental education and quality of interaction with children have greater influences on child development than early maternal employment per se." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    Relative cohort size, relative income, and women's labor force participation 1968-2010 (2011)

    Macunovich, Diane J.;

    Zitatform

    Macunovich, Diane J. (2011): Relative cohort size, relative income, and women's labor force participation 1968-2010. (IZA discussion paper 5913), Bonn, 35 S.

    Abstract

    "Relative cohort size - the ratio of young to prime-age adults - and relative income - the income of young adults relative to their material aspirations, as instrumented using the income of older families their parents' age - have experienced dramatic changes over the past 40 years. Relative cohort size has been shown to cause a decline in men's relative wages - the wages of young relative to prime-age workers - due to imperfect substitutability, and the results here show that this applies perhaps even more strongly to women's relative - and absolute - starting wage. Relative cohort size first declined by 30% and then increased by 47%. Results here show that those changes explain about 60% of the declines in women's starting wage - both relative and absolute - in the first period, and 100% of its increase in the second. Relative income is hypothesized to affect a number of demographic choices by young adults, including marriage, fertility and female labor force participation, as young people strive to achieve their desired standard of living. Older family income - the denominator in a relative income variable - increased by 58.6% between 1968 and 2000, and then declined by 9%. Its changes explain 66% of the increase in the labor force participation of women in their first five years out of school between 1968 and 2000, and 75% of its decline thereafter. The study makes use of individual-level measures of labor force participation, with instrumented wages, and employs the lagged income of older families in a woman's year-state-race-education group to instrument parental income and hence material aspirations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    The effects of motherhood timing on career path (2011)

    Miller, Amalia;

    Zitatform

    Miller, Amalia (2011): The effects of motherhood timing on career path. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 24, H. 3, S. 1071-1100. DOI:10.1007/s00148-009-0296-x

    Abstract

    "This paper estimates the effects of motherhood timing on female career path, using biological fertility shocks to instrument for age at first birth. Motherhood delay leads to a substantial increase in earnings of 9% per year of delay, an increase in wages of 3%, and an increase in work hours of 6%. Supporting a human capital story, the advantage is largest for college educated women and those in professional and managerial occupations. Panel estimation reveals both fixed wage penalties and lower returns to experience for mothers, suggesting that a 'mommy track' is the source of the timing effect." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    Child-custody reform, marital investment in children, and the labor supply of married mothers (2011)

    Nunley, John M. ; Seals, Richard Alan Jr.;

    Zitatform

    Nunley, John M. & Richard Alan Jr. Seals (2011): Child-custody reform, marital investment in children, and the labor supply of married mothers. In: Labour economics, Jg. 18, H. 1, S. 14-24. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2010.08.002

    Abstract

    "Research on child custody primarily focuses on the well-being of children following divorce. We extend this literature by examining how the prospect of joint child custody affects within-marriage investment in children through changes in household bargaining power. Variation in the timing of joint-custody reforms across states provides a natural-experiment framework with which to examine within-marriage investment in children. The probability of children's private school attendance declines by 12% in states that adopt jointcustody laws. We also find evidence linking joint-custody reform to higher rates of labor force participation for married mothers, which may indicate less time devoted household production." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    Revisiting the gender gap in time-use patterns: multitasking and well-being among mothers and fathers in dual-earner families (2011)

    Offer, Shira; Schneider, Barbara;

    Zitatform

    Offer, Shira & Barbara Schneider (2011): Revisiting the gender gap in time-use patterns. Multitasking and well-being among mothers and fathers in dual-earner families. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 76, H. 6, S. 809-833. DOI:10.1177/0003122411425170

    Abstract

    "This study suggests that multitasking constitutes an important source of gender inequality, which can help explain previous findings that mothers feel more burdened and stressed than do fathers even when they have relatively similar workloads. Using data from the 500 Family Study, including surveys and the Experience Sampling Method, the study examines activities parents simultaneously engage in and how they feel when multitasking. We find that mothers spend 10 more hours a week multitasking compared to fathers and that these additional hours are mainly related to time spent on housework and childcare. For mothers, multitasking activities at home and in public are associated with an increase in negative emotions, stress, psychological distress, and work-family conflict. By contrast, fathers' multitasking at home involves less housework and childcare and is not a negative experience. We also find several similarities by gender. Mothers' and fathers' multitasking in the company of a spouse or children are positive experiences, whereas multitasking at work, although associated with an increased sense of productivity, is perceived as a negative experience." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen
  • Literaturhinweis

    The effects of California's paid family leave program on mothers' leave-taking and subsequent labor market outcomes (2011)

    Rossin-Slater, Maya; Waldfogel, Jane; Ruhm, Christopher;

    Zitatform

    Rossin-Slater, Maya, Christopher Ruhm & Jane Waldfogel (2011): The effects of California's paid family leave program on mothers' leave-taking and subsequent labor market outcomes. (NBER working paper 17715), Cambridge, Mass., 33 S. DOI:10.3386/w17715

    Abstract

    "This analysis uses March Current Population Survey data from 1999-2010 and a differences-indifferences approach to examine how California's first in the nation paid family leave (PFL) program affected leave-taking by mothers following childbirth, as well as subsequent labor market outcomes. We obtain robust evidence that the California program more than doubled the overall use of maternity leave, increasing it from around three to six or seven weeks for the typical new mother - with particularly large growth for less advantaged groups. We also provide suggestive evidence that PFL increased the usual weekly work hours of employed mothers of one-to-three year-old children by 6 to 9% and that their wage incomes may have risen by a similar amount." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    mehr Informationen
    weniger Informationen